小麦对赤霉病抗性不同品种的SOD活性

本研究对９个赤霉病抗性不同小麦品种采用赤霉病菌分生孢子悬浮液以单花针注法进行了田间和温室抗病性鉴定,测定了各品种的胚性愈伤组织和盛花期麦穗分别经赤霉病菌毒素和分生孢子接种前后ＳＯＤ活性的变化。结果表明,各品种ＳＯＤ活性与其对赤霉病抗性呈极显著的正相关,接种后寄主的ＳＯＤ活性均有提高,抗病品种比感病品咱提高幅度大且有新的同工酶带出现。抗病品种望水白比感病品种Ａｌｏｎｄｒａ＂Ｓ＂多出两条ＳＯＤ同工酶谱     

玉米感染禾谷镰刀菌后PAL、POD活性和同工酶谱的变化

为了明确苯丙氨酸解氨酶活和过氧化物酶活与玉米对镰刀菌茎腐病的抗性关系,探讨玉米对镰刀菌茎腐病的抗病机制及其在玉米抗病性鉴定中的利用,用禾谷镰刀菌孢子悬浮液对抗病品种陕单931和感病品种西农11号在抽雄初期进行接种,并于接种后测定茎秆髓部组织内的PAL,POD活性变化以及POD同工酶谱的变化。结果表明,玉米植株受镰刀菌侵染后,抗病品种的PAL酶活上升快,活性强,且形成两个活性高峰,高活性时间持续长;感病品种PAL酶活上升慢,活性相对较弱,且只形成一个峰,高活性持续时间短。抗病品种POD酶活峰值高,感病品种峰值低;抗病品种高酶活持续的时间长,感病品种高酶活持续的短。POD同工酶谱研究表明,抗、感品种POD同工酶带都有增多。抗病品种增5条,感病品种新增2条。PAL活性变化、POD活性变化及同工酶谱酶活变化与其对茎腐病的抗性有密切的关系,可作为抗病育种的生理生化指标。     

禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对不同小麦品种幼苗MDA含量和SOD、PAL活性的影响

用禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对赤霉病抗性不同的6个小麦品种(系)幼苗进行处理,在1h~10d内测定各品种(系)的MDA含量、SOD及PAL活性增率的变化.结果显示:禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素处理后,抗病和中抗品种(系)幼苗的MDA含量增率低于感病品种(系),且增加速度慢;抗病和中抗品种(系)幼苗的SOD活性在胁迫1h后迅速升高,其活性增率高于感病品种(系);抗、感品种(系)PAL活性均升高,但抗病品种(系)PAL活性增加快,且活性增率高于感病品种(系).研究表明,小麦幼苗的SOD、PAL活性增率与品种抗病性呈正相关,MDA含量增率与品种抗病性呈负相关.     

棉花感染枯萎病后过氧化物酶同工酶的变化

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究了棉花不同品种接种枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)后过氧化物酶同工酶的变化。接种后,感病品种(4个)比抗病品种(8个)的过氧化物酶同工酶的活性强,酶带数增多1—2条。这种变化与植株外部表现的症状相一致,即病情越重,酶带数越多。因此,感病植株的同工酶变化可以看作植株内部的“生化症状”。海岛棉、陆地棉和中棉之间,过氧化物酶同工酶存在着明显的差异。高度感染枯萎病的海岛棉同工酶最多(8条),其次为陆地棉的感病品种(7条),再次为陆地棉的抗病品种(6条),不感染枯萎病的中棉同工酶最少(4条)。由于抗病品种与感病品种过氧化物酶对枯萎菌侵染所作出的反应不同,因此,可以利用接种后感病品种比抗病品种产生新的酶带较多的特点,作为筛选棉花抗枯萎病品种的一种技术。     

抗病小麦对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的脱毒及产物的生物活性

抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦3号、繁9能转化镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)成产物X,而感病小麦品种宁麦6号、徐州21无转化能力。产物X对小麦黄化芽鞘的伸长生长无抑制作用,而对禾谷镰刀菌分生孢子的萌发有明显抑制。说明抗性小麦品种对赤霉病菌毒素的脱毒是小麦重要的抗赤霉病机制。     

抗病小麦对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的脱毒及产物的生物活性

抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦３号、繁９能转化镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）成产物Ｘ,而感病小麦品种宁麦６号、徐州２１无转化能力。产物Ｘ对小麦黄花芽鞘的伸长生长无抑制作用,而对禾谷镰刀菌分生孢子的萌发有明显抑制。说明抗性小麦品种对赤霉病菌毒素的脱毒是小麦重要的抗赤霉病机制。     

几种同工酶与猕猴桃品种对溃疡病抗性关系的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、同工酶分析技术分别研究了猕猴桃植株体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酯酶(EST)同工酶谱带的变化,结果表明:自然感染溃疡病前后,此6种同工酶谱带特征在不同抗感品种中表现出一定的差异.未感染溃疡病菌前,抗(感)品系枝条、叶片POD同工酶均有2条酶带,PPO同工酶有3条酶带,但感病品种酶带颜色深且粗,而抗病品种酶带颜色浅且细,叶片酶带颜色深于枝条;SOD、CAT同工酶谱带均为1条,Rf值分别为0.38、0.28,感性品种较抗耐品种谱带亮度高活性强;自然发病后,抗(感)品系POD、PPO同工酶谱带数都增加,分别为4、3条和5、4条,且抗病品种新酶带出现较感病品种早且酶带粗颜色深活性强,感病品系虽也有新酶带出现,但酶带少活性弱,抗病品系枝条、叶片POD、PPO同工酶新谱带的Rf值分别为0.63、0.67和0.85、0.87;抗感病品种SOD、CAT同工酶都被诱导产生了1条新的同工酶谱带,Rf分别为0.32和0.27,新酶带现色时间迟,且酶带颜色浅活性弱,但抗耐品种较感性品种谱带亮且活性强;EST同工酶于自然发病前后变化不大,与抗病性关系不很明显.     

小麦白粉病菌对小麦幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为探讨小麦白粉病菌对不同抗性小麦品种幼苗光合生理特性的影响,本研究采用白粉病强致病力生理小种E09感染高抗小麦白粉病品种青春38、高感小麦白粉病品种龙麦33幼苗,研究接菌后0 d、1 d、2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d、10 d小麦叶片总叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、叶片可溶性蛋白、叶片细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。研究数据表明,接种小麦白粉病菌后,两小麦品种青春38和龙麦33的体内相对叶绿素含量、光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度的降低,且感病品种龙麦33降低幅度较抗病品种青春38高。接菌后,两个品种的相对SOD、POD及CAT活性均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,相对SOD活性表现为感病品种龙麦33的峰值高于抗病品种青春38的峰值;相对POD活性则是抗病品种青春38的增加幅度极显著高于感病品种龙麦33的增加幅度;相对CAT活性则表现为两品种出现峰值的时间不同,但峰值幅度差异不显著。     

不同品种猕猴桃的蔗糖酶及α-淀粉酶活性与抗溃疡病的关系

抗病品种猕猴桃的枝条和叶片中蔗糖酶活性始终低于感病品种.自然发病后,感、抗病品种枝条与叶片中蔗糖酶活性都呈上升趋势,但感病品种比抗病品种酶活性上升得更快,增幅较大,抗病品种蔗糖酶活性增幅不明显.α-淀粉酶活性的变化规律基本上与蔗糖酶一致.抗感病品种均有3条α-淀粉酶同工酶谱带.自然感病后,抗病品种枝条及叶片的酶带增加不明显,仅多1条极弱的酶带;感病品种没有明显变化.     

不同苹果品种对褐斑病抗性的鉴定及抗性生理研究

对42个苹果栽培品种叶片褐斑病进行了田间发病状况调查与抗性鉴定,分析了叶片气孔密度和大小与抗病性之间的关系,同时研究了不同抗性品种离体叶片接种病原菌后超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、多酚氧化酶（vPo）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性和木质素含量的差异变化。依照抗性分级标准,供试材料中抗病品种有14个（其中高抗品种2个）,感病品种有28个（其中高感品种7个）;叶片气孔密度与病情指数之间存在显著正相关,相关系数r=0．683;叶片接种后,诱导了4种酶活性和木质素含量的升高,抗病和感病品种的SOD和PP0活性无显著差异,而抗病品种的POD和PAL活性以及木质素含量显著高于感病品种。苹果叶片的气孔密度、POD和PAL的活性以及木质素含量与褐斑病抗性有关。     

禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对不同抗性小麦品种成熟胚脱分化与再分化的影响

以5个赤霉病抗性水平不同的小麦品种为材料,研究了禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对小麦成熟胚脱分化与再分化的影响.结果表明,小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导率和分化率在品种间、毒素浓度间、毒素浓度×品种间差异极显著.低浓度（5 g/L）禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素能够促进抗性较强品种的出愈速度,高浓度禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素（10 g/L和15 g/L）对成熟胚愈伤组织的出愈速度起到抑制作用,随着浓度提高,抑制作用增强.成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导率和分化率随着禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素浓度升高而下降,品种的抗性越差下降幅度越大.10 g/L毒素浓度,5个品种成熟胚愈伤组织的SOD活性均比对照（0 g/L）增加;20 g/L毒素浓度,5个品种成熟胚愈伤组织的SOD活性均有所下降,抗性品种苏麦3号和郑9023的SOD活性仍高于对照,其它3个感性品种低于对照,SOD活性与小麦品种的赤霉病抗性水平存在一定关系.研究结果为小麦赤霉病抗性育种提供了一定的技术支撑.     

通过组织培养筛选小麦抗赤霉病突变体的研究

选用中抗赤霉病的春小麦品种和品系的花药进行离体培养,以小麦赤霉病29号菌株产生的致病培养滤液为选择剂,结合物理诱变处理,进行抗病鉴定,用赤霉病菌分生孢子直接接种在愈伤组织和再生植株筛选抗病突变体。在83块愈伤中有53块抗病。在11株的再生植株中有9株均比未经培养滤液处理的对照提高了抗病性,从中选出4株抗病性接近或超过“苏麦3号”品种。     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中，高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种，并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种，其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势，而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种，而后期高于高感品种。由此可见，在蚜虫危害胁迫下，高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关，均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标，而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

Root enzyme activities associated with resistance to Heterodera avenae conferred by gene Cre7 in a wheat/Aegilops triuncialis introgression line

The effect of Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) infection on the expression of putative root defence-related enzymes, peroxidase (PER), esterase (EST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was studied in roots of a wheat/Aegilops triuncialis introgression line TR-3531 carrying the Cre7 resistance gene. We analysed detoxificant isozyme changes within roots of the resistant line and their susceptible parent (H-10-15) as a control, during the early interaction with the pathotype Ha71 of H. avenae. Isoelectrofocusing (IEF) isozyme analysis, four and seven days after infection, revealed that PER, EST and SOD activities increased in the resistant line TR-3531 in comparison with the susceptible control. Moreover, four and seven days after infection, the TR-3531 line showed the expression of new PER isozymes, with pIs of 9.7, 9.0, 8.5, 6.5 and 5.0, and an increased activity of some constitutive isoforms. The intensity of some EST and SOD constitutive bands increased in the resistant line after infection. However, no new isoforms were detected for EST and SOD systems. Nematode-induced enzyme activity was minor (PER) or did not occur (EST and SOD) in the compatible interaction with H-10-15. The enhanced peroxidase and esterase activities may play a role in the lignification of cell walls, which assists in the resistance to penetration by the nematode.     

Wyerone Acid Phytoalexin Synthesis and Peroxidase Activity as Markers for Resistance of Broad Beans to Chocolate Spot Disease

Infection of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves with Botrytis fabae (Sard.) resulted in wyerone acid phytoalexin accumulation and increase in peroxidase activities in resistant and susceptible broad bean cultivars. Rapid wyerone acid accumulation was observed in leaves of resistant cultivars that reached levels greater than twofold of the susceptible cultivars. Following infection of broad bean cultivars, either resistant or susceptible to B. fabae, wyerone acid synthesis in resistant cultivars peaked at 5 days then declined, whereas in susceptible cultivars synthesis gradually decreased. While the ethanol‐extract of wyerone acid significantly reduced B. fabae spore germination with increased concentrations, the phytoalexin had no effect on in vitro B. fabae germ‐tube growth. Peroxidase activity in infected leaves of resistant was 10 times higher than the susceptible cultivars and eight times higher in uninfected leaves of the resistant than the susceptible cultivars. Peroxidase activity in infected leaves was greater than twofold in resistant cultivars and less than twofold in susceptible cultivars, when compared with uninfected leaves. The ratio of peroxidase activity in infected to uninfected leaves increased over time in susceptible cultivars but remained unchanged in resistant cultivars. Peroxidase activity in uninfected and infected leaves and wyerone acid biosynthesis in infected broad bean plants were successfully used to ascertain the resistance and susceptibility of four broad bean cultivars to B. fabae. Using wyerone acid synthesis and peroxidase activity as preliminary markers for resistance of broad bean to chocolate spot disease, caused by B. fabae, is suggested in this study.     

Back-cross reciprocal monosomic analysis of Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

 Fusarium head blight (FHB or scab) caused by Fusarium spp. is a widespread disease of cereals causing yield and quality losses and contaminating cereal products with mycotoxins. The breeding of resistant varieties is the method of choice for controlling the disease. Unfortunately, the genetic basis of scab resistance is still poorly understood. We present the results of a back-cross reciprocal monosomic analysis of FHB resistance using the highly resistant Hungarian winter wheat line ‘U-136.1’ and the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Hobbit-sib’. Resistance testing was performed in a field trial artificially inoculated with a Fusarium culmorum conidial suspension. Five hemizygous families containing ‘U-136.1’ chromosomes 6B, 5A, 6D, 1B, and 4B had a visually reduced spread of infection compared to lines having the ‘Hobbit-sib’ chromosome. Chromosome 2B from ‘U-136.1’ had an increased spread of infection. The critical chromosomes controlling seed weight were 6D, 3B, 5A, and 6B while those controlling deoxynivalenol (DON) content were homoeologous groups 2 and 6, although the latter effects were not significant due to a high coefficient of variation. Results from this and other studies show that chromosomes 6D, 6B, 5A, 4D, and 7A have frequently been associated with scab resistance in a number of wheat cultivars. Research groups now attempting to map scab resistance in wheat using markers should pay special attention to the above-mentioned chromosomes. Received: 31 March 1998 / Accepted: 14 July 1998     

通过“供体-受体”原生质体融合将裸燕麦部分核基因组转移给普通小麦(英文)

本文进行了小麦和裸燕麦悬浮细胞原生质体的电融合,并基于双亲失活(用IOA处理受体小麦原生质体,用γ-射线照射供体裸燕麦细胞系),获得可能的杂种愈伤组织。对7块愈伤组织进行了乙醇脱氢酶(Adh)同工酶筛选,发现5块表现出双亲特征酶带。对3个杂种细胞系进行5种同工酶分析,证实它们均为稳定的不对称体细胞核杂种细胞系;它们表现出小麦的完整谱带和裸燕麦的部分谱带。对2个杂种细胞系及亲本的核糖体DNA Southern分析结果表明只有一个杂种细胞系(HB 95)含有双亲的全部谱带。细胞学观察表明,2个杂种细胞系的染色体数目均显著高于双亲。从杂种细胞系HB 94中分化出叶原基等分化结构。Adh同工酶分析表明,这些分化结构具有和母体细胞系完全相同的杂种谱带。     

粗缩病对不同抗性玉米品种叶片生理特性的影响

以6个对玉米粗缩病（MRDV）表现不同抗性的玉米品种为材料, 研究了粗缩病对玉米叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明, 感病后, 各品种叶片叶绿素含量、SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低, 叶绿素含量和SOD活性下降幅度表现为感病品种〉中抗品种〉抗病品种, 可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度表现为抗病品种〉中抗品种〉感病品种（‘青农105’除外）。对病情指数与各生理指标变化幅度的相关分析发现, 叶绿素含量和SOD活性的下降幅度与病情指数均呈显著正相关, 除‘青农105’外的5个品种可溶性蛋白含量的下降幅度与病情指数呈极显著负相关。这说明, 品种对粗缩病的抗病性与感病后各生理指标的变化幅度有关; 品种抗性越强, 感病后叶绿素含量和SOD活性下降幅度越小, 可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度越大。     

普通小麦抗、感赤霉病品种(系)的RAPD标记分析

采用RAPD技术,用524个随机引物对3个抗病品种和4个感病品种的基因组DNA进行扩增,发现3个引物能在抗、感品种间检测到稳定的多态性。这3个引物及它们产生的多态片段是S347 1220bp、S372 872bp和S375 1360bp,其中S347 1220bp和S372 875bp在感病品种上呈显性扩增,在抗病品种上无扩增,相反S375 1360bp在感病品种上无扩增,在抗病品种上呈显性扩增。初步判断这3个特异带与小麦赤霉病抗性有关。