水稻叶片生育过程中RubisCO活性与光合、光呼吸的关系

水稻生育过程中,ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与光合速率、ＲｕＢＰ加氧酶活性与光呼吸速率、ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与加氢酶活性以及光合速率与光呼吸速率之间是相关的。籼型品种与粳型品种间酶活性的高低及光合、光呼吸速率的高低基本一致,籼型三系杂交稻（Ｆ１）无明显的光合优势。酶的羧化活性的高低只在一定范围内与光合速率的高低平行。在正常生育条件下,酶蛋白的数量不是水稻光合速率的限制因子。     

水稻叶片生育过程中RubisCO活性与光合,光呼吸的关系

水稻生育过程中，ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与光合速率，ＲｕＢＰ加氧酶活性与光呼吸速率、ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与加氧酶活性以及光合速率与光呼吸速率之间是相关的。籼型品种与粳型品种间酶活性的高低及光合、光呼吸速率的高低基本一致，籼型三系杂交稻无明显的光合优势。酶的羧化活性搞低只在一定范围内与光合速率的高低平行，在正常生育条件下，酶蛋白的数量不是水稻光合速率的限制因子。     

杂交水稻及其亲本光合特性的研究 Ⅲ.功能叶片碳代谢中一些酶活性

对杂交水稻青优159（母本青A,父本R159）和广优四号（母本广A,父本青六矮）及其亲本功能叶片光合碳代谢中一些酶活性进行了研究。实验结果表明了两组杂交水稻的RuBPCase活性、RuBPCase/RuBPOase活性比值超过其各自的亲本;而杂交水稻青化159和广优四号的RuBPOase活性、乙醇酸氧化酶活性、光呼吸速率、光呼吸速率与光合速率的比值明显的低于其各自双亲．对RuBPCase活性和乙醇酸氧化酶活性与光合速率进行相关分析,结果表明RuBPCase活性与光合速率有正相关关系,相关系数为0．768;而乙醇酸氧化酶活性与光合速率负相关,相关系数为-0．834;两者均达到α＝0．05显著水平。     

草丁膦对转bar基因水稻GS酶活性和光合功能的影响

喷施草丁膦后,对草丁膦无抗性水稻Cypress(未转bar基因)叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性先受到抑制,随后叶片内NH 4积累上升,叶绿素含量、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)和叶片叶绿素荧光的光化学猝灭系数(qp)下降,光合速率显著降低;最后引起植株死亡.另一方面,Cypress PB-6(转bar基因抗草丁膦水稻)的GS酶活性在喷施草丁膦后虽然先被抑制,但随后能恢复至正常水平,接着NH 4积累下降,草丁膦对叶绿素含量、荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp的影响被解除,光合速率恢复到正常水平,整个植株生长正常.     

结实期相对高温对稻米淀粉粘滞性谱及镁、钾含量的影响

选用武育粳3号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)两个水稻品种,利用人工气候室在水稻灌浆结实期进行控温试验,设置全结实期相对高温、结实前期相对高温、结实后期相对高温、全结实期适温(对照,日均温23 ℃)对照4个处理,探讨结实期不同时段相对高温(日均温度-30 ℃)对稻米淀粉粘滞性谱和Mg、K等元素含量的影响.结果表明：结实期相对高温使武育粳3号和扬稻6号淀粉粘滞性谱特征值发生改变,其中糊化开始温度、冷胶粘度、回复值和消减值升高,最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值下降;结实期相对高温促进了米粉中Mg、K、N含量的提高,特别是K含量的大幅提高,使稻米中Mg/K和Mg/(N·AC·K)明显降低;而2个水稻品种的直链淀粉含量（AC）对相对高温的反应截然相反,武育粳3号的AC降低、扬稻6号的AC升高.全结实期相对高温对稻米淀粉粘滞性谱和Mg、K等元素含量的影响最大,结实前期其次,结实后期的影响较小,开花后20 d内是稻米淀粉粘滞性谱和Mg、K等元素含量受温度影响的关键时期.Mg/K和Mg/(N·AC·K)与淀粉粘滞性谱特征值显著相关,可以作为稻米食味品质评价的参考指标.     

与氮转化有关的土壤酶活性对抑制剂施用的响应

利用室内模拟培养试验,研究好气条件下施用尿素后土壤脲酶、脲酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性对脲酶抑制剂氢醌（HQ）与硝化抑制剂包被碳化钙（ECC）和双氰胺（DCD）组合（HQ ECC、HQ DCD）的响应、结果表明,HQ DCD组合与其它抑制剂处理相比能更有效地降低土壤脲酶活性,增加硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、羟胺还原酶活性,不同处理土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性与土壤NH4^ 、NO3^-、NH3挥发和N2O排放速率间存在不同形式的显著相关关系：土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性之间存在不同形式的显著正相关关系。     

七子花幼苗光合特性的温度响应

对七子花苗期光合特性的温度响应的研究结果表明：（1）净光合速率的最适温度为26-30℃。在19-40℃之间,暗呼吸速率与温度呈乘幂关系。蒸膳速率与温度呈线性关系。（2）饱和光强,表观量子效率和净光合速率在29℃时最高,在39℃时最低,但光补偿点和蒸滕速率程式高,光抑制加剧。（3）高温使七子花叶片的羧化效率下降。CO2补偿点上升,从而引起光合能力下降。     

普通野生稻和武育粳8号剑叶光合功能衰退的比较

以武育粳 8号 (Wuyujing8)和普通野生稻 (Oryza.sativaL .f.spontaneaRoschev .)为材料 ,比较了它们剑叶光合功能衰退的进程。结果表明 ,在剑叶一生中 ,武育粳 8号剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率都高于普通野生稻 ,光合速率的最高值前者为 2 3 .5 μmolCO2 m 2 ·S 1,后者为 1 5 .5 μmolCO2 m 2 ·S 1。前者剑叶光合速率的高值持续期比后者长近 2 0d ,其叶源量是后者的 2 .8倍。武育粳 8号剑叶叶绿素含量最大值的SPAD值为 5 0 .1 ,而普通野生稻最大值的SPAD值为 42 .7。在可溶性蛋白质的基础上 ,核酮糖 1 ,5 二磷酸羧化酶比活性二者之间没有太大区别。内肽酶活力上升落后于光合功能的衰退。在光合功能衰退的早期 ,内肽酶的活力仅有小幅度提高 ,但在叶片衰老的末期升高幅度则较大。这说明内肽酶主要在光合功能衰退的后期即不可逆衰退期才发挥较大作用。     

SO_2处理对油桐叶片光合能量传递效率的影响

0．8571mg／m^3SO2处理油桐后对其光合能量传递效率进行了测定。结果表明：长期低浓度SO2熏气处理引起叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的下降,类胡萝卜素与总叶绿素比值升高,这导致了色素分子所吸收的总的光合能量的下降。引起光系统Ⅱ和光系统I最大光能转换效率和潜在活性的下降,导致了光系统所传递和转换的光合电子总量的下降。引起了光合速率下降和呼吸速率的升高,并导致了单位面积叶片鲜重和干重的下降。我们得出结论：长期低浓度SO2熏气处理以后油桐生长减缓是由于色素含量减少所导致的捕光能力下降,光系统的光能转换效率和电子传递效率下降、光合电子流向发生变化、固定能量的减少和能量消耗的增加所导致的。     

土壤水分充足条件下羊草和大针茅光合速率午间降低的原因

本文研究了典型草原地带两个主要建群种,羊草和大针茅在没有土壤水分胁迫情况下的光合作用日进程,并分析了光合午间降低的原因。光合作用日进程为午前高峰型;午间,光合速率有所下降。光合午间降低的主要原因是大气湿度减小,引起叶片含水量和气孔传导率下降所致。午间温度和光强升高,导致光呼吸速率增大是次要原因。CO2浓度降低和光合产物积累对光合午间降低也起一定作用。而生物节律与光合午间降低没有关系。     

Ammonia accumulation and inhibition of photosynthesis in methionine sulfoximine treated spinach

Ammonia accumulation and photosynthetic rate inhibition took place when spinach leaf tissue was supplied with methionine sulfoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase. This effect was observed in the absence of significant inorganic nitrogen reduction or an exogenous source of ammonia. Both the time lag prior to the initial photosynthetic rate decrease and the rate of that decrease depend on the O₂ and MSO concentrations supplied to the leaf tissue. However, the total rate of ammonia accumulation was similar at both 20% and 2.2% O₂. The decline in photosynthetic rate was not caused by stomatal closure but may be a result of ammonia toxicity. The data point out the importance of glutamine synthetase in preventing the poisoning of leaf metabolism by ammonia generated internally through processes not involved in net nitrogen assimilation. The rapidity of the action of MSO in suppressing photosynthesis was unexpected and should not be overlooked in interpreting data from other experiments involving that inhibitor. MSO shows promise as a tool for investigating C-N flow, particularly during photorespiration.     

Alteration of Striatal Glutamate Release After Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition

The effect of the glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), on glutamate levels in, and glutamate release from, rat striatal tissue was examined. Tissue levels of glutamate were unchanged 24 h after an intraventricular injection of MSO, but tissue glutamine levels were decreased 50%. Calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release was diminished in tissue prisms from animals pretreated with MSO compared to controls. The decreased release of glutamate correlated over time with the inhibition of GS following an intraventricular injection of MSO. The maximum diminution of calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release (50%) and the maximum inhibition of GS activity (51%) were observed 24 h after MSO. The addition of 0.5 mM glutamine to the perfusion medium completely reversed the effects of MSO pretreatment on calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated glutamate release. Since GS is localized in glial cells and the measured glutamate release is presumed to occur from neurons, the data support the contention that astroglial glutamine synthesis is an important contributor to normal neuronal neurotransmitter release.     

Disturbed ammonium assimilation is associated with growth inhibition of roots in rice seedlings caused by NaCl

The effects of NaCl on changes in ammonium level and enzyme activities of ammonium assimilation in roots growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings were investigated. NaCl was effective in inhibiting root growth and stimulated the accumulation of ammonium in roots. Accumulation of ammonium in roots preceded inhibition of root growth caused by NaCl. Both effects caused by NaCl are reversible. Exogenous ammonium chloride and methionine sulfoximine (MSO), which caused ammonium accumulation in roots, inhibited root growth of rice seedlings. NaCl decreased glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase activities in roots, but increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity. The growth inhibition of roots by NaCl or MSO could be reversed by the addition of L-glutamic acid or L-glutamine. The current results suggest that disturbance of ammonium assimilation in roots may be involved in regulating root growth reduction caused by NaCl.Abbreviations GDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GOGAT glutamate synthase - GS glutamine synthetase - MSO methionine sulfoximine     

15N and inhibitor studies on the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle in maize leaves

A combination of inhibitor and ¹⁵N studies were used to investigate the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle in maize, a C₄ plant. Inhibitors used included isonicotinyl hydrazide which blocks the conversion of glycine to serine, methionine sulfoximine an inhibitor of GS and azaserine an inhibitor of GOGAT. Results from levels of ammonia and amino acids and the distribution of ¹⁵N into NH₃, serine, glutamine and glutamate indicated that the photorespiratory N-cycle occurs in this C₄ plant, but the rate of flux through this pathway is low as compared with that in C₃ plants.Abbreviations Aza azasering - fw fresh weight - GOGAT glutamate synthase - GS glutamine synthetase - INH isonicotinyl hydrazide - MSO methionine sulfoximine     

Regulation of Neurotransmitter Aspartate Metabolism by Glial Glutamine Synthetase

Aspartate levels and release from rat striatal slices following the inhibition of glutamine synthetase (GS) by methionine sulfoximine (MSO) were studied. Striatal levels of aspartate and glutamine were decreased over time in a manner that correlated with GS inhibition. Ca2+-dependent, K+-stimulated aspartate release was diminished in striatal tissue slices from animals pretreated with MSO. The decreased release of aspartate correlated over time with the inhibition of GS. The addition of glutamine to the perfusion medium completely reversed the effects of MSO on calcium-dependent aspartate release. It is suggested that glutamine is a major precursor for transmitter aspartate.     

The toxicity induced by phosphinothricin and methionine sulfoximine in rice leaves is mediated through ethylene but not abscisic acid

The possible role of ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating thetoxicity of detached rice leaves induced by phosphinothricin (PPT) andmethionine sulfoximine (MSO), both known to be glutamine synthetase (GS)inhibitors, was studied. During 12 h of incubation, PPT and MSOinhibited GS activity, accumulated NH₄ ⁺ and inducedtoxicity of detached rice leaves in the light but not in darkness. PPT and MSOtreatments also resulted in an increase of ethylene production and ABA contentin a light dependent way. Addition of fluridone, an inhibitor of ABAbiosynthesis, reduced ABA content in rice leave but did not preventNH₄ ⁺ toxicity of rice leaves induced by PPT and MSO.Cobalt ion, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, affected PPT- andMSO-inducedtoxicity of detached rice leaves but had no effect on PPT- and MSO-inducedNH₄ ⁺ accumulation. Results suggest that ethylene but notABA may be responsible for PPT- and MSO-induced toxicity of detached riceleaves.     

Methionine sulfoximine and phosphinothricin--glutamine synthetase inhibitors and activators and their herbicidal activity (A review)

Derivatives of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and phosphinothrycin (PPT), which are analogues of glutamate, exhibit selective herbicidal activity. This effect is accounted for by impairments of nitrogen metabolism, resulting from inhibition of its key enzyme in plants, glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). Inhibition of the enzyme causes ammoniac nitrogen to accumulate and terminates the synthesis of glutamine. Changes in the content of these two metabolites (excess ammonium and glutamine deficiency) act in a concert to cause plant death. However, low concentrations of MSO, PPT, and their metabolites produce an opposite effect: glutamine synthetase is activated, with concomitant stimulation of plant growth and productivity. The mechanisms whereby MSO and PPT affect glutamine synthetase activity are discussed in the context of nitrogen metabolism in plants.     

Methionine Sulfoximine and Phosphinothrycin: A Review of Their Herbicidal Activity and Effects on Glutamine Synthetase

Derivatives of methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and phosphinothrycin (PPT), which are analogues of glutamate, exhibit selective herbicidal activity. This effect is accounted for by impairment of nitrogen metabolism, resulting from inhibition of its key enzyme in plants, glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). Inhibition of the enzyme causes ammoniac nitrogen to accumulate and terminates the synthesis of glutamine. Changes in the content of these two metabolites (excess ammonium and glutamine deficiency) act in concert to cause plant death. However, low concentrations of MSO, PPT, and their metabolites produce an opposite effect: glutamine synthetase is activated, with concomitant stimulation of plant growth and productivity. The mechanisms whereby MSO and PPT affect glutamine synthetase activity are discussed in the context of nitrogen metabolism in plants.     

Sources of ammonium in oat leaves treated with tabtoxin or methionine sulfoximine

Excised 7-day-old oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Jaycee) leaves were incubated in media containing 7.1 millimolar KNO₃ and 0.15 millimolar tabtoxin or 1 millimolar methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to investigate the sources of the observed ammonium accumulated. Tabtoxin and MSO are known inhibitors of glutamine synthetase, the first enzyme in the primary pathway of ammonium assimilation. During a 4- to 6-hour incubation, there was little net change in protein or total amino acid concentration. Alanine, aspartate/asparagine, and glutamate/glutamine decreased markedly under these treatments, whereas several other amino acids increased. Exogenous ¹⁵N from K¹⁵NO₃ was taken up and incorporated into the nitrate and ammonium fractions of leaves treated with tabtoxin or MSO. This result and the high in vitro activities of nitrate reductase indicated that reduction of nitrate was one source of the accumulated ammonium. Leaves incubated under 2% O₂ to reduce photorespiration accumulated only about 13% as much ammonium as did those under normal atmospheres. We conclude that most of the tabtoxin- or MSO-induced ammonium came from photo-respiration, and the remainder was from nitrate reduction.