区域生态合作机制下的可持续农户生计研究——以"稻改旱"项目为例

世界各国在协调生态保护和经济发展的过程中,常常面临着制度和管理问题,区域合作机制为解决这些难题提供了长效思路.京冀两地的“稻改旱”项目是区域合作机制下的一项有益尝试,农户生计的提升则是此项目成功的关键.基于可持续生计分析框架,对密云水库上游的农户生计进行了详细调查,对参加“稻改旱”项目的农户和未参加该项目的农户生计进行了比较分析.结果表明,“稻改旱”项目显著改变了当地农户的生计资本、生计行为和生计后果.参加“稻改旱”项目的农户拥有较多的生产性物质资本和社会资本,减少了种植业和养殖业种类,减少了碳酸氢铵使用量;增加了工资性劳动供给,“稻改旱”项目对农户的总体收入水平有着显著的正向作用.调查显示,农户普遍支持“稻改旱”项目和区域合作的长期继续进行.研究也为提升区域合作和构建可持续生计提出了建议.     

生计资本对国家重点生态功能区农户受偿意愿的影响

国家重点生态功能区财政转移支付虽覆盖全部地区,但其补偿资金主要用于生态修复成本与基本公共服务开支,缺少对外围农户受偿意愿的关注。基于阿尔泰山地森林草原生态功能区的553份农户调查数据,利用CVM法、Heckman两阶段选择模型对农户生态补偿参与意愿和受偿水平以及影响因素进行分析,为国家重点生态功能区面向农户出台生态补偿政策提供参考依据。研究结果表明：(1)调查区域85.53%的农户具有较强受偿需求,这一意愿具有生计方式、收入层次以及流域差异,经Heckman期望值估计方法调整后,农户受偿水平为1250.5元户^-1 a^-1。(2)自然资本中人均耕地面积对补偿参与意愿和受偿水平都具有正向影响,人均草场面积显著正向影响农户受偿水平;人力资本中劳动力比重对农户受偿水平具有正向影响;物质资本中,牲畜存栏量与受偿水平呈显著的负相关,生产性工具对补偿参与意愿和受偿水平都具有正向影响;金融资本中家庭总收入显著负向影响农户受偿水平,是否为脱贫巩固户身份对农户补偿参与意愿有正向影响;社会资本中汉语水平与农户参与意愿呈显著正相关,是否常去村级文化中心正向影响农户受...     

基于选择实验法的流域中下游居民生态补偿支付意愿及其偏好研究——以渭河流域为例

在流域生态补偿机制的建设中,相关利益主体的生态补偿意愿和行为的分析对政策的管理和执行至关重要。运用选择实验法对渭河流域中下游居民的支付意愿进行考察,通过构建Mixed Logit模型对城乡居民的支付意愿及其偏好进行实证分析。研究发现,城镇和农村居民的选择显著受到水质、河流面积/水量、水土流失情况、动物种类/数量这4个属性变量的正向影响,支付金额的负向影响;其次,城镇和农村居民对水质这一属性具有最高的支付意愿,对河流面积/水量这一属性具有次高的支付意愿,而对动物种类/数量这一属性具有最低的支付意愿;最后,城镇和农村居民的平均支付意愿分别为13.168元月~(-1)人~(-1)和9.050元月~(-1)人~(-1),前者的支付意愿明显高于后者。     

利益相关者视角下的濒危物种价值评估与生态补偿——以翅果油树为例

濒危物种价值评估可为生物多样性保护提供重要的政策支撑。本文以国家二级重点保护植物翅果油树为例,从利益相关者视角作为切入点,基于选择实验法评价其偏好和支付意愿(WTP),进而探讨生态补偿机制。基于管理部门、企业和农户三方利益相关者的利益诉求,分析确定了5个翅果油树的物种属性,即种植面积、产品分类、树苗品种、保护投入和农户收益。运用随机参数Logit模型分析了利益相关者对不同物种属性变量的偏好和支付意愿。结果表明: 受访者对“保护增加投入”偏好最强和支付意愿最高,每户为331.00 yuan·a^-1;对产品开发的“高低端产品同时开发”和“高端产品开发为主”变量偏好次之,WTP分别为每户242.71和227.57 yuan·a^-1;对“农户收益”、“保护投入不变”、“树苗品种”和“种植面积”由强到弱依次表现出一定的偏好及支付意愿;而对“保护不投入”和“低端产品开发为主”偏好最弱且WTP为负值。通过直接和间接补偿方式对补偿客体(翅果油树及其生境)实施生态补偿,得到的补偿剩余价值为每户每年285.62元。     

生计资本对农户再参与退耕还林意愿的影响——以卧龙自然保护区为例

运用参与式农户评估方法,以卧龙自然保护区为例,研究了生计资本对于农户再次参与下一轮退耕还林意愿的影响。研究结果表明约77%的农户愿意再次参与退耕工程,愿意再参与退耕的农户和不愿意再参与退耕的农户生计资本具有显著差异性。逻辑斯蒂回归结果表明,自然资本、金融资本以及社会资本对农户的再参与意愿有显著影响,但是作用方式不同:其中自然资本对农户再参与有着显著的负影响,金融资本、社会资本对农户再参与意愿有显著的正影响。生计资本二级指标中,农户拥有的耕地面积、现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户的再参与意愿具有显著影响,其中农户拥有的耕地面积对其再参与意愿具有显著负影响,且贡献较大((β=-23.041)),而现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户再参与意愿具有显著正影响,以现金收入的影响最大(β=38.591),其次分别是家庭村委会成员数量(β=13.625)和劳动力的受教育程度(β=7.717)。最后,论文探讨了生计资本及其组成指标对于农户再参与意愿的作用机制,建议降低农户对于土地资源的依赖,提高非农业收入和补偿标准,提高劳动力素质以及优化区域发展环境来提高农户的再参与意愿。     

流域上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好研究——以新安江流域为例

上游居民实践中甚少收到生态补偿资金,流域生态补偿的普惠性亟需提高。普惠的生态补偿不仅要增加上游居民的获得感,还要通过准确把握上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好让他们得以获得与生态增益行为贡献相匹配的补偿。以中国首个跨省流域生态补偿机制试点——新安江流域生态补偿为例,基于条件价值法研究了上游居民接受生态补偿的意愿及其影响因素。研究发现：（1）上游地区基于居民最小受偿意愿的合意生态补偿规模约为165.60亿元/a,其中浙江淳安县和安徽黄山市的合意受偿规模分别为44.32亿元/a和121.28亿元/a。（2）上游居民的受偿意愿随其年龄和家庭人口数的增加而提高,农村居民的补偿诉求比城镇居民更高,收入变化带来的受偿意愿边际变化约为0.04。（3）淳安县居民受到的环境规制强度偏高,他们的受偿意愿也更高;上游居民参加环保志愿活动的频率与他们的受偿意愿正相关。（4）上游居民感知的政府环保投入负担与实际负担不匹配,流域政府需增加有效生态公众宣传以实现政府环保投入和治理成效的价值。（5）异地移民就业安置政策在一定程度上可以缓解补偿资金缺口压力和地方有效就业压力。     

基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例

农田生态补偿作为一种控制化肥用量与面源污染的公共政策工具,其补偿标准将决定政策内化外部效应的实际效果。以南京市溧水区水稻种植户为对象,综合运用成本收益法、能值分析法和双边界二分式CVM法,测定基于政府和农户双重视角下的稻田化肥减施生态补偿标准。研究结果表明:化肥污染环境成本量化视角下南京市水稻种植过程中的折纯化肥投入参考值为268.75 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),相比2017年南京市的实际化肥用量312.48 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)仍有约14%的下降空间;绝大多数种植户愿意在接受平均补偿标准为882.49元hm~(-2)a~(-1)的前提之下减少化肥投入至参考用量;受教育程度越高、家中务农人数越多、化肥投入成本越高的稻农更倾向于接受生态补偿,而种植面积较大的农户以及年长男性种植户对减施化肥持更谨慎的态度。研究结果为南京市农业面源污染防治和稻田生态补偿标准制定提供了一定的理论支撑,在实际补偿发放过程中,单一的补偿标准无法保障公平公正,需建立与作物种植类型、化肥减施成效相挂钩的分级生态补偿制度,从而激励农户尽可能减少化肥投入。     

湿地保护区周边农户生态补偿意愿比较

湿地生态补偿研究一直是国内外学者们研究的热点和难点。运用问卷调查方法和统计学的多元回归模型,分析湿地保护区周边生态补偿机制中微观经济主体-农户的行为与选择的问题,确定农户的生态补偿意愿值,及影响农户生态补偿意愿的主要影响因素并做比较分析。以陕西朱鹮国家级自然保护区为例,应用条件价值法(CVM),计量了2008年和2011年朱鹮保护区周边社区农户的绿色水稻生态补偿意愿值,分别为:3560.56元/hm2和3679.83元/hm2;Logistic回归模型分析的结果表明,同时影响农户2008年和2011年生态补偿意愿的相同因素是水田面积占耕地总面积比重,另外影响显著的因素主要是家庭年均收入、是否有非农收入、农户生产区距离朱鹮保护区核心区的远近、水稻田由于保护朱鹮减产是否严重。研究结果表明:应以政府为主导,加大湿地生态补偿的力度并建立生态补偿的长效机制。对推进和落实我国湿地生态经济补偿机制,特别是为陕西朱鹮湿地保护区生态经济补偿机制的完善具有参考价值。     

基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿——以湖北省京山县为例

农产品主产区的耕地保护是关系到全国农产品供给安全的重要问题.本文以湖北省京山县为例,以环境友好型农业生产的机会成本损失为基础,综合考虑农户的受偿意愿,确定出农田生态补偿额度,并通过构建Tobit回归模型分析影响农户受偿额度的相关因素.研究表明: 在对保护性耕作有经济补偿的前提下,分别有77.1%和64.7%的受访农户愿意减少化肥和农药施用量.随着化肥、农药的减少比例从<10%增加到>50%,农户的机会成本分别由1198、5850元·hm^-2·a^-1增加到9698、9750元·hm^-2·a^-1,农户的受偿额度分别由4750、7313元·hm^-2·a^-1增加到9781、12393元·hm^-2·a^-1,在同等减少比例下,农户对农药减少的机会成本和受偿额度都大于化肥减少的机会成本和受偿额度,且基于农户意愿的受偿额度要大于其机会成本损失额度.距离城镇远近、对农田生态环境的认知、改善农田生态环境期望指数对农户减少化肥施用受偿额度有正向显著影响,而受教育程度和村集体经济状况有负向显著影响.家庭农业收入占比、对农田生态环境的认知、改善农田生态环境期望指数对农户减少农药施用受偿额度有正向显著影响,而家庭年现金收入和村集体经济状况有负向显著影响.
     

农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准——以江苏省宜兴市为例

农田氮素流失引起的非点源污染已成为国内外农田生态环境资源可持续利用及农业可持续发展的瓶颈,对其进行有效控制愈显迫切.对非点源污染的控制不能简单地照搬点源污染的方法,须针对非点源污染本身具有的强烈外部性及复杂、广泛、不易监测等特征,探究与非点源污染特征规律相对应的对策.生态补偿作为应对全球生态危机和环境污染的一种公共政策工具,对于内化外部效应具有良好的效果.以农户减少一定程度的氮肥施用量获得政府补偿为切入点,论证了农户减少氮肥用量到最佳生态经济施氮量是获得补偿的依据;以宜兴市为实证对象,运用意愿调查评估法和成本-收益法相结合的方式测算了农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准.研究表明:(1)宜兴市主要粮食生产的最佳生态经济施氮量为375.6 kg/hm2,农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿额度理论值为620.0-7098.0元/hm2;(2)68.3％的受访农户愿意接受补偿而减少氮肥用量,受偿意愿与种田经验、受教育程度等因素正相关;(3)愿意接受补偿的农民中50.7％选择氮肥量减少到最佳生态经济施氮量,农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿标准为620.0元/hm2.     

干旱区绿洲城市生态文明建设公众参与意识研究——以“一带一路”沿线城市乌鲁木齐为例

生态文明是人类文明发展的新阶段,其强调人与自然的协调发展。基于公众科学理论框架,采用模型模拟方法、实地问卷调查、多元回归方法,分析了乌鲁木齐居民参与城市生态文明建设的自我感知、满意程度、参与意愿,并构建了结构方程模型(SEM),探讨了居民参与城市生态文明意愿的可行路径,分析了居民参与城市生态文明建设的意愿与其相关因素间的关系,揭示了居民参与城市生态文明建设主要限制因素。结果表明:(1)居民自我感知与城市生态文明建设参与意愿呈显著正相关,满意程度与参与意愿呈显著负相关;(2)45.36%的受访者表示非常愿意参与城市生态文明建设;(3)居民主体意识和支持度占比分别为72.92%、72.04%,生态认知、生态关注及参与信心占比分别为43.08%、64.33%和55.14%;(4)受访者对城市生态文明建设状况满意度的平均偏效应为2.32,各项满意度均值情况为:城市绿化状况(2.51)政府环境信息公开程度(2.41)城市空气状况(2.35)城市垃圾处理与分类状况(1.99)。研究成果以期为建立和推进城市生态文明建设提供科学参考。     

农户薪柴消费的理论模型及实证研究

农户薪柴消费变化对室内空气质量、农村生态环境建设影响重大,论文构建了山区农户薪柴消费的理论模型,以重庆市典型区1015份农户调查数据为例,运用Tobit模型分析了农户人均薪柴消费量的影响因素。研究表明:农户家庭能源消费中,商品能源和新能源的比重逐步增大,但薪柴依旧是农户普遍使用的能源类型,且消费量占总能源消费量的比重高;通过降低农业劳动力比重和提高非农工资水平两种途径,非农就业能显著降低农户人均薪柴消费量;家庭电器数量增多、其他收入(政府补贴、亲戚帮扶等)增加、及替代能源(液化气、沼气、煤炭等)可获得性增强也能显著降低农户人均薪柴消费量,而户主年龄大、人均牲畜数量多及房屋离集市距离远的农户家庭的人均薪柴消费量高。提出了加快薪柴替代的措施。     

The economic determinants of land degradation in developing countries

The following paper investigates the economic determinants of land degradation in developing countries. The main trends examined are rural households'' decisions to degrade as opposed to conserve land resources, and the expansion of frontier agricultural activity that contributes to forest and marginal land conversion. These two phenomena appear often to be linked. In many developing areas, a poor rural household''s decision whether to undertake long-term investment in improving existing agricultural land must be weighed against the decision to abandon this land and migrate to environmentally fragile areas. Economic factors play a critical role in determining these relationships. Poverty, imperfect capital markets and insecure land tenure may reinforce the tendency towards short-term time horizons in production decisions, and may bias land use decisions against long-term land management strategies. In periods of commodity booms and land speculation, wealthier households generally take advantage of their superior political and market power to ensure initial access to better quality resources, in order to capture a larger share of the resource rents. Poorer households are confined either to marginal environmental areas where resource rents are limited, or only have access to resources once they are degraded and rents dissipated.<br>Overall trends in land degradation and deforestation are examined, followed by an overview of rural households'' resource management decisions with respect to land management, frontier agricultural expansion, and migration from existing agricultural land to frontiers. Finally, the discussion focuses on the scope for policy improvements to reduce economic constraints to effective land management. <br>     

禁牧政策下宁夏盐池县农户适应策略及其影响因素

禁牧政策下农户的适应策略是农户为了应对外界干预而做出的各种适应性改变,生计变化是其中最重要的部分。通过实地调查获得研究数据,对比分析禁牧初期和禁牧10a农户生计模式、养殖及种植方面的变化,并以农户的生计资本作为自变量,运用有序多分类和二项的Logistic回归模型分析农户适应策略(农户生计多样性、养殖规模及养殖方式)变化的影响因素。研究得出:1与禁牧初期相比,当前农户的适应策略主要表现为农户生计模式具有初步非农化倾向,生计多样性增加,大部分农户养殖规模减小或不变,农户生产结构有所调整,粮食作物种植面积增加,而经济作物种植面积减小,单只羊的养殖成本增加。2农户生计资本水平对其适应策略具有重要影响,农户生计多样性变化的主要影响因素有人力资本、金融资本和社会资本;影响农户养殖规模变化的主要有自然资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本,而影响农户养殖模式选择的主要是物质资本和金融资本因素。     

Insecurities of Women Regarding Breast Cancer Research: A Qualitative Study

Objectives

Only 1.2%–11% of all potential study participants participate in cancer studies. Low participation rates can result in bias or in a failure to obtain data saturation. Subject-scientific psychology assumes that reasons for acting are based on individual premises. The objective of this study was to render reproducible individual reasons of female breast cancer patients to participate or not participate in breast cancer studies using a qualitative approach.

Methods

Problem-based interviews were conducted with female breast cancer patients. The selection of interview partners continued until theoretical data saturation was achieved.

Results

As main arguments against participation emotional overload and too many medication side-effects were stated. Improvement of health-related values, long-term protection and comprehensive follow-up exams were stated as arguments for participation. Trust in the attending physician was mentioned as influencing both participation and non-participation.

Conclusions

A significant influential factor determining willingness to participate in studies was one''s contentment with patient-physician communication. In order to guarantee an adequate patient decision-making process, keeping existing standards for patient briefings is absolutely mandatory.     

Farmers’ Willingness to Produce Alternative Cellulosic Biofuel Feedstocks Under Contract in Kansas Using Stated Choice Experiments

Many studies have assessed the technical feasibility of producing bioenergy crops on agricultural lands. However, while it is possible to produce large quantities of agricultural biomass for bioenergy from lignocellulosic feedstocks, very few of these studies have assessed farmers’ willingness to produce these crops under different contracting arrangements. The purpose of this paper is to examine farmers’ willingness to produce alternative cellulosic biofuel feedstocks under different contractual, market, and harvesting arrangements. This is accomplished by using enumerated field surveys in Kansas with stated choice experiments eliciting farmers’ willingness to produce corn stover, sweet sorghum, and switchgrass under different contractual conditions. Using a random utility framework to model the farmers’ decisions, the paper examines the contractual attributes that will most likely increase the likelihood of feedstock enterprise adoption. Results indicate that net returns above the next best alternative use of the land, contract length, cost share, financial incentives, insurance, and custom harvest options are all important contract attributes. Farmers’ willingness to adopt and their willingness-to-pay for alternative contract attributes vary by region and choice of feedstock.     

Azithromycin mass treatment for trachoma control: risk factors for non-participation of children in two treatment rounds

Background

Persistent non-participation of children in mass drug administration (MDAs) for trachoma may reduce program impact. Risk factors that identify families where participation is a problem or program characteristics that foster non-participation are poorly understood. We examined risk factors for households with at least one child who did not participate in two MDAs compared to households where all children participated in both MDAs.

Methods/Principal Findings

We conducted a case control study in 28 Tanzanian communities. Cases included all 152 households with at least one child who did not participate in the 2008 and 2009 MDAs with azithromycin. Controls consisted of a random sample of 460 households where all children participated in both MDAs. A questionnaire was asked of all families. Random-intercept logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), control for clustering, and adjust for community size. In total, 140 case households and 452 control households were included in the analyses. Compared to controls, guardians in case households had higher odds of reporting excellent health (OR 4.12 (CI 95% 1.57–10.86)), reporting a burden due to family health (OR 3.15 (95% CI 1.35–7.35)), reduced ability to rely on others for assistance (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.01–2.75)), being in a two (versus five) days distribution program (OR 3.31 (95% CI 1.68–6.50)) and living in a community with <2 community treatment assistants (CTAs)/1000 residents (OR 2.07 (95% CI 1.04–4.12). Furthermore, case households were more likely to have more children, younger guardians, unfamiliarity with CTAs, and CTAs with more travel time to their assigned households (p-values<0.05).

Conclusions/Significance

Compared to full participation households, households with persistent non-participation had a higher burden of familial responsibility and seemed less connected in the community. Additional distribution days and lessening CTAs'' travel time to their furthest assigned households may prevent non-participation.     

Public Opinion about the Importance of Privacy in Biobank Research

Concerns about privacy may deter people from participating in genetic research. Recruitment and retention of biobank participants requires understanding the nature and magnitude of these concerns. Potential participants in a proposed biobank were asked about their willingness to participate, their privacy concerns, informed consent, and data sharing. A representative survey of 4659 U.S. adults was conducted. Ninety percent of respondents would be concerned about privacy, 56% would be concerned about researchers having their information, and 37% would worry that study data could be used against them. However, 60% would participate in the biobank if asked. Nearly half (48%) would prefer to provide consent once for all research approved by an oversight panel, whereas 42% would prefer to provide consent for each project separately. Although 92% would allow academic researchers to use study data, 80% and 75%, respectively, would grant access to government and industry researchers. Concern about privacy was related to lower willingness to participate only when respondents were told that they would receive $50 for participation and would not receive individual research results back. Among respondents who were told that they would receive $200 or individual research results, privacy concerns were not related to willingness. Survey respondents valued both privacy and participation in biomedical research. Despite pervasive privacy concerns, 60% would participate in a biobank. Assuring research participants that their privacy will be protected to the best of researchers'' abilities may increase participants'' acceptance of consent for broad research uses of biobank data by a wide range of researchers.