鲍曼不动杆菌Omp34经线粒体途径诱导HeLa细胞凋亡

[目的]构建鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)外膜蛋白34(outer membrane protein 34,Omp34)的表达载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His-Omp34,研究Omp34引起HeLa细胞凋亡的机制。[方法]PCR扩增目的基因Omp34,将其克隆至载体pcDNA3.1/myc-His;菌液PCR和测序筛选阳性克隆;将pcDNA3.1/myc-His-Omp34转染HeLa细胞;反转录PCR和Western Blot检测Omp34在HeLa细胞中的表达;CCK8实验检测细胞增殖抑制率;JC-1探针检测线粒体跨膜电位;透射电镜观察HeLa细胞线粒体结构,Western Blot鉴定HeLa细胞线粒体凋亡相关蛋白。[结果]成功构建pcDNA3.1/myc-His-Omp34真核表达载体;并且Omp34可抑制HeLa细胞增殖,引起线粒体损伤及跨膜电位崩溃,导致促凋亡蛋白Bax和Bad表达升高,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Bcl-XL表达降低。[结论]成功构建pcDNA3.1/mycHis-Omp34表达载体,并证明Omp34可经线粒体途径导致HeLa细胞凋亡。     

TFAR19促进小鼠肝线粒体膜通透性转运孔的开放

TFAR19基因 (TF 1cellapoptosisrelatedgene 19)是北京大学人类疾病基因中心从人白血病细胞株TF 1细胞中克隆到的凋亡相关新基因之一 (GenBank登记号AF0 1495 5 )。初步研究发现 ,该基因在细胞凋亡时高表达 ,并且表达产物具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长和促进凋亡作用。但是其确切的作用机制不明。线粒体膜完整性破坏所导致促凋亡因子 (如细胞色素c等因子 )的释放是细胞凋亡关键性的控制因素。线粒体膜通透性转运孔 (PTP) ,对线粒体膜完整性具有重要的调控作用。研究了重组人TFAR19蛋白在体外条件下 ,对线粒体PTP、跨膜电位 ,以及细胞色素c释放的影响。结果表明 ,TFAR19蛋白使分离的小鼠肝线粒体PTP开放、线粒体跨膜电位下降 ,以及细胞色素c释放。TFAR19对线粒体的上述作用是通过促进PTP开放起作用的。实验结果提示 ,TFAR19对线粒体凋亡信号有正反馈放大作用 ,并进一步揭示了TFAR19促进细胞凋亡的机制     

应用DNA芯片鉴定HPV18 E6-siRNA诱导HeLa 细胞凋亡的分子机制

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）的E6基因在宫颈癌的发生中起关键作用,特异siRNA能有效抑制宫颈癌HeLa 细胞内HPV18 E6基因的表达,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.为进一步探讨HPV18 E6-siRNA诱导HeLa 细胞凋亡的分子机制,针对HPV18-E6基因设计siRNA序列,利用人源U6启动子为模板,经PCR表达框架法体外扩增,转染宫颈癌HeLa细胞抑制HPV18 -E6基因表达,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.对转染前后HeLa细胞总RNA样品进行荧光标记后,与Agilent Human 1A寡核苷酸芯片杂交、扫描、数据分析及标准化处理,确定表达差异的基因并经荧光定量PCR对部分基因进行验证,结合PANTHER数据分析系统,将这些基因按照生物学功能进行归类,查阅GenBank数据库及相关文献,对其结果进行深入分析及讨论.在检测的18 716个基因和EST中,共筛出差异表达基因359个,其中307个基因表达上调,52个基因表达下调,主要包括细胞周期相关基因CCNG1、p21;凋亡相关基因CASP4、CASP6、IGFBP3、DFFA;泛素蛋白酶解途径相关基因E6-AP、UBE2C;角化细胞分化相关基因KRT4、KRT6E、KRT18;抑癌基因RECK、VHL等.研究结果表明,HPV18 -E6基因抑制引起的细胞凋亡效应主要是通过P53信号途径和泛素蛋白酶解信号途径调节细胞周期相关基因和凋亡相关基因的表达,从而抑制HeLa细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡.同时,抑癌基因的激活,角化细胞分化和免疫相关基因的表达上调,都说明了E6抑制后肿瘤细胞恶性转化程度的下降.     

细胞水平筛选鉴定激活核因子κB通路的新基因TMEM9B

核因子κB(NF-κB)是细胞内重要的转录因子,其介导的细胞信号转导通路在细胞凋亡中的作用是国内外研究的热点．为了筛选NF-κB通路相关新基因,建立了基于细胞水平的报告基因高通量筛选模型．利用双荧光素酶报告系统检测报告基因荧光素酶活性,通过对构建的439个人类未知功能基因的筛选,获得了一批激活NF-κB信号通路的功能基因,其中基因TMEM9B可以明显激活NF-κB通路．进一步实验显示TMEM9B激活NF-κB通路呈明显剂量依赖性,Western blot及EMSA实验证实,TMEM9B能够促进胞质内NF-κB的抑制分子IκBα的降解,并促使NF-κB由胞质向胞核转移,同时流式细胞术实验发现TMEM9B可引起293T和HeLa细胞的凋亡．总之,所建立的基于细胞水平的NF-κB通路筛选模型稳定高效,筛选并验证TMEM9B可明显激活NF-κB信号转导通路,并从而引起细胞凋亡．     

缺氧条件下GC-1细胞凋亡的作用机制研究

以小鼠精原细胞系GC-1细胞为研究对象,探讨缺氧条件下GC-1细胞凋亡潜在的分子机制。首先,采用CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8)法检测不同缺氧时间处理下的细胞活力,以确定细胞缺氧损伤的时间;然后,通过化学荧光法检测GC-1细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的含量,采用JC-1法检测线粒体的膜电位,采用比色法检测ATP的含量,采用线粒体荧光探针法检测线粒体的数量与分布,并采用透射电镜观察细胞的超微结构;最后,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测线粒体信号通路相关基因胱天蛋白酶(caspase)-3、caspase-9、细胞色素c (cytochrome c, Cyt-c)、Bax和Bcl-2的m RNA表达水平。结果显示,缺氧36 h后,细胞活力为(60.36±5.40)%,符合后续实验需求;在缺氧条件下, GC-1细胞中的ROS含量显著增加, ATP含量显著下降,线粒体膜电位下降、数量减少,同时细胞中促凋亡相关基因的表达水平上调,抗凋亡因子Bcl-2的基因表达水平下调。实验结果初步表明,缺氧可导致GC-1细胞线粒体功能障碍, ROS/线...     

凋亡相关基因的整合分析及基因表达芯片的制备

利用IPI和GenBank,收集了与凋亡相关的5 333条基因序列,用一定的标准,整合筛选得到1 384个凋亡相关的基因．通过亚细胞定位、组织表达差异显著性分析、自然正义/反义RNA对预测、基因簇在pathway上的定位、蛋白质/蛋白质相互作用等方面的分析发现,一些基因只在一个组织里显著差异表达,一些基因存在自然正义/反义RNA对现象,一些基因簇同时位于多条pathway等重要信息．同时,制作了一张凋亡相关基因的寡核苷酸芯片,并且对于一对NAIF1表达质粒转染前后的HeLa样品,通过该芯片的筛选,得到24个差异表达的基因．发现NAIF1过表达诱导的细胞凋亡,伴随了PAX2、PDCD8、PDCD10、DFFA、CASP7等基因表达的显著变化,同时还发现,U58668,该mRNA没有任何基因或蛋白质的注释信息,当camptothecin诱导U937细胞系凋亡时上调,在这里的NAIF1过表达诱导的HeLa细胞系中也上调(上述数据结果见http://gpcrome.cbi.pku.edu.cn:2005/chip)．     

CCCTC结合因子在HeLa细胞中调控X染色体连锁的凋亡抑制蛋白的表达

目的:确定HeLa细胞的CCCTC结合因子(CTCF)表达水平是否与细胞的抗凋亡能力相关,并研究其具体分子机制。方法:用顺铂和阿糖胞苷分别诱导HeLa细胞和CTCF敲降的HeLa-CTCF-II-11细胞凋亡,比较两者的凋亡率;用基因表达芯片检测CTCF敲降后HeLa细胞的表达谱变化,寻找并验证受CTCF调控的与凋亡相关的蛋白。结果:用顺铂和阿糖胞苷诱导后,HeLa-CTCF-II-11细胞的凋亡率显著高于HeLa细胞;HeLa细胞的CTCF敲降后,X染色体连锁的凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)的表达显著下降。结论:CTCF敲降使HeLa细胞的抗凋亡能力下降,CTCF对XIAP基因的表达调控在这个过程中起了重要作用。     

华蟾素诱导人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡

本研究旨在探讨华蟾素诱导人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡及其机制.分别用终浓度0、60、70、80μg/L的华蟾素作用于人胃癌MKN-45细胞48 h,采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞形态结构,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位,RT-qPCR和Western blot分别检测Bax、Bcl-2、Cy tC、Caspase 9和Caspase 3基因表达水平.结果显示,与对照组相比,0、60、70、80μg/L的华蟾素作用人胃癌MKN-45细胞48h,呈现细胞皱缩、细胞核裂解、染色质凝集等形态学变化,早期凋亡细胞和晚期凋亡细胞所占百分比均显著增加,线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)显著降低.Bax、Cyt C、Caspase 9和Caspase 3基因的mRNA及蛋白表达水平随着药物浓度的升高均显著升高(P＜0.01),Bcl-2基因mRNA及蛋白表达水平随着药物浓度的升高显著降低(P＜0.01),提示华蟾素可通过上调Bax、Cyt C、Caspase 9和Caspase 3基因表达,下调Bcl-2基因表达诱导人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡.     

大黄素提高HeLa细胞对三氧化二砷促凋亡敏感性的研究

活性氧(reactive oxygen specis ROS)在三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,As_2O_3)诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡中扮演重要角色。本研究用一种天然蒽醌类物质——大黄素(emodin)作为提高HeLa细胞ROS水平的手段,考察其对As_2O_3促凋亡敏感性的影响,并探究可能涉及的信号传导机制。结果显示大黄素10μmol/L提高ROS并增加了HeLa细胞在As_2O_32μmol/L作用下的凋亡率,对正常成纤维细胞却无影响。该联合作用可以促进HeLa细胞线粒体跨膜电位降低;抑制转录因子NF-kB激活。本研究提示:大黄素通过提高ROS介导凋亡信号传导的增强和生存信号传导的抑制,增加HeLa细胞对As_2O_3促凋亡的敏感性。     

去氢木香内酯干预人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞机制的探究

目的:探讨去氢木香内酯对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡、线粒体跨膜电位及代谢物的影响,为研究去氢木香内酯诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制提供新的视角。方法:采用流式细胞仪测定不同浓度去氢木香内酯(0、2、4、8μg/m L)对MCF-7细胞凋亡及线粒体跨膜电位的影响;GC-TOFMS测定去氢木香内酯作用前后,MCF-7细胞内具有显著性变化的代谢差异物。结果:研究结果表明,去氢木香内酯能诱导MCF-7细胞的凋亡、促进线粒体跨膜电位的降低;正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)多维统计方法对代谢组学数据分析得到柠檬酸、D-核糖、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸等16种代谢差异物。结论:推测去氢木香内酯通过引起线粒体跨膜电位降低而破坏了线粒体的结构,进一步阻碍了线粒体的功能,导致了细胞内代谢物的紊乱,最终诱导了细胞的凋亡。     

Stable expression of human tissue-type plasminogen activator regulated by beta-actin promoter in three human cell lines: HeLa, WI-38 VA13 and KMS-5

A high-level and stable expression system of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) was accomplished in human cells by selecting a promoter and a host cell line. First, we have constructed two types of t-PA expression plasmids containing 3 kb of the human beta-actin promoter region or 0.3 kb of SV40 early promoter region and these plasmids were transfected into HeLa cells, respectively, and the resulting transfectants were found to secrete various amounts of t-PA derived from the plasmids to the culture media. Southern blot analysis revealed that the beta-actin promoter was more efficient than the SV40 early promoter with regard to the expression level per single copy of the t-PA gene in the transfected HeLa cells. Next, the t-PA expression plasmid containing the beta-actin promoter was also transfected into WI-38 VA13 cells, a human fibroblastic cell line, and KMS-5 cells, a human lymphoid cell line, in order to compare the expression ability of the promoter among these three cell lines. Some of the transfectants from both cell lines were also found to produce t-PA. It was also found that the expression levels in HeLa and WI-38 VA13 seemed to be more efficient than that in KMS-5.     

PLK1基因沉默抑制HeLa细胞凋亡

以高表达Polo样激酶1（Polo-like kinase 1,PLK1）的宫颈癌细胞系HeLa细胞为模型,观察针对PLK1基因的短发夹状RNA（short hairpin RNA,shRNA）对其凋亡和增殖的影响.设计并合成了针对PLK1的shRNA,将其导入构建的携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）的RNAi（RNA interference）表达载体中.通过 RT-PCR和Western 印迹分别检测HeLa细胞PLK1基因和蛋白水平的表达,以流式细胞仪和PI-Hochest双染法测细胞凋亡,MTT法检测细胞的增殖水平.成功构建了携带EGFP的RNAi表达载体pEGFP-H1.转染shRNA后,HeLa细胞PLK1的表达降低至30%.与对照组和空载体转染组相比,shRNA转染组的HeLa细胞凋亡率明显增加,其增殖活性则明显降低.本课题构建的RNAi表达载体便于观察靶基因的转染情况,且不影响H1启动子的体内转录.PLK1的基因沉默能明显增加HeLa细胞的凋亡,抑制该细胞的增殖,有可能为未来肿瘤的治疗找到新的靶点和有效途径.     

重构型人caspase-8基因的表达诱导HeLa细胞凋亡

以两种大、小亚基基因次序颠倒的重构型人caspase-8基因的pIRES2-EGFP真核表达载体转染HeLa细胞,用间接免疫荧光染色、免疫细胞化学染色和电镜观察等方法,研究重构型人caspase-8基因在HeLa细胞中的表达及其促凋亡活性.结果显示,两种重构型人caspase-8基因在HeLa细胞中的表达可以有效地诱导HeLa细胞凋亡.     

Chromosome condensation by a human condensin complex in Xenopus egg extracts

13S condensin is a five-subunit protein complex that plays a central role in mitotic chromosome condensation. The condensin complex was originally identified and purified from Xenopus egg extracts and shown to have an ATP-dependent positive supercoiling activity in vitro. We report here the characterization of a human condensin complex purified from HeLa cell nuclear extracts. The human 13S complex has exactly the same composition as its Xenopus counterpart, being composed of two structural maintenance of chromosomes (human chromosome-associated polypeptide (hCAP)-C and hCAP-E) subunits and three non-structural maintenance of chromosomes (hCAP-D2/CNAP1, hCAP-G, and hCAP-H/BRRN) subunits. Human condensin purified from asynchronous HeLa cell cultures fails to reconfigure DNA structure in vitro. When phosphorylated by purified cdc2-cyclin B, however, it gains the ability to introduce positive supercoils into DNA in the presence of ATP and topoisomerase I. Strikingly, human condensin can induce chromosome condensation when added back into a Xenopus egg extract that has been immunodepleted of endogenous condensin. Thus, the structure and function of the condensin complex are highly conserved between Xenopus and humans, underscoring its fundamental importance in mitotic chromosome dynamics in eukaryotic cells.     

Production of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in different mammalian cell lines using an Epstein-Barr virus vector.

Human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) cDNA inserted into an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) derived expression vector was transfected into human HeLa, 293, K-562 and hamster CHO-K1 cells and the expression of t-PA was studied. The best t-PA producing cell clones were found among CHO-K1 cells (up to 11 micrograms d-1 per 10(6) cells). However, HeLa and 293 cells were most efficiently transfected, e.g. about 70% of the selected cell clones were t-PA positive. The vector DNA copy numbers correlated with the mRNA levels and the protein levels for all cell lines analysed, with the exception for the K-562 cell line, where the production of t-PA was very low. The results obtained indicated that the highest expression levels were achieved in low density cultures.     

TRAIL在细胞中的表达及其诱导凋亡的活性分析

以PCR方法克隆了Trail cDNA全长,构建了其真核表达载体,通过脂质转染HeLa细胞,48小时后利用流式细胞仪分析Trail诱导细胞凋亡的比率,发现发生凋亡的细胞为总细胞数的19％。证实了Trail真核4表达系统的产物的生物学活性高,为从真核表达的途径获得Trail基因工程产品奠定了基础。     

Selective inhibition of carbonic anhydrase-IX by sulphonamide derivatives induces pH and reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in cervical cancer HeLa cells

Selective inhibition with sulphonamides of carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. The effect on CA IX expression of seven previously synthesised sulphonamide inhibitors, with high affinity for CA IX, as well as their effect on the proliferation/apoptosis of cancer/normal cell lines was investigated. Two normal and three human cancer cell lines were used. Treatment resulted in dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the growth of various cancer cell lines. One compound showed remarkably high toxicity towards CA IX-positive HeLa cells. The mechanisms of apoptosis induction were determined with Annexin-V and AO/EB staining, cleaved caspases (caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9) and cleaved PARP activation, reactive oxygen species production (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular pH (pHi), extracellular pH (pHe), lactate level and cell cycle analysis. The autophagy induction mechanisms were also investigated. The modulation of apoptotic and autophagic genes (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-12, Beclin and LC3) was measured using real time PCR. The positive staining using γ-H2AX and AO/EB dye, showed increased cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, increased ROS production, MMP and enhanced mRNA expression of apoptotic genes, suggesting that anticancer effects are also exerted through its apoptosis-inducing properties. Our results show that such sulphonamides might have the potential as new leads for detailed investigations against CA IX-positive cervical cancers.     

The ALG-2-interacting protein Alix associates with CHMP4b,a human homologue of yeast Snf7 that is involved in multivesicular body sorting

Alix (ALG-2-interacting protein X) is a 95-kDa protein that interacts with an EF-hand type Ca(2+)-binding protein, ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2), through its C-terminal proline-rich region. In this study, we searched for proteins that interact with human AlixDeltaC (a truncated form not containing the C-terminal region) by using a yeast two-hybrid screen, and we identified two similar human proteins, CHMP4a and CHMP4b (chromatin-modifying protein; charged multivesicular body protein), as novel binding partners of Alix. The interaction of Alix with CHMP4b was confirmed by a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that CHMP4b transiently expressed in HeLa cells mainly exhibited a punctate distribution in the perinuclear area and co-localized with co-expressed Alix. The distribution of CHMP4b partly overlapped the distributions of early and late endosomal marker proteins, EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1) and Lamp-1 (lysosomal membrane protein-1), respectively. Transient overexpression of CHMP4b induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins as punctate patterns that were partly overlapped with the distribution of CHMP4b and inhibited the disappearance of endocytosed epidermal growth factor. In contrast, stably expressed CHMP4b in HEK293 cells was observed diffusely in the cytoplasm. Transient overexpression of AlixDeltaC in stably CHMP4b-expressing cells, however, induced formation of vesicle-like structures in which CHMP4b and AlixDeltaC were co-localized. SKD1(E235Q), a dominant negative form of the AAA type ATPase SKD1 that plays critical roles in the endocytic pathway, was co-immunoprecipitated with CHMP4b. Furthermore, CHMP4b co-localized with SKD1(E235Q) as punctate patterns in the perinuclear area, and Alix was induced to exhibit dot-like distributions overlapped with SKD1(E235Q) in HeLa cells. These results suggest that CHMP4b and Alix participate in formation of multivesicular bodies by cooperating with SKD1.