酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)半乳糖可诱导表达系统特性的研究

把大肠杆菌β一半乳糖苷酶基因克隆到带有酵母半乳糖可诱导启动子GALl的穿梭表达质粒pYES2中,并把得到的重组质粒分别转化到两种不同遗传性状的宿主菌中,其中一株菌为蛋白酶活性缺失90％以上的pep4-3突变菌株。通过比较两株重组菌产生的β一半乳糖苷酶活性水平发现在所述实验条件下,蛋白酶缺失突变菌株中产生的β一半乳糖苷酶活水平不仅均要高于另一对照菌株,并且pep4-3突变菌株表现出受葡萄糖阻遏的严紧程度高及对诱导反应迅速等特点。此外,带有重组质粒的pep4-3突变菌株在葡萄糖阻遏培养基中最大生长量和重组对照菌株基本相同,但β一半乳糖苷酶在pep4-3突变菌株中的表达对细胞生长的影响明显小于对照菌株。     

酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）半乳糖可诱导表达系统特性的研究

把大肠杆菌β－半乳糖苷酶基因克隆到带有酵母半乳糖可诱导启动子ＧＡＬ１的穿梭表达质粒ｐＹＥＳ２中,并把得以的重组质粒分别转化到两种不同遗传性状的宿主菌中,其中一株菌为蛋白酶活性缺失９０％以上的ｐｅｐ４－３突变菌株。通过比较两株重组菌产生的β－半乳糖苷酶活性水平发现在所述实验条件下,蛋白酶缺失突变菌株中产生的β－半乳糖苷酶少水平不仅均要高于另一对照菌株,并且ｐｅｐ４－３突变菌株表现受葡萄糖阻遏的严紧程     

假单胞菌M18转录调节因子σS基因与无启动子lacZ 基因融合突变株的构建和鉴定

通过菌落原位杂交和Southern 杂交,从假单胞菌M18基因组文库中克隆了rpoS基因及相邻序列。为了深入研究影响rpoS基因表达的调控因素,运用同源重组技术,将无启动子β半乳糖苷酶基因（′lacZ）插入并融合于rpoS基因中,构建了假单胞菌M18 rpoS基因突变株M18SZ。 Miller法测定显示,突变株M18SZ的β-半乳糖苷酶可高达480U,而野生株检测不到β半乳糖苷酶活性。表明,突变株中的rpoS基因与无启动子β-半乳糖苷酶基因已融合并且表达。在KMB培养基中生长量测定（OD600）的结果表明,突变株与野生株生长存在显著差异。     

利用基因融合研究嘌呤生物合成的调控

利用Mudl噬菌体将Lac基因融合到大肠杆菌嘌呤合成基因中,使Lac基因受嘌呤合成调节基因的调控,这样,只要测定这些基因融合菌株的β-半乳糖苷酶的合成就可以了解各种因素对嘌呤合成的影响。遗传学定位知道,这些菌株是PurI-lac和pufF-lac融合菌株。实验表明,这些菌株的β-半乳糖苷酶合成受嘌呤合成的终产物——腺嘌呤的阻遏。我们还从这些菌株中分离到了它们的β-半乳糖苷酶合成不受高浓度腺嘌呤阻遏的突变株,由于在这些突变     

假单胞菌M18转录调节因子σs基因与无启动子lacZ基因融合突变株的构建和鉴定

通过菌落原位杂交和Southern杂交,从假单胞菌M18基因组文库中克隆了rpoS基因及相邻序列。为了深入研究影响rpoS基因表达的调控因素,运用同源重组技术,将无启动子β-半乳糖苷酶基因(-′lacZ)插入并融合于rpoS基因中,构建了假单胞菌M18rpoS基因突变株M18SZ。Miller法测定显示,突变株M18SZ的β-半乳糖苷酶可高达480U,而野生株检测不到β-半乳糖苷酶活性。表明,突变株中的rpoS基因与无启动子β-半乳糖苷酶基因已融合并且表达。在KMB培养基中生长量测定(OD600)的结果表明,突变株与野生株生长存在显著差异。     

云南传统发酵豆豉中产β-半乳糖苷酶乳酸菌的筛选及其产酶条件的研究

目的从云南豆豉样品中筛选产β-半乳糖苷酶的乳酸菌,并对其产酶条件进行研究。方法从云南省元阳、红河、建水、石屏等地采集豆豉样品,并从中分离得到355株微生物。结果经明胶诱导、脱脂乳平板实验,复筛得到87株蛋白酶产生菌,从中筛选产β-半乳糖苷酶的乳酸菌。通过X-Gal平板实验,共获得34株产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株,通过酶活测定,最终筛选得到1株高产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株GJ-1-3L,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为短乳杆菌;GJ-1-3L在以葡萄糖为碳源、多聚蛋白胨为氮源、起始pH 6.5的MRS培养基中,接种量为4%,35℃发酵培养12 h,其β-半乳糖苷酶活性高达6.73 U/mL,Cu2＋、Ba2＋对酶活有抑制作用,而K2HPO4、MgSO4则能促进酶活。结论 GJ-1-3L菌株来源于豆豉,能够产生β-半乳糖苷酶发酵乳糖,同时产生乳酸,其在食品与乳品加工等方面具有很好的应用前景。     

β-半乳糖苷酶的筛选、克隆表达、酶学性质及其酶法合成低聚半乳糖

采用人工底物邻硝基苯酚-β-D-半乳糖苷(o NPG)为筛选标记,从耐有机溶剂微生物菌库中,筛选出具有较高水解活性的β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌,再以乳糖为底物考察菌株低聚半乳糖的合成性能,筛选得到1株产β-半乳糖苷酶的Erwinia billingiae WX1。根据Gen Bank中相同属种的基因组序列推测β-半乳糖苷酶基因,克隆得到β-半乳糖苷酶基因gal,并在大肠杆菌中实现了来源于Erwinia billingiae菌β-半乳糖苷酶的克隆表达。该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1 428 bp,编码475个氨基酸,理论相对分子质量为5.2×104。镍柱法分离纯化得到电泳纯的β-半乳糖苷酶GAL,其酶学性质研究表明最适催化温度55℃,最适p H 7.0;Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)对该酶起较强促进作用,EDTA对该酶抑制作用较强。利用β-半乳糖苷酶GAL的转糖基作用,以乳糖为底物合成低聚半乳糖,初步优化的反应条件:底物乳糖质量浓度400 g/L,每克乳糖添加酶量1.0 U,在40℃反应16 h后,低聚半乳糖合成率达到34%(质量分数),显示了较好的开发前景。     

新型基因重组α-半乳糖苷酶工程菌菌种稳定性研究

观察脆弱类杆菌来源的新型重组α-半乳糖苷酶工程菌菌株的遗传稳定性.在有选择压力(Kan+)条件下,将重组α-半乳糖苷酶工程菌菌株在LB固体培养基上采用划线法连续传60代,每隔20代取样保存菌种,最后同时进行菌体形态、生长速度和抗生素抗性、平板传代及诱导过程中的质粒稳定性、限制酶切图谱、测序、表达量和酶活力检测.结果表明细菌形态、生长速度和抗生素抗性等与原始种子库无明显差异;LB固体培养基上传60代后质粒稳定性接近100％,但诱导过程中质粒易丢失.第20、40和60代提取质粒进行酶切检查,酶切图谱没有改变.DNA测序未见α-半乳糖苷酶基因变异.原代菌株及第20、40和60代菌株经诱导培养,其α-半乳糖苷酶表达水平、酶活力及菌体蛋白的SDS-PAGE图谱均无明显差异.说明α-半乳糖苷酶工程菌株在平板传代中具有良好的遗传稳定性     

应用CTB基因启动子及信号肽序列构建分泌性表达系统

利用霍乱毒素B亚基基因的启动子、信号肽序列及ctx操纵子的转录终止信号构建了分泌性表达的质粒载体pMCOSS。Β－半乳糖苷酶基因克隆至霍乱毒素B亚基基因的信号肽序列下游后能得到高效分泌性表达。不同的宿主菌和培养基成分中对β-半乳糖苷酶的表达产量有较大的影响,以MM2为宿主菌、在玉米浆培养基中β－半乳糖苷酶的表达产量达4 lOOu／ml,产物的大部分分泌至细胞的周质,活力测定的结果与SDS—PAGE电泳测定结果基本一致,说明表达的β－半乳糖苷酶绝大部分都具有酶活性。构建的蛋白质分泌性表达的载体－宿主系统及合适的培养条件为易形成包含体的蛋白质的高效表达提供了一条新的途径。     

采用复合诱变方法选育高产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株

目的:研究复合诱变方法选育高产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株.方法:以马克斯克鲁维酵母为出发菌株,经过紫外线诱变及硫酸二乙酯、亚硝基胍复合诱变,从大量突变株中进行筛选.结果:成功地选育出一株高产、稳定的菌株15D,其产酶活力由出发菌的124.5U/mg提高到172.4U/mg,酶活力提高了约1.4倍.结论:该方法选育β-半乳糖苷酶菌株是有效的.     

The activity of a model heterologous protein in pep4-3 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The bacterial lacZ gene was introduced into two sibling strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one a wild-type strain with normal proteinase activity and the other a pep4-3 mutant strain. The pep4-3 mutation resulted in 90% reduced activity of the four major vacuolar proteinases. By comparing the activity of the lacZ gene product (-galactosidase) in both strains the degradative effect of the major vacuolar proteinases on a heterologous protein was estimated. The mutant strain with reduced proteinase activity had higher -galactosidase activity under all the test conditions. In the most productive case the pep4-3 mutant had 55% higher -galactosidase activity than the wild-type. Batch cultures of the two strains were evaluated for growth characteristics. The strain with reduced proteinase activity grew to higher optical densities than the wild-type. Upon further examination it was found that not only were the optical densities of pep4-3 cultures greater but the cell numbers were much greater than expected due to the smaller size of pep4-3 cells. It is concluded that the strain lacking vacuolar proteinases maintained increased levels of -galactosidase and is physiologically as healthy as the wild-type.Offprint requests to: J. M. Wingfield     

Proteolytic response to the expression of an abnormal \-galactosidase in Escherichia coli

Summary Because induction of proteolytic activity and stress-response proteins can significantly affect expression levels in recombinant Escherichia coli, the influence of low-level expression of a mutant \-galactosidase was investigated. A single copy of the well-characterized CSH11 mutant of the lacZ gene was integrated into the chromosome. Induction of expression of the mutant \-galactosidase caused a measurable increase in ATP-dependent intracellular proteolytic activity but resulted in no significant change in ATP-independent proteolytic activity. Growth at temperatures above 40°C resulted in a significant decrease in the level of ATP-independent proteolytic activity compared to growth at 37°C, and the ATP-dependent activity increased 2.5-fold from 30 to 42°C. Synthesis of stress-response proteins was evident in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of proteins in the strain expressing the abnormal \-galactosidase at 37°C, but no such response was evident when mutant \-galactosidase expression was induced at 30°C. In separate experiments, stress proteins were overexpressed by inducing expression of the htpR gene on a plasmid. Resulting increases in stress-protein levels correlated with an increase in ATP-dependent proteolytic activity with no significant change in the intracellular ATP-independent proteolytic activity. These data suggest that even very low levels of abnormal protein can substantially influence protease levels and stress response in E. coli. These responses were reduced by induction' at lower temperatures. Correspondence to: J. E. Bailey     

ENHANCED β-GALACTOSIDASE PRODUCTION OF Aspergillus oryzae MUTATED BY UV AND LiCl

In order to breed a high-yield β-galactosidase-producing strain, Aspergillus oryzae was used as the parent strain and mutagenized with ultraviolet (UV) and UV plus lithium chloride (LiCl), respectively. After being mutagenized by UV, the β-galactosidase activity of mutant UV-15-20 reached 114.08 U/mL, which revealed a 49.22% increase compared with the original strain. A mutant UV-LiCl-38 with high β-galactosidase activity (121.42U/mL) was obtained after compound mutagenesis of UV and LiCl; the β-galactosidase activity of this mutant was 58.82% higher than that of the parent strain. Subculture testing indicated that UV-15-20 and UV-LiCl-38 had good hereditary stability and may be ideal strains for the production of β-galactosidase. Additionally, it was demonstrated that compound mutagenesis with UV and LiCl is an effective mutation method for breeding industrially interesting strains.     

Expression of a β-galactosidase gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis

A β-galactosidase gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIB 2951 was expressed after cloning into pSA3 and electroporation into derivatives of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains H1 and 7962. When the clostridial gene was introduced into a plasmid-free derivative of the starter-type Lact. lactis subsp. lactis strain H1, the resulting construct had high β-galactosidase activity but utilized lactose only slightly faster than the recipient. β-galactosidase activity in the construct decreased by over 50% if the 63 kb Lac plasmid pDI21 was also present with the β-galactosidase gene. Growth rates of Lac⁺ H1 and 7962 derivatives were not affected after introduction of the clostridial β-galactosidase, even though β-galactosidase activity in a 7962 construct was more than double that of the wild-type strain. When pDI21 was electroporated into a plasmid-free variant of strain 7962, the recombinant had high phospho-β-galactosidase activity and a growth rate equal to that of the H1 wild-type strain. The H1 plasmid-free strain grew slowly in T5 complex medium, utilized lactose and contained low phospho-β-galactosidase activity. We suggest that β-galactosidase expression can be regulated by the lactose phosphotransferase system-tagatose pathway and that Lact. lactis subsp. lactis strain H1 has an inefficient permease for lactose and contains chromosomally-encoded phospho-β-galactosidase genes.     

Development of a double-crossover markerless gene deletion system in Bifidobacterium longum: functional analysis of the α-galactosidase gene for raffinose assimilation

Functional analysis of Bifidobacterium genes is essential for understanding host-Bifidobacterium interactions with beneficial effects on human health; however, the lack of an effective targeted gene inactivation system in bifidobacteria has prevented the development of functional genomics in this bacterium. Here, we report the development of a markerless gene deletion system involving a double crossover in Bifidobacterium longum. Incompatible plasmid vectors were used to facilitate a second crossover step. The conditional replication vector pBS423-ΔrepA, which lacks the plasmid replication gene repA, was integrated into the target gene by a first crossover event. Subsequently, the replicative plasmid pTBR101-CM, which harbors repA, was introduced into this integrant to facilitate the second crossover step and subsequent elimination of the excised conditional replication vector from the cells by plasmid incompatibility. The proposed system was confirmed to work as expected in B. longum 105-A using the chromosomal full-length β-galactosidase gene as a target. Markerless gene deletion was tested using the aga gene, which encodes α-galactosidase, whose substrates include raffinose. Almost all the pTBR101-CM-transformed strains became double-crossover recombinants after subculture, and 4 out of the 270 double-crossover recombinants had lost the ability to assimilate raffinose. Genotype analysis of these strains revealed markerless gene deletion of aga. Carbohydrate assimilation analysis and α-galactosidase activity measurement were conducted using both the representative mutant and a plasmid-based aga-complemented strain. These functional analyses revealed that aga is the only gene encoding a functional α-galactosidase enzyme in B. longum 105-A.     

Isolation and characterization of a new acetate-requiring mutant strain, ace-9, of Neurospora crassa.

A new acetate-requiring mutant strain of Neurospora crassa, ace-9, has been isolated. The mutant gene was mapped between nuc-2 and arg-12 on the right arm of the second linkage group. The ace-9 mutant strain shows very weak activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). Three strains that show no activity of PDHC had already been found, i.e., ace-2, ace-3, and ace-4. Thus the ace-9 is the fourth gene that causes the deficiency in PDHC activity by a mutation. Deficiency of PDHC activity in ace-9 strain seems to be due to defective E1 component, because (1) the activity of E1 component enzyme is very weak in ace-9 mutant strain, and (2) normal PDHC activity was resumed when a preparation of ace-9 was mixed with E1-E2 fraction of wild type or with E1 component of wild type E. coli. Difference in thermostability of both E1 component enzyme and PDHC between ace-9 and the wild type strains supports this conclusion.     

Selection by genetic complementation and characterization of the gene coding for the yeast porphobilinogen deaminase.

The porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated by genetic complementation of a mutant GL7 (alpha hem 3) strain, previously shown to be defective in this haembiosynthetic enzyme [Gollub, Liu, Dayan, Adlersberg & Sprinson (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2846-2854]. The gene was selected from a yeast wild-type genomic DNA library ligated into the shuttle vector YEp13. The complementing gene restored growth of the hem 3 (PBG-D) mutant strain on media in the absence of exogeneous haem or fatty acid and sterol supplements. The recombinant plasmid was retained in the Hem+ transformant provided that selective pressure for plasmid-dependent growth was maintained. Transformation of the mutant strain (hem 3) restored the PBG-D activity to levels up to 10-fold those of the parental strain. The mutant strain GL7 does not show any measurable enzymic activity. Analysis of the plasmid designated YEpPBG-D (containing the PBG-D gene) by hybrid-selected translation revealed that it contained the coding information for a single protein of apparent Mr 43,000. The coding region was localized on an 1.5 kb endonuclease-EcoRI fragment (E4), within the 5.5 kb genomic insert in YEpPBG-D.     

Enterotoxin A production in Staphylococcus aureus: inhibition by glucose

In this study, we investigated the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and repression of staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) in Staphylococcus aureus 196E and a pleiotrophic mutant derived from strain 196E. The mutant, designated at strain 196E-MA, lacked a functional phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS). The mutant produced acid, under aerobic conditions, from only glucose and glycerol. The parent strain contained an active PTS, and aerobically produced acid from a large number of carbohydrates. Prior growth in glucose led to repression of SEA synthesis in the parent strain; addition to the casamino acids enterotoxin production medium (CAS) led to more severe repression of toxin synthesis. The repression was not related to pH decreases produced by glucose metabolism. When S. aureus 196E was grown in the absence of glucose, there was inhibition of toxin production as glucose level was increased in CAS. The inhibition was related to pH decrease and was unlike the repression observed with glucose-grown strain 196E. The inhibition of SEA synthesis in mutant strain 196E-MA was approximately the same in cells grown with or without glucose and was pH related. Repression of SEA synthesis similar to that seen with glucose-grown S. aureus 196E could not be demonstrated in the mutant. In addition, glucose-grown S. aureus 196E neither synthesized -galactosidase nor showed respiratory activity with certain tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle compounds. Glucose-grown strain 196E-MA, however, did not show supressed respiration of TCA cycle compounds; -galactosidase was not synthesized because the mutant lacked a functional PTS. Cyclic adenosine-3, 5-monophosphate did not reverse the repression by glucose of SEA or -galactosidase synthesis in glucose-grown S. aureus 196E. An active PTS appears to be necessary to demonstrate glucose (catabolite) repression in S. aureus.Abbreviations SEA staphylococcal enterotoxin A - SEB staphylococcal enterotoxin B - SEC staphylococcal enterotoxin C - PTS phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system - CAS casamino acids salts medium - TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle     

Identification and characterization of a new enoyl coenzyme A hydratase involved in biosynthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in recombinant Escherichia coli

The biosynthetic pathway of medium-chain-length (MCL) polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from fatty acids has been established in fadB mutant Escherichia coli strain by expressing the MCL-PHA synthase gene. However, the enzymes that are responsible for the generation of (R)-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A (R3HA-CoAs), the substrates for PHA synthase, have not been thoroughly elucidated. Escherichia coli MaoC, which is homologous to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase (PhaJ1), was identified and found to be important for PHA biosynthesis in a fadB mutant E. coli strain. When the MCL-PHA synthase gene was introduced, the fadB maoC double-mutant E. coli WB108, which is a derivative of E. coli W3110, accumulated 43% less amount of MCL-PHA from fatty acid compared with the fadB mutant E. coli WB101. The PHA biosynthetic capacity could be restored by plasmid-based expression of the maoCEc gene in E. coli WB108. Also, E. coli W3110 possessing fully functional beta-oxidation pathway could produce MCL-PHA from fatty acid by the coexpression of the maoCEc gene and the MCL-PHA synthase gene. For the enzymatic analysis, MaoC fused with His6-Tag at its C-terminal was expressed in E. coli and purified. Enzymatic analysis of tagged MaoC showed that MaoC has enoyl-CoA hydratase activity toward crotonyl-CoA. These results suggest that MaoC is a new enoyl-CoA hydratase involved in supplying (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA from the beta-oxidation pathway to PHA biosynthetic pathway in the fadB mutant E. coli strain.