强化还原处理对海南西瓜连作障碍土壤性质的影响

以海南省三亚市西瓜生长发生障碍的土壤为研究对象,设置对照、淹水、淹水+覆膜、淹水+覆膜+7500 kg·hm-2紫花苜蓿(称为强化还原处理)4个处理,处理时间20 d,研究了强化还原处理对海南西瓜连作障碍土壤物理、化学、生物性质的影响。结果表明:强化还原处理能够明显降低土壤中大土块(直径大于5 mm)的比例,有效改良土壤板结问题;强化还原处理过程中土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和硝态氮含量快速下降,pH显著提高,铵态氮含量快速上升;土壤中真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量显著降低;土壤淹水同时添加有机物料的强化还原处理方法可能是改良连作障碍土壤的一种高效、环保的方法。     

等氮滴灌对宿根蔗产量及土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为得到合理的水肥管理措施,研究等氮量下不同滴灌施肥比例对宿根蔗产量以及不同生育期蔗田土壤氧化亚氮(N2 O)通量和无机氮含量的影响,并分析蔗田土壤N2 O通量与无机氮含量之间的关系.该文以自然降雨W0为对照,设置2种滴灌灌水量水平W1(田间持水量的75％)和W2(田间持水量的85％),等量氮肥(N 300 kg·hm-...     

不同造林树种对铁尾矿基质理化性质和土壤动物的影响

为了探讨不同造林树种对铁尾矿基质改良及土壤动物的影响,在唐山迁安马兰庄铁尾矿区选择尾矿坡面直接造林成功的沙地柏、紫穗槐、毛白杨3种树种,测定林内尾矿理化性质和土壤动物,并与裸尾矿进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)紫穗槐林对铁尾矿土壤容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和持水量的改善效果最好,沙地柏林对改善毛管孔隙度、田间持水量和毛管持水量的效果最好。(2)3个树种造林均使尾矿砂p H值明显降低。紫穗槐林对尾矿砂有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的积累效果最好,沙地柏林和紫穗槐林均有利于尾矿砂中全钾含量的积累。(3)紫穗槐林下土壤动物数量和多样性最高,沙地柏林次之。铁尾矿土壤动物与环境因素灰色关联度分析表明,全氮、有机质、碱解氮、土壤容重与土壤动物多样性关系密切,植被覆盖率和植被高度对土壤动物多样性影响最小。(4)主成分分析结果表明:紫穗槐林对铁尾矿基质理化性质和土壤动物综合改良效果最好,其次是沙地柏林,杨树林的改良效果不明显。但进行值被恢复后,各样地的立地条件均优于裸尾矿。     

西藏高寒区不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力差异及其影响因素

研究高寒地区不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力变化特征及其影响因素可为评估高寒生态系统水源涵养能力分异特征及其调控机制提供依据。本研究选取西藏高寒区3种土地利用方式(农、林、草地)下不同深度(0～10、10～20、20～30 cm)土壤为对象,测定土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量及土壤基本理化性质,并提取环境因子(年均降雨量、植被归一化指数、海拔、坡度和地表粗糙度),分析不同土地利用方式下土壤持水能力的变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 农、林、草地土壤持水能力(最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量)均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低。草地0～30 cm土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量均值分别为379.79、329.57和194.39 g·kg^-1,显著高于农地(301.15、259.67和154.91 g·kg^-1)和林地(293.09、251.49和117.01 g·kg^-1)。冗余分析结果表明,不同土壤理化性质对土壤持水能力变异的解释量由大到小依次为总孔隙度(44.6%)、土壤有机质(42.7%)、毛管孔隙度(37.6%)和土壤容重(35.8%)。主成分分析结果显示,年均降雨量、植被归一化指数和地形因子(海拔、坡度和地表粗糙度)是影响土壤持水能力空间变异的主要环境因子,累积贡献率高达72.4%。西藏高寒区草地土壤具有更强的持水能力,能够有效防止水土流失。因此,在高寒地区实施退耕还草措施、对退化草地进行封育管理,有助于改善高寒地区土壤水源涵养能力。     

碳源和淹水时间对水稻土微生物Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力的影响

以我国6个省的水稻土为供试样品,采用厌氧恒温培养方法,研究了分别以葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐、乳酸盐和乙酸盐为惟一碳源时不同淹水时间土壤微生物群落对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原能力.结果表明：不同淹水时间对Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征值V_max的影响显著,表现为淹水20 d > 30 d > 12 d > 1 d > 5 d,不同淹水时间下水稻土微生物群落结构不同是导致Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力不同的主要原因.不同碳源对微生物铁还原过程有显著影响,葡萄糖和丙酮酸盐在不同淹水时间中始终为优势碳源,其Fe(Ⅲ)还原率分别为88.1%～99.9%和58.0%～97.9%;不同土壤铁还原微生物群落对乳酸盐的利用差距较大,湖南和浙江水稻土在整个淹水周期中Fe(Ⅲ)还原率达到87.1%～100%,而其他土壤则表现为淹水前5 d为5.0%～49.4%,12 d后增加到52.2%～99.9%;乙酸盐处理在不同淹水时间中都表现为随时间推移Fe(Ⅲ)还原率逐渐增大的趋势,其中浙江水稻土的变化最大,在5.3%～75.8%.     

金沙江干热河谷土壤含水量对台湾青枣生长和产量的影响

比较了4个水分梯度3年生台湾青枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)的树高生长动态、地径生长动态、新梢生下量、枝粗生长量、叶面积、叶面积指数、座果率、平均株产量、叶片含水率和根系含水率等,通过主成分分析法和R型因子综合分析法确定了适合台湾青枣生长的最优土壤含水率。结果表明第3种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%~85%)的台湾青枣对水分的响应最好,对水分的响应排序值是56.147;其次是第4种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的85%~100%),其值为41.506;最后是第1种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的40%~55%),其值为34.545。由此可以得出,在金沙江干热河谷地区种植台湾青枣的最佳土壤水分是土壤含水率达到田间持水量的70%~85%。     

强还原方法对退化设施蔬菜地土壤的修复

设施蔬菜地大量施用化肥及不合理轮作易引起土壤盐分累积、酸化和土传病害的发生,导致土壤退化.快速且有效地改良退化土壤,可以提高蔬菜产量和菜农的经济收入.在蔬菜生长发生障碍的设施土壤中,分别加入0、3.75、7.50和11.3 t·hm^-2的风干紫花苜蓿,淹水条件下密封大棚创造强还原环境31 d,测定土壤理化性质的变化,并记录黄瓜产量.结果表明: 强还原处理使土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)迅速下降至0 mV以下,能有效地消除土壤积累的硝态氮,显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤电导率,其变化幅度随紫花苜蓿添加量的增加而增大.经强还原方法处理后,设施蔬菜地黄瓜产量达到53.3~57.9 t·hm^-2,显著高于上一季未处理黄瓜产量(10.8 t·hm^-2).淹水添加有机物料创造的强还原条件,可以短期内有效地改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤.     

土壤强还原处理对根结线虫数量、番茄生长及土壤性质的影响

土壤强还原处理是指高温条件下向土壤中施加大量有机物料并淹水覆膜,是一种防控土传病害的高效、环保、广谱的方法,但在防治根结线虫上的应用很少。本试验研究强还原处理对番茄上根结线虫的防治效果以及对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:处理20天后,强还原处理土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫数量与阿维菌素处理效果相当,与CK和淹水覆膜处理存在显著性差异,强还原处理2龄幼虫数量比CK下降了58.8%~97.2%,比淹水覆膜处理下降了50.1%~96.6%;有机物料添加量为4.16 g·kg~(-1)时,强还原处理能够显著促进番茄根系伸长,增加根表面积,提高番茄地上部生物量;强还原处理土壤p H比CK平均提高了5.1%,土壤全氮和有机质含量分别平均提高了12.8%和3.4%。表明淹水添加有机物料创造强还原环境可以有效抑制根结线虫的繁殖,改良土壤理化性质。     

酸性硫酸盐土中硫形态转化过程的水分制约作用

分别设土壤田间持水量的30%恒定(FH1)、土壤田间持水量的70%恒定(FH2),一直淹水(INU)、风干后放置(DRY,作为对照)、自然风干(NAD)5个处理进行酸性硫酸盐土室内模拟实验。实验结果显示,水分条件对酸性硫酸盐土中水溶性硫、交换性硫和黄铁矿硫的形态转化有显着的制约作用。淹水环境和过分干燥环境都不利于黄铁矿的氧化及水溶性硫和交换性硫的形成,潮湿但含水量不饱和环境有利于黄铁矿硫向水溶性硫和交换性硫的转换。模拟试验期内,水溶性硫含量的增加速度排列为:FH2>FH1>INU,交换性硫含量的增加速度排列为:FH1>FH2>INU,黄铁矿硫含量的下降速度排列为:FH2>FH1>INU,原状土自然风干(NAD)过程中,水溶性硫、交换性硫和黄铁矿硫之间发生了明显的转化。对不同处理中黄钾铁矾硫、有机硫和元素硫的动态变化也进行了分析。     

污染稻田水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理

Cd污染稻田通过长期淹水灌溉能显著降低稻米中Cd含量。利用Cd污染水稻土的盆栽试验,结合水稻根表氧化铁膜特征的分析,研究了不同水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,随着稻田淹水程度(时间和水量)的提高,水稻根表氧化铁膜所吸附的还原态Fe(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)显著增加,潮泥田和黄泥田长期淹水灌溉处理的水稻根膜中的Fe(Ⅱ)分别比湿润灌溉处理增加了12.6倍(p<0.01)和8.5倍(p<0.01);不同水分管理的水稻根膜氧化铁(Fe(Ⅲ))含量的变化与根膜Fe(Ⅱ)表现极显著的相关性,但两者均与水稻根膜Cd呈极显著的负相关,其中,2种土壤长期淹水的水稻根膜Fe(Ⅲ)分别比湿润灌溉增加了1.5倍(p<0.01)和1.0倍(p<0.01),根膜吸附的Cd含量分别较湿润灌溉降低了77.9%(p<0.01)和50.3%(p<0.01);长期淹水处理导致水稻根系、茎叶、糙米中的Cd含量均极显著低于相应的湿润灌溉处理,2种土壤长期淹水的糙米平均Cd含量比间歇灌溉的下降了41.3%,比湿润灌溉的下降了70.7%(p<0.01);不同水分管理的水稻糙米Cd含量与根膜Cd含量呈极显著正相关,与根膜Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)呈极显著负相关。综合分析认为,Cd污染酸性稻田在长期淹水的还原条件下Fe2 等金属离子与Cd2 的竞争吸附作用以及S2-和Cd2 的共沉淀作用加强,因而使得土壤中Cd的生物有效性明显降低。     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响 Ⅰ.土壤内源Zn形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源Zn形态分布。结果表明,单淹水使土中各形态Zn一定程度上向生物有效性较低的Zn形态转化,有效态Zn降低。土壤盐分量不同,明显影响无定形氧化铁结合态、紧结有机态以及硅酸盐矿物态Zn变化。种稻不施有机物料,根际交换态和硅酸盐矿物态Zn亏缺;碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态Zn富集。根际Zn形态转化强度大于非根际,其有效态Zn量接近临界值并高于非根际。有机物料利于根际内外土壤中硅酸盐矿物态Zn的转化,低盐土壤根际更强烈。随有机物料用量增加,促使根际硅酸盐矿物态、碳酸盐结合态及氧化锰结合态Zn向交换态、紧结有机态和无定形氧化铁结合态Zn转化,低盐土壤较明显。     

有机物料对滨海盐渍土重金属根际效应的影响Ⅰ.土壤内源Zn形态分布

研究了排水条件下施用腐熟有机物料、种稻改良滨海盐渍土内源Ｚｎ形态分布．结果表明,单淹水使土中各形态Ｚｎ一定程度上向生物有效性较低的Ｚｎ形态转化,有效态Ｚｎ降低．土壤盐分量不同,明显影响无定形氧化铁结合态、紧结有机态以及硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ变化．种稻不施有机物料,根际交换态和硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ亏缺;碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ富集．根际Ｚｎ形态转化强度大于非根际,其有效态Ｚｎ量接近临界值并高于非根际．有机物料利于根际内外土壤中硅酸盐矿物态Ｚｎ的转化,低盐土壤根际更强烈．随有机物料用量增加,促使根际硅酸盐矿物态、碳酸盐结合态及氧化锰结合态Ｚｎ向交换态、紧结有机态和无定形氧化铁结合态Ｚｎ转化,低盐土壤较明显．     

栲-木荷林凋落叶混合分解对土壤有机碳的影响

用网袋法在20℃条件下将润楠、栲、木荷凋落叶及其混合物(润楠+栲、润楠+木荷、栲+木荷、润楠+栲+木荷)进行室内培养,测定在培养第14、42和84天时凋落叶残留率及其培养下土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC),研究其相关性。结果表明:培养到14d,润楠+栲、栲+木荷、润楠+栲+木荷混合凋落叶显著提高了土壤TOC;润楠、栲、木荷、润楠+栲凋落叶显著抑制了土壤DOC;润楠+栲+木荷凋落叶显著增加了土壤MBC,润楠+栲和润楠+木荷凋落叶显著降低了土壤MBC。在培养到42d,仅润楠+木荷、栲+木荷混合凋落叶显著提高了土壤TOC和DOC;仅润楠+栲、润楠+木荷和润楠凋落叶显著减少了土壤MBC。在培养到84天,所有凋落叶都对土壤TOC与DOC无显著影响,栲+木荷、润楠+栲+木荷、木荷、润楠+栲凋落叶显著增加了土壤MBC,栲凋落叶显著减少了土壤MBC;凋落叶分解快慢为栲+木荷>木荷>润楠+栲+木荷>润楠+栲>栲>润楠+木荷>润楠。凋落叶分解率和土壤TOC、DOC及MBC在不同培养时期,具有不同的相关性。结果显示,凋落叶种类和混合对凋落叶分解以及对土壤TOC、DOC和MBC的影响效应包括促进、抑制和无显著影响,这种效应与凋落叶的质量及其分解过程中的养分释放有关。     

Fundamental Study of Thermal Treatment of Soil

Morphological and chemical changes exhibited by different types of soils heated to different final temperatures are reported. Beds of soils were heated (in a helium atmosphere) from ～20°C to final temperatures, ranging from between 200 to 900°C, simulating ex situ thermal treatments in a nonoxidizing media. Structural changes exhibited by the soil samples during the treatments were analyzed by SEM, measurement of surface area, and measurement of particle porosity. The soil chemical transformations were quantified by means of soil weight loss, light gases yields, and carbon conversion. Soils with low organic matter content do not undergo important structural and chemical changes during the thermal treatment. On the other hand, soils with high organic carbon content suffer significant chemical modifications and, as a consequence, noticeable structural transformations. Indeed, for thermal treatments of about 900°C, weight losses as high as 22?wt%, final surface area of one order of magnitude higher than its original value (untreated soil), and changes of porosity as high as 27% were found for soils of high organic matter content. Simple mathematical equations are proposed to predict the soil weight loss and particle porosity as a function of the treatment temperature. The models provide a good fit to the experimental data.     

中亚热带不同母质发育森林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

本研究以福建三明砂岩和花岗岩发育的米槠林土壤和杉木林土壤为对象,分析土壤磷组分、铁铝氧化物、微生物生物量以及磷酸酶活性等指标,研究母质和森林类型对土壤磷组分的影响程度和机制.结果表明:母质和森林类型显著影响土壤不同磷组分含量.总体上,砂岩发育土壤全磷含量、活性无机/有机磷、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量均显著高于花...     

Nitrogen transformations in boreal forest soils—does composition of plant secondary compounds give any explanations?

Two major groups of plant secondary compounds, phenolic compounds and terpenes, may according to current evidence mediate changes in soil C and N cycling, but their exact role and importance in boreal forest soils are largely unknown. In this review we discuss the occurrence of these compounds in forest plants and soils, the great challenges faced when their concentrations are measured, their possible effects in regulating soil C and N transformations and finally, we attempt to evaluate their role in connection with certain forest management practices. In laboratory experiments, volatile monoterpenes, in the concentrations found in the coniferous soil atmosphere, have been shown to inhibit net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification; they probably provide a C source to part of the soil microbial population but are toxic to another part. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge of the effects of higher terpenes on soil processes. According to results from laboratory experiments, an important group of phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, may also affect microbial processes related to soil C and N cycling; one mechanism is binding of proteins and certain other organic N-containing compounds. Field studies revealed interesting correlations between the occurrence of terpenes or phenolic compounds and C or net N mineralization in forest soils; in some cases these correlations point in the same direction as do the results from laboratory experiments, but not always. Different forest management practices may result in changes in both the quantity and quality of terpenes and phenolic compounds entering the soil. Possible effects of tree species composition, clear-cutting and removal of logging residue for bioenergy on plant secondary compound composition in soil are discussed in relation to changes observed in soil N transformations.     

Bicarbonate concentration as affected by soil water content controls iron nutrition of peanut plants in a calcareous soil.

Strategy I peanut plants are frequently subjected to iron deficiency when growing in calcareous soils, which contain high concentrations of bicarbonate. In calcareous soils under field conditions, it has been noted that chlorosis increases in severity after excessive rainfall or irrigation, but the chlorosis symptoms of peanuts are alleviated after waterlogged soils dry. A pot experiment was conducted simulating the chlorosis symptom observed in the field when peanut plants are exposed to fluctuating soil water content induced from rainfall or irrigation. We investigated the bicarbonate fluctuations resulting from adjustable soil water content (SWC) that could lead to bicarbonate-induced iron chlorosis of peanuts growing in calcareous soil. The experiments included three treatments of SWC (50% of water holding capacity (WHC), 80% of WHC, and 100% of WHC) under two levels of CaCO(3) concentrations (at 8.67% and 18.67%.) The results showed that the iron nutrition of peanuts could be regulated by different SWC at both CaCO(3) levels. Our observations indicate that iron deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanuts grown in high soil water content were more severe, compared to those of peanuts in lower soil water content. A shift from high soil water content to lower soil water content could improve or eliminate the iron deficiency chlorosis symptom of peanuts. The HCO(3)(-) concentration in the peanut rhizosphere increased with increasing SWC and CaCO(3) content and it correlated with the level of soil water content. We suggest that variations in the soil water content could induce HCO(3)(-) concentration variation in the rhizosphere of peanuts. Consequently, the high HCO(3)(-) concentration, which is induced by a high water content in calcareous soil and a high CaCO(3) level, could inhibit the physiological response to iron deficiency of peanuts, resulting in iron deficiency chlorosis. The study indicates that a reasonable agricultural practice of irrigation and drainage should be considered to improve and prevent iron deficiency chlorosis of strategy I plants in calcareous soil.     

Soil-dependent variability of leaf iron accumulation in transgenic tobacco overexpressing ferritin

Ferritin overexpression in transgenic plants has been recently reported to increase leaf and seed iron content. We investigated the influence of various soil conditions on this increase in leaf iron content. One control transgenic tobacco and two transgenic tobaccos overexpressing ferritin in the plastids or in the cytoplasm, respectively, were grown on five different soils, two of them being amended with sewage sludge. Although a significant increase in leaf iron concentration was measured in transgenics overexpressing ferritin grown on three out of five soils, this increase was not a general rule. On some soils, leaf iron concentration of control plants was as high as in transgenics grown on other soils. In addition, an increased phosphorus concentration in the two sewage sludge amended soils correlated with a high leaf iron concentration in control plants, similar to the one measured in ferritin transformed plants. Indeed, growing plants in vitro with various increasing phosphate concentrations revealed a direct P involvement in iron loading of control plants, at a similar level as overexpressing ferritin plants. Also, with one of the soil tested, not only iron but also manganese, zinc and cadmium, and to a much lesser extent copper, nickel and lead were found more abundantly in ferritin transformed plants than in control plants. These data indicate that the iron fortification of leaves, based on ferritin overexpression, could be limited in its biotechnological application because of its high soil dependence.     

Effect of salinity,alkalinity and iron sources on availability of iron

The availability of iron from added iron sources was studied in normal and salt affected soils in the laboratory. All forms of iron decreased with increase in salinity and alkalinity, the lowest amount being recorded in 8 E.Ce+40 ESP soil. All the forms of iron in all the soils decreased gradually with increase in incubation period. Addition of iron in organic and inorganic forms increased all the forms of iron in all the soils. In general, iron Ke-Min and Rayplex were better in keeping higher iron availability for longer time.     

Iron metabolism in anoxic environments at near neutral pH

Anaerobic dissimilatory ferric iron-reducing and ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria gain energy through reduction or oxidation of iron minerals and presumably play an important role in catalyzing iron transformations in anoxic environments. Numerous ferric iron-reducing bacteria have been isolated from a great diversity of anoxic environments, including sediments, soils, deep terrestrial subsurfaces, and hot springs. In contrast, only few ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria are known so far. At neutral pH, iron minerals are barely soluble, and the mechanisms of electron transfer to or from iron minerals are still only poorly understood. In natural habitats, humic substances may act as electron carriers for ferric iron-reducing bacteria. Also fermenting bacteria were shown to channel electrons to ferric iron via humic acids. Whether quinones or cytochromes released from cells act as electron transfer components in ferric iron reduction is still a matter of debate. Anaerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, on the other hand, appear to excrete complexing agents to prevent precipitation of ferric iron oxides at their cell surfaces. The present review evaluates recent findings on the physiology of ferric iron-reducing and ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria with respect to their relevance to microbial iron transformations in nature.