不同灌溉模式对稻田土壤及糙米重金属积累的影响

为探讨降低土壤和糙米重金属的灌溉模式, 选取江西省萍乡地区的中度重金属污染稻田, 研究了灌浆期习惯性灌溉(间歇性灌溉)和长期淹水灌溉2种灌溉模式对水稻产量、糙米重金属及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明: 与习惯性灌溉相比, 长期淹水灌溉条件下的水稻产量降低1.25%; 糙米Cd和Pb含量分别降低42.79%和3.70%, 其中糙米Cr含量显著降低44.81%, 但糙米Hg含量显著增加200%, 糙米无机As含量增加3.29%; 土壤Cd含量降低38.77%, 其中土壤有效态Cd含量和阳离子交换量显著降低72.08%和36.71%, 但土壤pH和有机质增加0.97%和6.32%; 同时相关性分析发现糙米Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著负相关, 与阳离子交换量呈显著正相关, 糙米Hg含量与土壤有效态Cd含量和阳离子交换量呈极显著负相关。长期淹水灌溉可有效降低污染稻田土壤Cd进入水稻, 实现水稻安全生产, 但会增加糙米Hg积累和减产。     

水分管理模式对水稻吸收累积镉的影响及其作用机理

利用盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理模式（全生育期淹水,WF;分蘖期晒田,TP;乳熟期晒田,MP;分蘖-乳熟期两次晒田,TMP;湿润灌溉,WI）对Cd污染红黄泥和潮泥田水稻吸收累积Cd的影响.结果表明：两种土壤Fe²⁺含量均以WF处理最高,TMP处理最低;潮泥田和红黄泥WF处理的Fe²⁺含量分别比TMP增加了585.4%和1316.3%(P<0.01).不同处理的两种土壤有效S和有效态Cd含量顺序均表现为：WF2+和有效S含量变化对两种Cd污染土壤水稻吸收累积Cd产生显著影响,其中有效S的影响程度显著大于Fe²⁺.     

CO2浓度升高对不同品种水稻镉吸收和根形态的影响

为了探讨CO2浓度升高下不同水稻品种荣优398 (RY)和粤杂889(YZ)吸收重金属Cd差异性的原因,利用水培试验研究了不同浓度Cd处理下两种水稻吸收Cd的差异及根形态的变化特征.结果表明:低Cd处理(5、10、20 μmol·L-1)显著增加水稻生物量;当Cd浓度高于50 μmol·L-1时,Cd胁迫效果开始显现,水稻生物量减少.CO2浓度升高显著增加了水稻的生物量,增加了YZ茎Cd含量而降低了RY茎Cd含量.在5～200 μmol·L-1的Cd浓度下,CO2浓度升高增加了YZ活性根在总根长中的比例,降低了RY活性根的比例.CO2浓度升高下不同水稻品种根形态的变化是导致其对Cd吸收差异性的原因之一.     

碳酸钙对水稻吸收重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)和As的影响

选用重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)和As复合污染土壤进行水稻盆栽试验,结果表明,碳酸钙的添加显著提高了土壤pH值,显著降低了土壤中交换态Pb、Cd、Zn和As的含量,与对照相比,交换态Pb、Cd、Zn和As含量分别最多降低了98.35%,93.72%,98.52%和69.48%。碳酸钙对水稻根、稻谷干重和总生物量没有显著影响,添加量过高时显著降低了水稻分蘖数和茎叶干重,说明过量施用碳酸钙对水稻生长会产生负面作用。因为碳酸钙的添加,水稻植株各部位重金属Zn含量显著降低,糙米中Zn含量最多减少了34.95%;根、谷壳中Pb、Cd含量显著降低,但糙米中含量却未显著降低;水稻各部位As含量均没有显著降低。参照《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762—2012),试验糙米中Pb、Cd、无机As含量均未达到限量标准。显然,碳酸钙的添加降低了Pb、Cd、Zn的生物有效性(水稻根系对Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收累积减少),但并未有效地抑制Pb、Cd向糙米转运;碳酸钙显著降低了土壤的交换态As含量,但并未使土壤中As的生物有效性明显降低(水稻植株各部位的As含量并未显著减少)。     

灌溉方式对稻田土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨3种不同灌溉模式对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。本研究采用Biolog-ECO板研究了双季稻田连续五年不同灌溉处理(长期灌溉,湿润灌溉,间歇灌溉)下的土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,不同灌溉方式处理的土壤微生物代谢活性强度为间歇灌溉湿润灌溉长期淹水灌溉。在不同的处理中,α-环式糊精和D-葡萄胺酸解释了主要的差异。氨基酸和糖类碳源是间歇灌溉和湿润灌溉灌溉模式下主要被利用的碳源,而酯类在长期淹水灌溉模式被利用的最多。通过评价3种灌溉方式下稻田土壤的代谢特征,证实了间歇灌溉方式有利于提高稻田土壤微生物的功能多样性,为稻田水分科学管理提供了理论依据。     

不同水分状况稻田的生态生理效应

不同水分状况形成不同生态环境的稻田,直接、间接影响水稻的生长发育。水稻在淹水灌溉条件下生育良好,因淹水土壤生长的水稻,叶子表皮内出现‘硅质气孔’,淹水灌溉使根丛内的空隙度增加,减少根间水流动的阻力,从而增进根吸收矿质元素,促进茎秆生长。但淹水灌溉对稻根系生理功能也有不利影响,     

不同灌溉方式对水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率的影响

以杂交水稻两优培九为试验材料,利用测坑栽培条件,比较了4种灌溉方式下的水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率.结果表明,与淹水灌溉相比,间歇灌溉叶面积指数大,叶片光合速率高,蒸腾速率较低,叶片水分利用效率高;半干旱栽培叶片水分利用效率相对较高;干旱栽培叶面积指数小,叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低,且后期叶片早衰.间歇灌溉、半干旱栽培和干旱栽培比淹水灌溉分别节水8.75%、17.96%和29.69%;产量分别增产24.02%、减产5.07%和减产38.93%;水分利用效率以间歇灌溉最高,半干旱栽培次之,淹水灌溉和干旱栽培较低.间歇灌溉下稻粒的整精米率、精米率、粒长均高于其它处理,但垩白粒率和垩白度低于其它处理;随着稻田耗水量的减少,水稻的直链淀粉含量降低,而胶稠度和蛋白质含量提高.试验结果表明间歇灌溉为南方稻区较适宜的灌溉方式.     

Cd、低Pb/Cd下冬小麦幼苗根系分泌物酚酸、 糖类及与根际土壤微生物活性的关系

采用土壤盆栽试验法研究了Cd、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值300 mg/kg干土时的Pb与Cd复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根系分泌物总酚酸和简单糖类及其与根际土壤微生物活性关系的影响特征.结果表明:1)冬小麦幼苗生长3周时,随Cd浓度的升高,根系简单糖类的分泌量表现为降低-增加-降低现象,而酚酸分泌量主要表现为显著(P＜0.05)增加;幼苗生长7周时,简单糖类分泌量极显著(P＜0.01)降低,酚酸分泌量表现为降低-增加-降低现象;幼苗生长12周时,简单糖类分泌量在Cd≤50.00 mg/kg干土时降低,Cd浓度为70.00 mg/kg干土时极显著(P＜0.01)增加,酚酸分泌量在Cd≤20.00mg/kg干土时降低,Cd＞20.00 mg/kg干土时增加.2)低于国家“土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)”规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值(300 mg/kg)时,Pb的存在会对Cd胁迫下冬小麦根系酚酸和简单糖类分泌特征有明显影响,主要表现为可使Cd处理下幼苗根系酚酸分泌量增加,而简单糖类分泌量降低.3)低Pb/Cd处理与Cd处理之间,冬小麦幼苗根系酚酸和简单糖类分泌量与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性、有机质和全氮含量、微生物量碳等根际土壤微生物生化活性之间的相关性特点明显不同.     

pH值和Fe、Cd处理对水稻根际及根表Fe、Cd吸附行为的影响

通过营养液-蛭石联合培养试验,设置系列pH值(4.5—7.5)和Fe、Cd处理,研究不同pH值及Fe、Cd浓度对水稻和蛭石表面Fe、Cd吸附的影响。结果表明,不同pH值处理下的根际氧化还原电位和酸度不同,0.9 mg/L Cd处理下的根际氧化势低于0.5 mg/L Cd,50 mg/L Fe处理下的根际酸度高于30 mg/L Fe处理。根表吸附Fe、Cd组分和数量都受根际Eh、pH值制约,根表Fe、Cd吸附量在处理pH值6.0时最低,并分别在处理pH值7.5和处理pH值4.5达到最高。但根系表面对Fe、Cd的吸附机制与蛭石表面不同,蛭石吸附Fe主要为晶态Fe,占到总沉积Fe的73%—87%;水稻根表沉积Fe以非晶态Fe为主,占总沉积Fe的91%—95%;与处理pH值和根际Eh间有显著的相关性(蛭石晶态Fe:ppH=0.011、pEh=0.042;水稻根表非晶态Fe:ppH=0.050、pEh=0.004)。蛭石表面交换态Fe及交换态Cd与处理pH值和Eh间存在显著的相关性(pH值:pFe<0.001、pCd=0.009;Eh:pFe=0.016、pCd=0.002),而根表交换态Fe及交换态Cd仅与处理pH值间有显著的相关性(pFe=0.007,pCd=0.048)。不同Fe、Cd浓度处理对根际Eh、pH值的升降和根表Fe、Cd吸附均有影响。与对照相比,增Cd处理可以降低根际Eh和升高pH值,减少溶液Cd浓度并增加根表Cd吸附量;增Fe处理则可以升高根际Eh和降低pH值,增加溶液Fe、Cd浓度并减少根表Fe、Cd吸附量。这是水稻应对Fe、Cd浓度胁迫的生理反应之一。     

蕹菜不同镉积累品种的根际土壤化学特征

采用根箱试验研究蕹菜低Cd品种(QLQ)和高Cd品种(T308)的根际土壤化学特征.结果表明:QLQ根际DTPA-Cd含量显著高于T308(P0.05).QLQ根际pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于T308(P0.05),电导率(EC)的表现相反.QLQ根际有机质和水溶性有机质(DOM)含量均高于T308.在污染土壤上,根际低分子量有机酸的组成与含量均存在品种间差异.T308根际检测到乙酸、丙酸、柠檬酸和延胡索酸,而QLQ根际仅检测到柠檬酸和延胡索酸.QLQ根际低分子量有机酸总量(1.93 nmol·g-1DM)极显著低于T308(15.11 nmol·g-1DM,P0.01).与T308比较,QLQ表现出明显不同的根际土壤化学特征.推测QLQ低Cd积累的根际化学机理可能在于:较高含量的有机质、较低含量的低分子量有机酸及其特异性组成,以及较低的酸化和还原能力,导致其对土壤Cd的活化能力较低,从而降低植株对Cd的吸收积累.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。