喀斯特季节性雨林蚬木种群的增长模型

蚬木是喀斯特季节性雨林的优势种和特征种,研究蚬木种群的增长过程将为深入理解喀斯特季节性雨林动态提供基础。根据一个15hm2固定样地的调查数据,采用logistic模型及其4种改进模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行了拟合,用残差平方和、决定系数和AIC准则对拟合的模型进行评价。结果表明:李新运模型和刘金福模型的拟合效果较好,但综合考虑模型的拟合效果和模型的简洁性,logistic模型和S形增长过程模型为较优模型。用logistic模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行深入分析发现,种群增长最快的时期为50a左右,而在150a后,种群逐渐进入增长饱和期。种群目前接近增长饱和期,所以应加强保护,以维持蚬木群落的稳定发展。     

POPULATION QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND DYNAMICS OF RARE AND ENDANGERED TSUGA TCHEKIANGENSIS IN JIULONGSHAN NATURE RESERVE OF CHINA

 针对九龙山国家级自然保护区南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)种群的分布特点, 设置了10个具有代表性的样地。以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础, 编制了南方铁杉种群的静态生命表, 绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存率曲线、累计死亡率曲线、种群死亡密度曲线和危险率曲线, 分析了种群数量特征; 同时结合谱分析方法, 分析了南方铁杉种群数量的动态变化。结果表明: 1) 南方铁杉种群结构存在波动性, 幼年阶段的个体较丰富, 成年个体数量相对较少, 种群趋于Deevey Ⅱ型。2) 南方铁杉种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致, 均出现两个高峰, 一个出现在第5龄级阶段, 另一个出现在第15龄级阶段。3) 南方铁杉种群的生存率单调下降, 累计死亡率单调上升, 生存率下降趋势前期高于后期, 累计死亡率则相反。4) 4个生存函数曲线表明, 南方铁杉具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点。5) 种群动态的谱分析显示, 南方铁杉种群动态除受基波影响外, 还存在着明显的小周期波动, 谐波A3处周期的波动与南方铁杉的高生长有关; A6处周期的波动与外界环境变化有关; A8处周期的波动与南方铁杉进入生理衰退期有关。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈种群数量动态

青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)是桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析了青冈种群数量特征,同时结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,进一步解析了青冈的种群数量动态变化特征。结果表明:青冈种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型,主要集中在Ⅰ龄级(个体数量比例占69.49%),但成功定植于下一龄级的个体比例较低;种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型,即稳定型;死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第Ⅰ、Ⅵ龄级出现高峰期;生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,死亡密度曲线与危险率曲线变化规律一致;青冈种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi'均大于0,种群稳定且略微增长,易受环境影响;在未来2、4、6个龄级时间后,老龄个体逐渐增多,若不及时抚育幼苗,种群将难以保持稳定。     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

历山自然保护区秃山白树天然种群生命表

秃山白树是中国特有单种属植物山白树的变种,为国家二级保护植物,仅分布于山西历山自然保护区.为更好地了解其种群数量动态,保护该种群持续稳定发展,在历山自然保护区,采用样地与样方调查相结合的方法,调查了秃山白树的种群结构,编制了秃山白树静态生命表,绘制了其年龄结构图、存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线、累积死亡率函数曲线、危险率函数曲线和死亡密度函数曲线.结果表明:秃山白树种群幼龄级个体数量较多,老龄个体数量较少,表明现阶段秃山白树整体为增长型种群;种群死亡率生长前期高于后期,在Ⅱ和Ⅳ龄级的年龄阶段出现死亡率高峰,种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;生存率曲线单调下降,累积死亡率曲线单调上升,其下降或增加的幅度是前期高于后期;种群死亡密度函数曲线较为平缓,在Ⅲ龄级死亡密度较大;危险率函数随着龄级的增加不断增大.     

灵空山辽东栎种群年龄结构与动态

利用生存分析理论,分析了山西灵空山自然保护区辽东栎种群的年龄结构,以及树高与胸径的关系,绘制了静态生命表和存活曲线.结果表明： 辽东栎种群年龄结构金字塔呈两头小中间大的纺锤型,处于稳定状态.辽东栎种群的树高和胸径的相关关系可用一元线性方程拟合.辽东栎种群的最高生命期望值出现在死亡率最高的龄级之后,且极大值与死亡密度最小值相对应,说明在经过自然筛选和种内竞争后,存活下来的幼苗幼树具有较强的生命期望寿命.辽东栎种群的存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅱ型,为稳定种群.辽东栎种群动态表现为前期衰退、中期增长、后期稳定.
     

湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态

在湖南省珙桐(Davidia involucrata)主要分布区八大公山和壶瓶山自然保护区设置了7个具有代表性的样地,采用样方法对珙桐群落的组成进行调查,研究珙桐种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和生存规律.结果表明:(1)两个保护区珙桐种群的径级结构和高度结构都近似于倒金字塔型,并且珙桐种群幼树死亡率高,珙桐种群有衰退迹象.(2)珙桐种群结构存在波动性,幼年阶段的个体数量少,并且多为萌生苗,实生苗很少;成年个体数量相对也较少,种群趋于Deevey的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型曲线之间.(3)珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第5龄级阶段出现一个高峰;珙桐种群的生存率单调上升,累计死亡率单调下降,生存率上升趋势前期低于后期,累计死亡率则相反.(4)珙桐种群具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点.     

山西灵丘天然青檀种群数量动态

青檀是我国特有的珍稀濒危植物,为了更好地了解该种群数量动态,保护该种群持续稳定发展,在山西灵丘青檀自然保护区内采用样方法调查了青檀种群,编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线,死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,引入生存函数,运用种群动态量化分析方法对种群动态变化进行分析。结果表明：种群数量变化动态指数大于零,种群属于增长型,但种群在发展过程中存在波动性;存活曲线拟合结果表明种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型。种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第3龄级出现高峰。生存率和累计死亡率曲线在前期变化幅度较大,后期两曲线变化趋于平缓;死亡密度前期高于后期,而危险率随着龄级的增加不断增大。     

濒危树种五莲杨种群结构与动态特征

五莲杨（Populus wulianensis）为山东特有种，属于极小种群野生植物。以昆嵛山国家级自然保护区内的五莲杨种群为研究对象，旨在通过建立静态生命表，绘制种群存活曲线来描述其种群的结构特征，使用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析，运用数量动态指数定量描述种群的数量动态特征，并采用谱分析方法揭示种群年龄结构更替过程的周期性和结构的波动性。结果表明：（1）五莲杨种群龄级结构呈基部极宽顶部狭窄的金字塔形，种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型，幼龄个体数量丰富但存活率极低，种群增长性低；（2）死亡率和消失率曲线呈现"降低-增长-降低-增长"的复杂动态变化，种群在Ⅰ龄级死亡率最高；（3）生存分析表明该种群生存力低，具有前期锐减，中期和后期衰退的特点，呈现衰退特征；（4）种群数量动态指数显示种群呈增长趋势，但种群稳定性差且抗干扰能力弱；（5）谱分析表明该种群除受到基波影响外还受到个别小周期波动的显著影响。繁殖策略、有限的空间和资源是限制五莲杨种群增长的主要因素。建议对五莲杨种群进行原地保护的同时，通过输入实生苗防止种群在多个世代后因无性繁殖而导致抗性和遗传多样性降低。     

库姆塔格沙漠典型植物种群年龄结构特征*

基于实地调查,依据基径和高度分级数据,通过年龄锥和年龄结构拟合函数分析库姆塔格沙漠3个典型种群的年龄结构特征和种群生长状态及发展趋势。结果表明:梭梭种群年龄结构呈反"J"型曲线,目前属于稳定增长型种群,但因其幼苗数量相对较少使其增长受限;沙生柽柳种群年龄结构呈"铃"型曲线,虽然表现出类似稳定型种群特征,但由于幼龄植株数量很小,中龄级的植株数量比例较大,种群存在衰退威胁;胡杨种群年龄结构具有一定的特殊性,呈反转"S"型曲线,中、大龄级植株数量保证了种群能够维持一定的稳定状态,而幼龄级数量较大,使种群具有一定的增长潜力。3个典型种群各自年龄结构特征使其面临着不同程度的生存威胁,必须采取不同的保护措施以维持种群结构的稳定和发展。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.