鄂西土家族苗族自治州药用植物调查

鄂西土家族苗族自治州位于湖北省西南部山区,海拔一般在500～2200米,分布的药用植物已知有186科854属2088种,其中名贵药材有50余种。药用植物的分布,由于本地三个不同的地理位置和垂直气侯带(800米以下,800～1300米,1500米以上),以及植被类型,而有明显的差异。鄂西是湖北和全国中药材主要产地之一,药用植物资源有着广阔的开发前景。     

贵州凯里药市的侗族药用植物

凯里药市最初由当地少数民族自发组织,药市中不仅有大量的苗族传统药用植物,而且侗族传统药用植物十分丰富,为了掌握该药市侗族药用植物的现状,该研究运用民族植物学和植物分类学等方法于2014—2017年对凯里药市交易的侗族药用植物进行了6次详细调查。结果表明:该药市出售的侗族药用植物种类较多,共有65科100属111种,其中以广义百合科(Liliaceae)植物(6种,5.4%)为主,其次为伞形科(Umbelliferae)、菊科(Compositae)、天南星科(Araceae)植物(各5种,各占4.5%),再次为苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)植物(4种,3.6%)。从植物生活型来看,草本占有绝对优势,共有88种,占79.3%;用药部位具有多样化,但全草类药材占总数的一半。该研究还对药市中侗族和苗族交易的药用植物进行了比较分析,得出凯里药市交易的侗族药材具有独特的地域性和民族性,尤以治疗风湿关节、跌打损伤等常见疾病为主,并对凯里药市的可持续发展提出了建议。     

湘西州花垣县传统利用植物资源的民族植物学调查

采用民族植物学研究方法对湘西州花垣县民族植物进行实地调查,了解当地苗族对植物的利用现状。结果表明该地区苗族在食用、药用、观赏用及其它传统利用等方面的植物共有115种,涉及到64科,其中食用有17科20种,药用植物45科79种,观赏植物21科25种以及其它传统利用植物10科11种。总结和探讨该地区民间对植物的传统利用方法和科学意义,为实现植物资源的保护、开发和可持续利用提出相应建议。     

贵州省贞丰县和松桃县农业生物资源调查及物种多样性比较分析

本文以调查的行政区域(县、乡镇)、民族和生物资源用途为分析单元,采用生物多样性测度指标(物种丰富度、优势度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和相似性系数)评估了贵州省贞丰县、松桃县6乡(镇)不同民族管理利用的农业生物资源物种多样性。结果表明,两县物种的多样性水平都较高且相当,但松桃县3乡(镇)的物种多样性水平较贞丰县3镇的更高;苗族管理利用的物种多样性比布依族、土家族和汉族的更高。在农业生物资源用途分析单元内,松桃县寨英镇及布依族、土家族利用的粮食作物物种、松桃县盘石镇、正大乡和苗族利用的蔬菜及一年生经济作物物种、贞丰县鲁贡镇和松桃县寨英镇以及苗族、布依族管理的果树及多年生经济作物物种、松桃县盘石镇和苗族利用的药用植物物种的多样性比其他乡镇、民族的更高。     

广西眼镜蛇、银环蛇和五步蛇蛇毒的 体外抑菌作用

目的初步研究广西眼镜蛇、银环蛇和五步蛇蛇毒的体外抑菌作用,并比较各种蛇毒对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、大肠埃希菌和枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果。方法观测4种菌的生长情况。采用微量肉汤稀释法检测广西眼镜蛇、银环蛇和五步蛇蛇毒对4种细菌的抑菌作用,分析比较不同蛇毒的抑菌效果和孵育时间对抑菌效果的影响。结果广西眼镜蛇和五步蛇蛇毒对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、大肠埃希菌和枯草芽胞杆菌均有一定的抑制作用,而银环蛇蛇毒未见明显抑制作用(1 280μg/mL)。广西眼镜蛇和五步蛇蛇毒对于4种菌孵育48、72 h的MIC_(80)、MIC_(50)值均比孵育24 h提高2倍或以上。金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果:广西眼镜蛇蛇毒五步蛇蛇毒银环蛇蛇毒;甲型溶血性链球菌的抑菌效果:五步蛇蛇毒广西眼镜蛇蛇毒银环蛇蛇毒。结论广西眼镜蛇和五步蛇蛇毒均具有一定的体外抑菌作用,且对于不同种类的细菌抑菌活性不同,银环蛇蛇毒未发现有明显的体外抑菌作用。     

蛇毒的生物化学(续)——蛇毒对血液和心血管系统的作用及临床应用

以前曾综述了蛇毒神经毒素、膜活性多肽以及蛇毒酶的有关研究资料,本文将着重介绍作用于血液和心血管系统的酶和蛋白质的生物化学性质及其在临床上的应用。一、蛇毒对凝血系统的作用蛇毒对凝血系统的作用早已为人们所注意,两百年前,把蛇毒分成促凝和抗凝两大类,但实际上许多蛇毒同时兼有这两类活性。蛇毒对凝血系统的作用可以归结为图1。1.蛇毒的促凝作用蛇毒的促凝作用主要表现为凝血酶样作用、凝血酶原激活作用和第X因子激活作用。     

《蛇及蛇毒医用研究与应用》第二集出版

1990年11月15日,中国蛇协第七次学术研讨会议在天津举行。蛇及蛇毒医用研究与应用为这次会议的论文集。文集汇集学术论文共244篇,重点突出蛇毒的研究与应用以及血栓病有关的文章。主要内容有:蛇毒的研究与综述、蛇毒在脑血管病中的应用、蛇毒在外科、皮肤科病的应用、蛇毒在其他疾病中的应用,蛇毒及与     

兔循环血中黄绿烙铁头蛇毒浓度与DIC出现关系研究

目的观察兔循环血中黄绿烙铁头蛇毒浓度与ＤＩＣ出现的关系。方法用抗烙铁头蛇毒的鼠多克隆抗体ＩｇＧ测定兔血中蛇毒浓度,以α２－ＰＩ、ＡＴ－Ⅲ活性和纤维蛋白原水平参数为ＤＩＣ指标。结果上述指标水平随血中蛇毒浓度的增加而降低,ＤＩＣ的发生与血中蛇毒浓度呈负相关系,高剂量的蛇毒可诱发ＤＩＣ。结论ＤＩＣ的发生取决于兔循环血中蛇毒的浓度。     

蛇毒的活体采集及其冰冻干燥粉剂的制备

蛇毒(Snakc venom)是毒蛇头部毒腺所分泌的有毒体液。蛇毒在医药上有很大的利用价值,是极珍贵的药物原料,素有“液体黄金”之称。据研究分析蛇毒中含有二十种以上的活性成分,其中主要是毒蛋白、多肽和多种酶类。由于蛇毒的成分极为复杂,所以使蛇毒具有多种多样的毒理和药理效应。近年来,随着对蛇毒研究的深入发展,将促使蛇毒在医学和生物学研究方面的广泛应用。因此,科学地采集蛇毒,并制备成冰冻干燥粉剂。是综合利用毒蛇资源及提高蛇毒利用价值的一项有实用意义的项目。一、蛇毒的活体采集应用咬皿法,按毒蛇的种类分别进行活体采毒。为安全起见,采毒前必须准备蛇伤急救药品,如抗蛇毒血清,或蛇药与胰蛋白酶注射剂等。采毒     

广东眼镜蛇蛇毒与眼镜王蛇蛇毒冻干粉的鉴别及质量控制的研究 V．广东眼镜蛇蛇毒与眼镜王蛇蛇毒的氨基酸分析

本文采用日立８３５－５０型氨基酸自动分析仪测定了广东眼镜蛇蛇毒与眼镜王蛇蛇毒的氨基酸成分,结果表明两种蛇毒的氨基酸组成基本相同,但多种氨基酸的含量存在明显差异,为蛇毒鉴别和质控提供实验依据。     

Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A(2)

Natural inhibitors occupy an important place in the potential to neutralize the toxic effects caused by snake venom proteins and enzymes. It has been well recognized for several years that animal sera, some of the plant and marine extracts are the most potent in neutralizing snake venom phospholipase A(2) (svPLA(2)). The implication of this review to update the latest research work which has been accomplished with svPLA(2) inhibitors from various natural sources like animal, marine organisms presents a compilation of research in this field over the past decade and revisiting the previous research report including those found in plants. In addition to that the bioactive compounds/inhibitor molecules from diverse sources like aristolochic alkaloid, flavonoids and neoflavonoids from plants, hydrocarbones -2, 4 dimethyl hexane, 2 methylnonane, and 2, 6 dimethyl heptane obtained from traditional medicinal plants Tragia involucrata (Euphorbiaceae) member of natural products involved for the inhibitory potential of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes in vitro and also decrease both oedema induced by snake venom as well as human synovial fluid PLA(2). Besides marine natural products that inhibit PLA(2) are manoalide and its derivatives such as scalaradial and related compounds, pseudopterosins and vidalols, tetracylne from synthetic chemicals etc. There is an overview of the role of PLA(2) in inflammation that provides a rationale for seeking inhibitors of PLA(2) as anti-inflammatory agents. However, more studies should be considered to evaluate antivenom efficiency of sera and other agents against a variety of snake venoms found in various parts of the world. The implications of these new groups of svPLA(2) toxin inhibitors in the context of our current understanding of snake biology as well as in the development of new novel antivenoms therapeutics agents in the efficient treatment of snake envenomations are discussed.     

Plant natural products active against snake bite--the molecular approach

The article surveys the substances identified in plants reputed to neutralize the effects of snake venoms. Protective activity of many of them against the lethal action of the venom of the jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) snake was confirmed by biological assays. It was shown that all belong to chemical classes capable of interacting with macromolecular targets--receptors and enzymes. In a few cases it has been shown that exogenous natural micromolecules can mimic the biological activity of endogenous macromolecules. From the evidence presented, it can be inferred that micromolecules which neutralize the action of snake venoms mechanistically replace endogenous antitoxic serum proteins with venom neutralizing capacity such as produced by some animals.     

Viper and cobra venom neutralization by β-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae)

We reported previously that the methanolic root extract of the Indian medicinal plant Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae) could neutralize viper venom-induced action [Alam, M.I., Auddy, B., Gomes, A., 1996. Viper venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plant (Hemidesmus indicus and P. indica) root extracts. Phytother. Res. 10, 58-61]. The present study reports the neutralization of viper and cobra venom by beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of P. indica Less. (Asteraceae). The active fraction (containing the major compound beta-sitosterol and the minor compound stigmasterol) was isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and the structure was determined using spectroscopic analysis (EIMS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR). Anti-snake venom activity was studied in experimental animals. The active fraction was found to significantly neutralize viper venom-induced lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenation, edema and PLA(2) activity. Cobra venom-induced lethality, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory changes and PLA(2) activity were also antagonized by the active component. It potentiated commercial snake venom antiserum action against venom-induced lethality in male albino mice. The active fraction could antagonize venom-induced changes in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity. This study suggests that beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol may play an important role, along with antiserum, in neutralizing snake venom-induced actions.     

Triacontyl p-coumarate: An inhibitor of snake venom metalloproteinases

Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) participate in a number of important biological, physiological and pathophysiological processes and are primarily responsible for the local tissue damage characteristic of viperid snake envenomations. The use of medicinal plant extracts as antidotes against animal venoms is an old practice, especially against snake envenomations. Such plants are sources of many pharmacologically active compounds and have been shown to antagonize the effects of some venoms and toxins. The present study explores the activity of triacontyl p-coumarate (PCT), an active compound isolated from root bark of Bombacopsis glabra vegetal extract (Bg), against harmful effects of Bothropoides pauloensis snake venom and isolated toxins (SVMPs or phospholipase A₂). Before inhibition assays, Bg or PCT was incubated with venom or toxins at ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 (w/w; venom or isolated toxins/PCT) for 30 min at 37 °C. Treatment conditions were also assayed to simulate snakebite with PCT inoculated at either the same venom or toxin site. PCT neutralized fibrinogenolytic activity and plasmatic fibrinogen depletion induced by B. pauloensis venom or isolated toxin. PCT also efficiently inhibited the hemorrhagic (3MDH – minimum hemorrhagic dose injected i.d into mice) and myotoxic activities induced by Jararhagin, a metalloproteinase from B. jararaca at 1:5 ratio (toxin: inhibitor, w/w) when it was previously incubated with PCT and injected into mice or when PCT was administered after toxin injection. Docking simulations using data on a metalloproteinase (Neuwiedase) structure suggest that the binding between the protein and the inhibitor occurs mainly in the active site region causing blockade of the enzymatic reaction by displacement of catalytic water. Steric hindrance may also play a role in the mechanism since the PCT hydrophobic tail was found to interact with the loop associated with substrate anchorage. Thus, PCT may provide a alternative to complement ophidian envenomation treatments.     

Precipitation of animal plasma proteins by puff-adder venom.

1. Plasma and serum samples obtained from various animals never previously exposed to snakes or snake venom were diffused against different concentrations of puff-adder, Bitis arietans, venom using the double immunodiffusion technique. 2. Depending upon venom concentration, two precipitin arcs could be produced in the case of all plasma samples used. No serum samples showed any arcs except pigeon serum, where one precipitin line was observed. 3. By altering the concentration of snake venom between 1% and 10% when immunodiffusing against plasma a change in position of the precipitin lines was observed and also the disappearance of one or both of the two bands at higher concentrations. This indicates that the arcs observed are in all probability due to precipitation of plasma protein fractions. 4. Previous results indicated that one of the two bands observed when diffusing venom against plasma was due to the precipitation of fibrinogen. By diffusing snake venom against heparin we have now shown that the second band involves this molecule and is not due to another coagulation factor as was suggested previously.     

Molecular cloning and expression of a functional snake venom vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) from the Bothrops insularis pit viper. A new member of the VEGF family of proteins

During the generation of abundant expressed sequence tags from the Viperidae snake Bothrops insularis venom glands, we identified for the first time a cDNA coding for a putative vascular endothelial growth factor-like (VEGF-like) protein. The deduced primary sequence, after complete sequencing of the longest snake venom VEGF (svVEGF) cDNA, displayed similarity with vertebrate VEGFs and with the hypotensive factor from Vipera aspis venom. Its cDNA was subcloned, expressed in Escherichia coli with a His(6) tag as an insoluble monomer, and purified by Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography after 8 m urea extraction. Antiserum against svVEGF was generated and tested in Western blot against proteins from snake venoms and cellular extracts. The mature svVEGF appears to be ubiquitously distributed throughout snake venoms and was also confirmed by Northern blot studies of other related Viperidae species and by cDNA cloning of svVEGF from Bothrops jararaca pit viper. The produced recombinant protein dimerizes after refolding processes and was biologically characterized, showing ability to increase vascular permeability. These results established that svVEGF is a novel and important active toxin during the early stages of bothropic snake bite envenoming and represents a new member of the VEGF family of proteins.     

Snake venom components and their cross-reactivity: a review

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds, many of which display biological activity. It has been demonstrated that antisera raised against whole venom or a single purified venom protein from one species of snake will react with proteins in the venom of other species. This cross-reactivity between species may have applications in determining snake phylogeny, but recent studies on the variation of venom components within a species make these evolutionary conclusions questionable.     

Phenolic glyscosides, a new class of human recombinant nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors

Cytotoxicity and kinetic studies of phenolic glycosides, benzoyl salireposide (1) and salireposide (2), isolated from Symplocos racemosa, were performed against phosphodiesterase I enzyme from snake venom and human nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase-1. Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots and their secondary replots showed that these compounds are pure non-competitive inhibitors of both enzymes. K(i) Values of compounds 1 and 2 were found to be 360 and 1000 microM, respectively, against human nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase, and 525 and 1100 microM, respectively, against snake venom phosphodiesterase. IC(50) values of compounds 1 and 2 are 90 microM +/- 0.04 and 383 microM +/- 0.03, respectively, against human nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase and 171 microM +/- 0.02 and 544 microM +/- 0.021, respectively, against snake venom phosphodiesterase. Both compounds were found to be nontoxic up to concentration of 500 microM/mL as >90% cells were viable after 3 h of incubation. These compounds are potential candidates for the therapy of arthritis.     

Role of hyaluronidase inhibitors in the neutralization of toxicity of Egyptian horned viper Cerastes cerastes venom

Hyaluronidase “venom spreading factor” is a common component of snake venoms and indirectly potentiates venom toxicity. It may cause permanent local tissue destruction at the bite site/systemic collapse of the envenomated victim. The present study was performed to assess the benefits of inhibiting the hyaluronidase activity of Egyptian horned viper, Cerastes cerastes (Cc). The aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants were screened for their inhibitory effect on hyaluronidase activity of Cc venom. The results revealed that the Rosmarinus officinalis (Ro) extract is the most potent hyaluronidase inhibitor among the tested extracts. The Ro extract is more potent inhibitory effect on the hyaluronidase activity than the prepared rabbit monoclonal antiserum of previously purified hyaluronidase enzyme from Cc venom (anti-CcHaseII). In addition, the Ro extract is efficiently inhibited the activity of hemorrhagic toxin previously purified from Cc venom, and it also neutralized the edema inducing activity of the Cc venom in vivo. Furthermore, the Ro extract markedly increased the survival time of experimental mice injected with lethal dose of Cc venom up to 7 h in compared to mice injected with venom alone or with venom/anti-CcHaseII (15 ± 5, 75 ± 4 min), respectively. Our findings imply the significance of plant-derived hyaluronidase inhibitor in the neutralization of local effects of Cc venom and retardation of death time. Therefore, it may use as a therapeutic value in complementary snakebite therapy.     

半夏和滴水珠抗五步蛇毒中毒作用的实验研究

目的研究滴水珠与半夏生药及其提取物抗五步蛇毒的作用。方法将ICR小鼠随机分为半夏生药组、半夏醇提物组、滴水珠生药组、滴水珠醇提物组、空白对照组、阳性对照组及模型组,各组小鼠均灌胃给药7天,并观察各给药组小鼠的体重变化情况;在末次给药1h后于小鼠腹腔注射五步蛇毒,观察各组小鼠的中毒表现,并统计各组小鼠的死亡率,比较各组小鼠的肝脏指数、脾脏指数及胸腺指数,并对各组小鼠血浆纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）以及血小板（PLT）、红细胞（RBC）和白细胞（WBC）计数进行比较。结果半夏和滴水珠醇提物、半夏和滴水珠生药均可降低五步蛇毒中毒小鼠的死亡率,对五步蛇毒引起的小鼠PT、TT、APTT上升和FIB下降具有显著的抑制作用,与模型组相比P〈0.05;并可影响五步蛇毒中毒小鼠外周血血小板（PLT）、红细胞（RBC）和白细胞（WBC）计数,与模型组相比P〈0.05。但滴水珠和半夏生药可引起小鼠体重下降,并影响肝脏、胸腺和脾脏指数,与空白对照组相比P〈0.05。结论半夏和滴水珠醇提物及半夏和滴水珠生药均具有一定的抗五步蛇毒作用,乙醇提取能降低半夏和滴水珠的毒性。