宁夏枸杞‘中科绿川1号’果实和叶片的主要成分分析

以国家林业局审定的宁夏枸杞新品种‘中科绿川1号’为实验材料,研究不同月份采集的枸杞叶片芦丁含量,以及果实总黄酮、总多糖、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量变化。结果显示,叶片芦丁含量在枸杞盛果期较低,抽条期较高;果实总黄酮、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量在头茬果中含量较高,盛果期果实含量较低;果实总多糖可能与果实量呈负相关;褐化果(俗称"油果")总黄酮含量与正常果差异不大,可用作提取枸杞黄酮类物质的原材料。研究结果可为枸杞果实分级、成分提取提供新思路。     

枸杞叶、果的抗氧化和抗DNA损伤活性研究

采用苯酚-硫酸比色法、Folin-Ciocalteu比色法、Al Cl3显色法测定了枸杞叶、果不同溶剂提取物中活性成分的含量,采用ABTS和DPPH方法分析了枸杞叶、果提取物的抗氧化活性,采用质粒DNA方法研究了抗DNA损伤活性。结果表明:枸杞叶、果不同溶剂提取物中活性成分的含量不同。枸杞叶的抗氧化活性高于枸杞果。枸杞叶、果甲醇提取物的EC50值最低(ABTS:0.69,2.04;DPPH:0.03,0.52),乙醇提取物次之(ABTS:0.70,2.08;DPPH:0.04,0.57),水提物最高(ABTS:0.95,2.08;DPPH:0.05,0.62),说明甲醇提取物具有较强的抗氧化能力。枸杞叶甲醇提取物的DNA保护作用强于枸杞果。多酚和黄酮类化合物可能是枸杞叶、果抗氧化和抗DNA损伤活性的物质基础。本研究为枸杞资源的科学开发和综合利用提供了参考。     

不同地域宁夏枸杞活性成分的研究

对不同地域宁夏枸杞中活性成分的含量进行了分析。研究结果显示产地不同的宁夏枸杞中活性成分含量有明显差别,宁夏银川产的宁夏枸杞中所含的活性成分高于辽宁朝阳产的宁夏枸杞;在积温高、土壤呈弱碱性条件下,宁夏枸杞中的多糖、游离氨基酸、果红素含量较高。     

NaCl胁迫下宁夏枸杞光合作用相关基因差异表达分析

宁夏枸杞是著名的耐盐药用植物,该研究通过室内水培试验,利用高通量测序技术和qRT-PCR技术检测了不同浓度NaCl胁迫(0、100、200、300 mmol/L)下宁夏枸杞叶片光合作用相关基因差异表达,并分析了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、Rubisco活性的变化,以揭示宁夏枸杞在盐胁迫条件下光合机构及光合作用相关基因差异表达规律,为深入解析宁夏枸杞响应盐胁迫的光合机理奠定基础。结果表明：(1)用100、200、300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理7 d时宁夏枸杞分别有14、26、55个光合作用相关基因差异表达,且随着NaCl胁迫程度的增加下调表达基因多于上调表达基因。(2)qRT-PCR结果显示,宁夏枸杞的3个光合作用相关基因ATPε、CLH2、Lhcb3的相对表达量均随着NaCl胁迫程度的加深总体呈显著下降的趋势,qRT-PCR验证结果与RNA-seq测序结果基本一致。(3)随着NaCl胁迫程度的增加,宁夏枸杞叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量以及净光合速率和Rubisco活性均呈显著下降的趋势,而类胡萝卜素含量变化不显著。研究认为,宁夏枸杞能通过诱导光合作用相关基因的差异表达来调控叶片...     

宁夏枸杞对枸杞瘿螨为害的内源激素响应及外源水杨酸对枸杞瘿螨的影响

为探索宁夏枸杞对枸杞瘿螨致瘿过程诱导的激素响应及外源水杨酸对枸杞瘿螨的影响,利用LC-MS/MS技术对枸杞瘿螨为害后宁夏枸杞叶片中水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、生长素(Auxin)和脱落酸(ABA)4种内源激素进行测定,并通过浸叶法研究外源SA对枸杞瘿螨侵染过程、虫瘿生长和种群增长的影响。结果表明: 枸杞瘿螨的致瘿行为可引发枸杞叶片中多种内源激素产生变化,其中SA和JA的变化最显著,分别是对照组含量的4.0和13.0倍,而Auxin和ABA的变化不显著;外源SA对枸杞瘿螨虫瘿生长有显著抑制作用,且随时间的延长,抑制作用增强,同时虫瘿内瘿螨种群数量受到显著抑制。枸杞瘿螨能够同时诱导枸杞产生SA和JA抗性,外源SA对枸杞瘿螨虫瘿生长和瘿螨种群数量均具有显著抑制作用,利用外源SA防治枸杞瘿螨具有一定的应用前景。     

盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达分析北大核心CSCD

为探究盐胁迫条件下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达规律,以不同浓度NaCl(0,100,200,300 mmol/L)处理的水培宁夏枸杞幼苗为研究材料,利用高通量测序技术和qRT-PCR对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达进行分析,同时对该途径中关键酶活性及产物含量进行测定。结果表明,(1)宁夏枸杞在不同浓度NaCl处理下共有58个苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达,且随着盐胁迫程度的增加大部分基因表达水平上调或不变;(2)随着NaCl浓度的增加,宁夏枸杞叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性均下降,而酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的含量在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下均显著积累。研究发现,宁夏枸杞可能通过调控苯丙烷代谢相关基因上调表达,增加酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的合成,来清除过多活性氧和提升细胞壁强度以适应盐胁迫;宁夏枸杞可耐受的NaCl浓度在100~200 mmol/L之间。     

干旱胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶片蔗糖代谢及光合特性的影响

以宁夏枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’为材料,采用防雨棚内盆栽控水法研究了轻度干旱(LD)、中度干旱(MD)、重度干旱(SD)和正常灌水(CK)4种土壤水分条件下枸杞叶片糖分含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性和光合参数的响应规律,为宁夏枸杞在干旱地区高产栽培提供参考依据。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫降低了枸杞青果期叶片蔗糖和淀粉含量,轻度干旱胁迫可提高枸杞色变期叶片果糖和蔗糖含量,而成熟期叶片淀粉含量则随着干旱加重而升高。(2)干旱胁迫降低了青果期枸杞叶片中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性,降低了色变期和成熟期叶片酸性转化酶(AI)和SS的活性,但提高了色变期和成熟期叶片NI的活性。(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈降低趋势,瞬时水分利用率(WUE)呈现:LD>CK>SD>MD的变化趋势。研究认为,轻度干旱胁迫能促进宁夏枸杞成熟期叶片蔗糖积累和水分利用率提高,有利于更多光合同化物输送到果实中。     

中国枸杞种质资源主要形态学性状调查与聚类分析

为了进一步研究中国枸杞种质资源的遗传多样性及其之间关系,本项目利用主成分和聚类分析方法,对宁夏保存的31份中国枸杞以及1份美国枸杞、1份韩国枸杞种质资源主要形态学性状进行了分析。结果表明,这些枸杞资源形态差异较大,遗传多样性程度较高;枸杞叶片形状、枝条硬度和颜色、花器、果实颜色等性状的演化,尤其是果实的颜色有由黑色→红色→黄色演变、叶片形状由披针→条状披针→条状演变的趋势较为明显;宁夏黄果枸杞与中宁黑果枸杞的遗传距离较远,与宁夏枸杞栽培种宁杞1号、宁杞2号遗传距离较近,再次证明宁夏黄果枸杞是宁夏枸杞的1个变种;枸杞株高、冠幅、地径、自然株型、叶片形状、枝条硬度、叶面状态、果实颜色、花的形状等在枸杞遗传性状中起支配作用,可作为枸杞新品种选育的参考指标;中国枸杞种质资源可以分为10类群,与7种3变种植物学分类结果相似;计算出了各个遗传类群之间、33份枸杞材料之间的遗传距离。     

宁夏不同地域枸杞多糖和总糖含量与土壤环境因子关系的研究

通过对宁夏4个主要枸杞产区土壤理化冈子及枸杞果实主要成分枸杞多糖和总糖含垃进行分析,研究不同土壤理化因子对枸杞有效成分枸杞多糖和总糖含量的影响。结果表明：宁夏4个主产区枸杞多糖累积与肥力因子间尤显著相关性,而总糖含量与肥力因子间呈负相关,其中与速效氮呈显著负相关,与速效磷呈极显著负相关。宁复枸杞果实内多糖和总糖含量与土壤盐分呈正相关。宁夏4个主要产区枸杞多糖含量差异不显著,但枸杞总糖含量差异显著,其中新产区惠农和同心总糖含量比老产区中宁、园林场含量高。     

宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)花器官形态多样性与品系间识别研究

该研究以42份宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)为材料,对其中5个品系来自3个不同采集日期样品的花部性状进行了观察,同时对宁夏枸杞42个品系的16项花器官形态学指标进行了测定,并采用组间单因素方差分析法、主成分分析法和聚类分析法对宁夏枸杞种内的花部形态差异进行了研究。结果表明:宁夏枸杞花器官性状差异较大且多样性丰富,组间单因素方差分析表明宁夏枸杞花部性状在不同时间内采集无显著差异,即宁夏枸杞的花器官形态具有一定稳定性,因此可选用花器官形态作为区分宁夏枸杞种内不同品系的鉴别指标;主成分分析表明有关花瓣外缘色泽、花瓣正-背面脉络、花瓣形状、花瓣背部色泽、花喉色泽、雌雄蕊位置6个花部性状的累积贡献率达到84.791%,在宁夏枸杞品系的分类中起到了主要作用;聚类分析表明在欧式距离为7.5处可将枸杞的42个品系分成五类,能够将宁夏枸杞进行区分。该研究筛选出了能反映宁夏枸杞花器官形态差异的6个主要指标,并将42份宁夏枸杞分为五类,初步建立了宁夏枸杞种内品系间的形态学鉴别方法,可为宁夏枸杞的形态学研究及品系鉴定等提供依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.