湛江市中水回用的发展现状及对策

水资源日益短缺已经成为了制约城市发展的一个世界性的问题。中水回用已被国内外许多城市作为城市节水的一项有效措施来实施。通过对湛江市污水处理和中水回用现状的调查,阐述了中水回用潜力巨大, 既可控制水污染,又可节约水资源,实现再生水利用,更能节约能源和工程投资,真正达到节能减排的目的,具有非常高的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。目前中水回用的发展还存在着人们认识不足,缺乏法规支持,融资困难等问题,但是可以通过立法、宣传、制定规划、利用经济手段和吸引外资等手段推动中水回用的发展。科学合理的使用中水,既能减少水环境污染,又可以提高水资源综合利用率、缓解水资源紧缺的矛盾,是贯彻可持续发展的重要措施。     

北京市草莓农药残留超标风险事件中消费者风险认知和消费意愿分析

以北京市草莓农药残留超标风险事件为案例,采用问卷调研和实证分析的方法研究了农产品农药残留超标风险事件中消费者的风险认知和消费意愿。研究表明：消费者对草莓乙草胺残留超标报道的认知程度高,消费意愿显著降低;消费者对后续农药残留超标被否定的报道认知程度低,消费意愿恢复缓慢。消费者的个体特征、消费偏好、风险信息认知程度对事件初期消费意愿的降低和事件后期消费意愿的恢复都有显著影响。针对食品安全风险信息的发布、交流和管理提出了建议。     

再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和可培养微生物群落的影响

再生水回用是解决城市水危机的重要举措,但使用再生水对土壤和土壤微生物的影响研究有限。本研究以自来水灌溉为对照,采用多种土壤指标测定法和微生物稀释涂布分离法研究了再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明:经再生水灌溉,土壤pH、含水量、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、碱解氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量增加,其中TK的影响显著,而土壤全磷(TP)、碳氮比(C/N)和速效钾(AK)值均降低;从研究区土壤分离出62株细菌划分为20个种属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是再生水灌区土壤细菌的优势菌属,假单胞菌属(Pseudomona)是自来水灌区的优势菌属;不同水源灌溉下微生物的多样性水平存在差异,再生水灌区土壤微生物均匀度指数(Jsw)和种间相遇机率(PIE)高于自来水灌区,而多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(Jsi)、丰富度指数R1和R2均低于自来水灌区;多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数之间的密切关系可以反映微生物群落特征具有一致性。微生物类群聚类分析结果表明,微生物被划分为4个类群,再生水灌区(RW)和自来水灌区(DW)相似性最低,而再生水灌区内曝气池处(RW-B)和进水口处(RW-J)相似性最高。通过对再生水灌区微生物群落与土壤理化指标的典型对应分析发现,OM、TN、TP 3个指标与微生物群落相关性较强。OM对土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)和奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)的影响较大,TP对黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、默氏利斯特氏菌(Listeria murrayi)和缠绕棒杆菌(Corynebacterium fascians)影响较大。     

再生水补水对河道底泥细菌群落结构的影响

以北京市永定河麻峪湿地再生水补水口附近河道底泥为研究对象,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术探究再生水补水口附近底泥细菌群落结构的空间差异特征以及环境因子所产生的影响,并借助典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)方法分析麻峪湿地底泥细菌群落结构空间差异特征的形成原因。分析结果表明:河道底泥微生物群落对再生水的净化主要发生在距补水口1200m的范围内,随着再生水与上游来水径向混合净化渐变过程,在补水口2000m处河道底泥微生物群落结构与河道再生水补水口上游趋于相似。基于样点聚类结果的群落结构多样性分析表明随着再生水净化过程的实现微生物综合多样性指数呈现下降的趋势,从均匀度指数的变化趋势看,再生水补水口具有最高均匀度指数,补水口下游1200米处由于非优势菌群所占相对丰度最低以及偶见菌群缺失,导致群落结构比较单一、群落多样性和均匀度指数都最低。CCA方面分析结果表明再生水补水口上游细菌群落与因累积效应形成的重金属有密切关系,补水口出口底泥细菌群落则主要受到总磷和总有机碳的影响较大,而再生水补水与上游来水汇水径向渐变过程可能与氨氮净化具密切关系。研究区的主要优势菌种为假单胞菌属、贪食菌属和芽孢杆菌属,是与再生水中有机碳、氮降解具有密切关系的菌属。     

中国公众的国际野生动物保护意愿调查: 以非洲象为例

我国高度重视野生动物保护事业, 认真履行野生动物保护国际义务, 积极鼓励公众参与, 以扩大野生动物保护事业的公众基础。已有文献多关注了公众的国内野生动物保护意愿, 鲜有文献关注公众对国际野生动物的保护意愿, 难以为促进公众参与国际野生动物保护事业提供决策参考。本研究以全球旗舰物种非洲象(Loxodonta africana)为例, 结合非洲象保护的相关研究与实践, 构建拓展的计划行为理论框架, 通过线下和线上调研获取数据, 运用结构方程模型, 从态度、规范、知觉行为控制、过去经验及个体特征五个方面, 分析了我国公众的非洲象保护意愿及影响因素。结果表明: (1) 68.5%的公众具有非洲象保护愿意; (2)公众规范(系数为0.422)、过去经验(系数为0.253)、知觉行为控制(系数为0.160)、保护态度(系数为0.156)对保护意愿存在显著的正向影响; 男性公众(系数为-0.054)的保护意愿低于女性公众; 居住在西部地区的公众(系数为0.066)保护意愿更高; (3)模型整体通过了拟合检验, 表明研究结果具有稳健性。本研究的政策建议如下: (1)明确政策导向作用, 提升公众的道德义务感和社会责任感; (2)加强宣传教育, 丰富公众知识经验, 培育公众积极的保护态度; (3)拓宽保护参与渠道, 提高公众知觉行为控制; (4)制定合理方案, 提升保护宣教等实践活动成效。     

新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发, 使得对野生动物的消费与贸易中的公共健康安全问题引起广泛关注。为了给相关的立法和政策制定提供参考, 我们通过网络对于全国及部分海外华人发放问卷进行了调查, 共收回74,040份有效问卷。根据问卷调查结果, 本文对普通公众对于野生动物消费和贸易立法意愿及影响因素进行了分析。研究结果包括: (1)公众对全面取缔野味餐馆和集市、禁止消费野味、禁止野生动物及其制品的买卖以及禁止野生动物商业性活体展演的立法动议持赞成态度的比例均超过90%; (2)现有野生动物消费群体经历新冠肺炎疫情后倾向于停止消费行为; (3)曾经消费野生动物或周围有人从事野生动物相关产业的群体相比其他人群更有可能不支持全面禁止对野生动物的消费和贸易。结果表明, 全国人民代表大会常务委员会禁食野生动物的决定和修改野生动物保护法的动议在受高等教育者和城镇居民中有良好的公众基础。     

污水处理和回用技术的应用：中水回用在沈阳的发展前景和存在的问题

为了解决水资源供应严重短缺,缓解污水排放对环境造成的破坏,沈阳市在今后5～10年内将建成中水回用系统,使城市中水回用率达到50％.文中回顾了污水处理和回用技术的发展现状,总结了中水回用的常规技术和新工艺(包括土壤渗滤法、膜生物反应器工艺法、周期循环延时曝气工艺法),并指出土壤渗滤法(SAT)和膜生物反应器(MBR)因其独特的技术优势,在中水回用领域的光明前景.通过列举一些污水回用项目的实际例子,分析了中水回用技术应用所带来的经济和生态效应,并探讨了沈阳市中水回用存在的问题和解决方法.     

再生水回灌对地下水水质影响研究进展

再生水回灌地下水是一种缓解水资源危机的有效方式.由于再生水中含有硝酸盐、重金属、新型污染物等污染物质,因此在再生水地下水回灌利用时存在一定的环境风险.为推动我国再生水人工回灌地下水的发展,促进我国再生水的安全利用,本文分析了国内外相关文献及实践经验,总结了不同回灌方式下再生水回灌对地下水水质的影响.地表回灌方式下,地下水中盐分、硝态氮都有增加趋势,重金属污染风险较小,新型污染物是目前的研究热点,且其风险存在很多的不确定性,病原微生物对地下水的污染风险较小但不能排除一些活性较强的病毒等污染地下水;井灌方式下,对沉积含水层中As的释放应给予重点关注.最后,提出了相关建议以减小我国再生水回灌风险.     

产品属性对绿色农产品购买行为的影响——认知的调节作用

绿色产品购买是缓解资源环境压力、推动社会经济可持续发展的现实需要。基于江西省233份调查问卷，运用Logit回归模型分析口感、品牌、价格、健康信任等产品属性对消费者绿色农产品购买行为的影响。研究结果发现：（1）产品搜寻属性如品牌对绿色大米购买发生率有显著影响；价格属性则是显著负向影响购买发生率；产品经验属性如口感显著正向影响绿色农产品购买。（2）产品信任属性内在调节了消费者的购买行为，即消费者对优质大米健康等内在质量属性更信任时，更可能发生购买行为。（3）消费者对绿色农产品的认知水平调节了产品属性与购买概率的关系，即相比低产品认知，高认知的消费者品牌的影响效应更大，口感对购买概率的影响更小。（4）消费者收入越高、中青年、家庭有小孩、学历高显著提高消费者绿色农产品购买概率。     

复方薏苡仁方对小鼠肠道菌群及 微环境的调节作用研究

目的观察复方薏苡仁方调节小鼠肠道菌群功能及胃肠运动的效果,并考察复方薏苡仁方对小鼠盲肠内容物pH及肠黏膜结构等肠道内环境的影响。方法参照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003版)的规定进行调节肠道菌群实验和小肠墨汁推进试验,检测小鼠盲肠内容物pH,并对肠道黏膜结构进行病理形态学观察。结果 (1)与给样前相比,复方薏苡仁方中、高剂量组肠杆菌数和低、高剂量组肠球菌数均明显减少(P0.05),中、高剂量组乳杆菌数和双歧杆菌数均明显或显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),且高剂量组乳杆菌数和中、高剂量组双歧杆菌数明显高于阳性对照组(P0.05);(2)复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠盲肠内容物pH值均显著降低(P0.01),且均低于阳性对照组,其中低、高剂量组差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);(3)与正常对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方低、中、高剂量组小鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值(A/V)均明显或显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),且中、高剂量组十二指肠、空肠及回肠A/V比值明显或显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05或P0.01);(4)与模型对照组相比,复方薏苡仁方各剂量组小鼠小肠推进率均显著增加(P0.01),且均高于阳性对照组(P0.01)。结论复方薏苡仁方对调节肠道菌群及改善肠道微环境具有一定的促进作用。     

Human Health Risk Assessment of Non-Regulated Xenobiotics in Recycled Water: A Review

Water suppliers face increased pressure to explain the relative health risks from non-regulated xenobiotics that may be present in recycled water, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds. This report reviews their occurrence, fate, and recent human health risk assessments for potable and non-potable water reuse. The most effective advanced treatment for PPCPs is reverse osmosis (RO) followed by advanced oxidation. During soil aquifer treatment, the majority of PPCPs are attenuated relatively quickly (within 100 days), yet some are persistent and can migrate to the underlying groundwater at low concentrations. Recently, several investigations have assessed the potential human health risks associated with xenobiotics in recycled water, focusing on exposure from drinking water (e.g., planned and unplanned indirect potable reuse) and non-potable reuse (e.g., exposure via recreational, occupational, and irrigation-related activities at sites utilizing recycled water). Risk assessments conducted over the last 10 years have found no adverse human health effects or significant risks. Though advanced treatment of wastewater that is discharged or recycled may not be required to protect public health, it may be necessary to prevent potential effects on exposed biota and to address, to some degree, the public's perception of water reuse.     

城市公园景感要素及其对不同人群公园活动方式的影响

景感生态学以可持续发展为目标,契合了新型城镇化和人居环境科学的思想,强调以人为本,关注人的感知与环境的关系,为理解城市景观与人群活动的关系提供了一个崭新的视角。基于景感生态学视角,对城市公园常见的景感要素进行归纳分类,探讨城市公园景感要素对不同人群活动的作用途径;然后选择厦门市滨海、滨湖、山体、老城区和文化等五类典型城市公园的代表作为研究对象,实证分析和比较五类公园景感要素组成和民众感知评价的差异,并以此尝试解释不同类型公园吸引不同人群（访客密度、访问时间）及其在公园活动方式上的差异。研究结果表明,公园景感要素通过多层次关联对人群活动产生作用,即景感要素作用影响人的感觉类型,产生多样景感效果,满足民众由愿景产生的需求,进而影响其活动意愿和方式;各景感要素综合作用,共同对公园活动产生影响;当公园景感要素承载的设计愿景与民众愿景产生共鸣,才能产生良好景感效果,促进游园人群活动热情;公园景感要素和人群活动的关系侧重体现暴露性的生态系统服务。该论文研究结果希望为深入研究城市公园服务人群机制拓展一个自然与人文融合的崭新视角,同时为城市公园设计和运营提供有效的科技支撑。     

Divergence between general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment: A case study of p-xylene projects in China

The growing public opposition to p-xylene (PX) project proposals in China requires understanding the divergence between the general public's risk perception and environmental risk assessment (ERA) results and its implications on its decision-making. In a case study in Fujian Province of China, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the public perception of risks of a proposed PX project, interviews were further conducted in Zhangzhou City and Xiamen City, and the survey results were compared with the ERA results of the proposed PX project. Results indicate that the environmental risk is acceptable according to current technical ERA guidelines and standards, while the public acceptance of the PX project is very low. The underlying factors causing the difference between the general public's risk perception and ERA results were identified from the ERA technical perspective. A better understanding of the risk perception divergence from different disciplinary perspectives is helpful for the public acceptance of these kinds of projects, which are on high demand in China. This study not only highlights the necessity to improve the risk communication but also provides insights on future research of ERA for this kind of large-scale project proposal.     

Defining risk: Normative considerations

The public thinks about (i.e., defines) environmental human health risks in different terms than the “experts.”; And because the manner in which we conceive of risk goes a long way in determining how risk management is conceived and carried out, any definition of risk has important normative elements. I argue that environmental policy based on the public's conception of risk fails to adequately protect fundamental human rights to health and liberty, by taking undue account of certain psychological factors that enter into the public's perception of risk. A survey of some of these factors is offered in an attempt to determine their policy relevance. The traditional scientific conception of risk, although not adequate to entirely define risk policy, serves as an important anchor for the protection of these rights by focusing on the probability or number of adverse health effects.     

流域上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好研究——以新安江流域为例

上游居民实践中甚少收到生态补偿资金,流域生态补偿的普惠性亟需提高。普惠的生态补偿不仅要增加上游居民的获得感,还要通过准确把握上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好让他们得以获得与生态增益行为贡献相匹配的补偿。以中国首个跨省流域生态补偿机制试点——新安江流域生态补偿为例,基于条件价值法研究了上游居民接受生态补偿的意愿及其影响因素。研究发现：（1）上游地区基于居民最小受偿意愿的合意生态补偿规模约为165.60亿元/a,其中浙江淳安县和安徽黄山市的合意受偿规模分别为44.32亿元/a和121.28亿元/a。（2）上游居民的受偿意愿随其年龄和家庭人口数的增加而提高,农村居民的补偿诉求比城镇居民更高,收入变化带来的受偿意愿边际变化约为0.04。（3）淳安县居民受到的环境规制强度偏高,他们的受偿意愿也更高;上游居民参加环保志愿活动的频率与他们的受偿意愿正相关。（4）上游居民感知的政府环保投入负担与实际负担不匹配,流域政府需增加有效生态公众宣传以实现政府环保投入和治理成效的价值。（5）异地移民就业安置政策在一定程度上可以缓解补偿资金缺口压力和地方有效就业压力。     

Strategies and Practices for Sustainable Use of Water in Industrial Papermaking Processes

The problem of water use in industrial sectors is analyzed in the context of sustainability, and the manufacturing process as one of the most important water consumers is scrutinized. Some practices of water conservation and reduction of water consumption, as well as the implementation of advanced treatment processes for wastewater recycling are considered under the general aspect of process integration and control in order to minimize environmental discharges. Reduction of effluents in papermaking processes are discussed as well as preventative approaches. It is emphasized that four groups of methods can be applied in order to minimize water consumption: process changes, water reuse, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycling. Minimizing the water consumption and thus reducing the hydraulic load may help to improve effluent treatment, reduce operating costs and, when subsequent disposal is to sewers, minimize effluent disposal charges. The data presented show that initially producing less effluents will reduce the demands on the effluent treatment plant and thus save both money and efforts. Separation techniques for minimizing effluents and effluent loads are presented, as well as potential practices to ensure a sustainable use of water, grouped as short term and long term measures. Prevention measures for water consumption in a Romanian paper mill are considered and discussed in relation with best available techniques (BAT), taking into account both economical and environmental benefits.     

Assessment of Local Public Health Workers' Willingness to Respond to Pandemic Influenza through Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model

Background

Local public health agencies play a central role in response to an influenza pandemic, and understanding the willingness of their employees to report to work is therefore a critically relevant concern for pandemic influenza planning efforts. Witte''s Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has been found useful for understanding adaptive behavior in the face of unknown risk, and thus offers a framework for examining scenario-specific willingness to respond among local public health workers. We thus aim to use the EPPM as a lens for examining the influences of perceived threat and efficacy on local public health workers'' response willingness to pandemic influenza.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We administered an online, EPPM-based survey about attitudes/beliefs toward emergency response (Johns Hopkins∼Public Health Infrastructure Response Survey Tool), to local public health employees in three states between November 2006 – December 2007. A total of 1835 responses were collected for an overall response rate of 83%. With some regional variation, overall 16% of the workers in 2006-7 were not willing to “respond to a pandemic flu emergency regardless of its severity”. Local health department employees with a perception of high threat and high efficacy – i.e., those fitting a ‘concerned and confident’ profile in the EPPM analysis – had the highest declared rates of willingness to respond to an influenza pandemic if required by their agency, which was 31.7 times higher than those fitting a ‘low threat/low efficacy’ EPPM profile.

Conclusions/Significance

In the context of pandemic influenza planning, the EPPM provides a useful framework to inform nuanced understanding of baseline levels of – and gaps in – local public health workers'' response willingness. Within local health departments, ‘concerned and confident’ employees are most likely to be willing to respond. This finding may allow public health agencies to design, implement, and evaluate training programs focused on emergency response attitudes in health departments.     

密云水库流域“稻改旱”生态补偿农户参与意愿分析

近年来,北京市政府在密云水库上游实施"稻改旱"生态补偿项目,确保城市供水安全,而上游农户能否积极参与,是该项目成功的关键。基于农户调查数据,运用选择实验模型分析了密云水库上游河北省丰宁县3个乡镇农户"稻改旱"项目的参与意愿特征。定量估计了"合同期限"、"是否可以中途退出"、"参与项目土地比例"、"化肥减量使用"、"是否可以浇水"和"补贴金额"共6个选择属性对农户参与意愿的影响。除"参与项目土地比例"外,其余属性均对农户项目参与意愿有显著影响。以此为基础,估计出各个具有显著影响选择属性的边际效应和边际接受意愿。结果表明:(1)农户青睐"可以中途退出"和"短合同期"的选择属性,反映出项目蕴藏的可持续性风险。可通过创造更多符合本地劳动力特点的非农就业机会加以解决;(2)"不可以浇水"和"减少化肥使用"已成为阻碍农户参与的两个因素。现阶段可先通过技术培训的方式,从改善农户环境意识入手,以减少农户生产行为对项目成效的不利影响;(3)补偿金额对于动员农户参与的效果较为有限,而其它几个选择属性却表现出较好的农户动员参与特性。因此,可尝试增强农户自主参与决策,并引入弹性合同机制,以有效吸引农户参与,同时节约补偿资金使用;(4)不同乡镇对"稻改旱"项目表现出差异化的参与意愿。与农业乡镇相比,非农产业乡镇的补偿期望相对较高。因此,今后应考虑改变以往不分区域"一刀切"的做法,设计多样化的补偿策略。     

Public Knowledge of,and Attitudes to,Frogs in Colombia

ABSTRACT

People's response to the decline of biodiversity and their support for conservation measures depends on their knowledge of biodiversity and their attitudes to local species. This study is one of the first to investigate public knowledge of, and attitudes to, frogs in South America. We chose two study regions, the semi-urban region of Pensilvania and the rural region of Florencia. In spring 2011, 565 individuals completed a written questionnaire and a subsequent picture test. Overall, the public's attitudes to, and knowledge of frogs, were rather poor. Direct experiences and community elders were the major source of knowledge of frogs for participants in Florencia, whereas electronic media was the main source of knowledge in Pensilvania. Most participants felt that frogs are of high conservation value and important for medical and ecological purposes. The more strongly participants agreed that frogs are useful, of medicinal value, and beautiful, the more strongly they agreed that they should be conserved. Our results indicate that conservation education activities in schools and elsewhere are needed to improve people's knowledge of, and attitudes to, frogs. More positive attitudes toward local amphibian species might lead to an appreciation of their value and willingness to conserve them.     

Interactions among environmental enrichment,viewing crowds,and zoo chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes)

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not a group of zoo chimpanzees responded to environmental enrichment differently given higher weekend crowds in contrast to lower weekday crowds. Findings showed that foraging, feeding, and object-using were more likely with new enrichment; conversely, grooming, playing, watch-idle, and aberrant behaviors were more likely with 1 day-old enrichment. Across both new and 1 day-old enrichment, however, high crowds corresponded with diminished frequencies of foraging, object-using, grooming, and play. The study's second purpose was to examine how zoo visitors responded to chimpanzees under varying conditions of environmental enrichment. Analysis of zoo visitors' verbatim responses suggested that the public's behavior was influenced by desires to interact with the chimpanzees, the state of the chimpanzees' habitat, the relative complexity of the chimpanzees' activities, and human sociocultural norms. Thus a variety of contextual factors were found to influence the behavior of chimpanzees and humans alike. Future research is encouraged that investigates the ways in which multiple elements within the full captive socioecology of chimpanzees fluidly interact to influence the effectiveness of environmental enrichment as well as zoo visitors' responses to, and lasting impressions of, zoo chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 17:211–230, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.