棉花抗蚜性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的关系

为探讨苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与棉花抗蚜性的关系,在室内人工接蚜危害和田间自然蚜群2种条件下,测定不同抗蚜性棉花品种受棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover危害后叶片的PAL活性。结果表明:未受棉蚜危害时,抗、感品种PAL活性无明显差异;棉蚜危害胁迫棉花PAL活性升高,抗蚜品种受到棉蚜危害诱导所产生的PAL活性远比感蚜品种高。田间有蚜株率与棉花叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的呈显著的负相关关系。研究说明PAL酶活性对棉花的抗蚜性有一定的影响。     

苹果绵蚜对不同苹果品种春梢生长期生理指标的影响

为了筛选培育对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)的抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜的目的,通过测定红富士、金帅、昭锦108、秦冠、红将军等5种不同苹果品种春梢生长期被苹果绵蚜危害前后枝条内可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、总酚含量以及防御性酶的活性变化,探讨苹果生理指标与抗蚜性的关系。结果表明,被害后可溶性糖含量除红将军外均有所上升,其中红富士上升达13.7%;蛋白质含量除红富士外均有所降低;氨基酸含量均有所上升,其中红将军变化明显,变化率达68.8%。酚类物质是一种重要的抗蚜物质,红富士、昭锦108、秦冠被害后总酚含量均升高,其中昭锦108、秦冠中总酚含量上升率约为红富士的2倍。红富士品种正常枝条内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)以及过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均显著低于昭锦108,被害后各苹果枝条SOD活性均出现上升趋势,除红将军的PPO、POD活性降低外,其他品种均升高;金帅、红富士的CAT活性上升明显,分别为110.8%、45.5%。植物的防御性酶与其抗虫性有密切关系,苹果春梢生长期对苹果绵蚜的抗性与苹果体内的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、SOD、PPO、POD以及CAT活性均有关,而且不同苹果品种被害后生理指标的变化也与其抗蚜性有一定关系。     

辣椒抗蚜品种‘猪大肠’的抗蚜性遗传分析

桃蚜是辣椒生产上的主要害虫,发掘抗蚜种质资源,阐明其遗传规律,促进抗性品种培育,是防治蚜虫为害的重要途径。利用抗蚜辣椒品种‘猪大肠’和感蚜辣椒品种‘大羊角椒’为亲本材料构建遗传群体,对杂交后代抗蚜性遗传进行分析。结果表明,正反杂交F1代植株对桃蚜的反应均表现为高抗(HR),F2代的抗蚜与感蚜植株分离符合3∶1的比率。酶学分析表明‘猪大肠’抗蚜亲本、正反杂交F1代及其自交F2代抗蚜植株叶组织内多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在受蚜虫为害后均显著提高,而感蚜亲本及正反杂交F2代植株酶活在受蚜害前后无显著差异。上述结果表明辣椒抗蚜性由显性单基因控制,能够稳定遗传,PPO和POD活性增加幅度与辣椒抗蚜性显著相关。     

不同抗性猕猴桃品种感染溃疡病前后几种保护酶活性变化

研究了不同猕猴桃品种展叶孕蕾期自然感染溃疡病菌前后一年生枝条、叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性的变化情况.结果表明:感染溃疡病菌前后,抗病品种和感病品种枝条及成叶中防御酶系活性变化规律存在一定的差异.品种未受溃疡病菌感染时,一年生枝条、叶片中的POD、PPO、SOD、CAT酶活性抗病品种的酶活性均低于感病品种.品种自然感染溃疡病菌后,一年生枝条、叶片POD、PPO、SOD、CAT、PAL酶活性均升高,且酶活性的增加幅度是抗病品种中酶活提高倍数高于感病品种.而且这种增量在不同保护酶类以及不同组织部位是有差异的.     

不同基因型高粱的理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性研究

通过对抗蚜的河农16和感蚜品系Tx623B、Tx622B、Tx3197B、千三、晋五及杂交种的物理特性、组织结构、生理生化特性的对比分析,研究了不同基因型高粱理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性.结果表明,高粱抗蚜品系叶片表面较感蚜品系的细胞排列整齐、致密、表皮细胞直径较感蚜品系小、叶片薄、叶片表面光滑、叶片颜色浅.感虫后各品系过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均有升高,与蚜虫的诱导存在相关性,但不同品系感蚜前后均不存在趋势性变化;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性感虫前在抗虫的河农16及杂交种中具有高水平表达,并与其他感蚜品系存在显著差异;蚜虫侵害诱导后PAL酶活性均有上升,但抗蚜品系中表现稳定,酶活性变化幅度与叶片损伤程度存在相关性,PAL酶活性与高粱的抗蚜性存在明显的相关性.感虫前后氨基酸含量及其变化与高粱品系抗蚜性间无相关性;在感蚜虫前,抗蚜品系及其杂交种可溶性糖含量显著高于感蚜品系,接虫后感蚜品系可溶性糖含量升高显著.     

不同基因型高梁的理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性研究

通过对抗蚜的河农16和感蚜品系Tx623B、Tx622B、Tx3197B、千三、晋五及杂交种的物理特性、组织结构、生理生化特性的对比分析,研究了不同基因型高粱理化特性与抗蚜性的相关性。结果表明,高粱抗蚜品系叶片表面较感蚜品系的细胞排列整齐、致密、表皮细胞直径较感蚜品系小、叶片薄、叶片表面光滑、叶片颜色浅。感虫后各品系过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均有升高,与蚜虫的诱导存在相关性,但不同品系感蚜前后均不存在趋势性变化;苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）酶活性感虫前在抗虫的河农16及杂交种中具有高水平表达,并与其他感蚜品系存在显著差异;蚜虫侵害诱导后PAL酶活性均有上升,但抗蚜品系中表现稳定,酶活性变化幅度与叶片损伤程度存在相关性,PAL酶活性与高粱的抗蚜性存在明显的相关性。感虫前后氨基酸含量及其变化与高粱品系抗蚜性间无相关性;在感蚜虫前,抗蚜品系及其杂交种可溶性糖含量显著高于感蚜品系,接虫后感蚜品系可溶性糖含量升高显著。     

土壤干旱胁迫和复水后3个杨树品种叶片部分生理指标变化及抗旱性评价

以美洲黑杨品种‘2025’（Populus×deltoides‘2025’）及其2个芽变彩叶品种‘全红杨’（P.×deltoides‘Quanhong’）和‘中红杨’（P.×deltoides‘Zhonghong’）当年生嫁接苗为实验材料,对土壤干旱胁迫0、4、7、14、21和28d以及复水7d后叶片中MDA含量及PPO、SOD、CAT和POD活性的变化以及MDA含量与4种酶活性的相关性进行了分析,并采用隶属函数法和灰色关联分析法对3个品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：随干旱胁迫时间的延长,3个品种的MDA含量总体呈增加趋势,并在处理的中期和后期显著或极显著高于各自的对照;PPO和SOD活性总体上先升高后降低,均在处理的前期和中期高于各自的对照;‘中红杨’和‘2025’的CAT活性先升高后下降,而‘全红杨’的CAT活性持续下降,均在处理14d后极显著或显著低于各自的对照;‘全红杨’和‘2025’的POD活性先降低后升高且均低于各自的对照,而‘中红杨’的POD活性则呈波动趋势但总体上与对照无显著差异。复水7d后,3个品种的MDA含量均有所降低,而PPO和CAT活性均有所提高;‘全红杨’和‘2025’的SOD和POD活性升高,而‘中红杨’的SOD和POD活性则降低。在土壤干旱胁迫条件下,仅‘全红杨’的PPO和CAT活性与MDA含量以及‘中红杨’的CAT活性与MDA含量呈极显著负相关,各品种的其他酶活性与MDA含量均无显著相关性。‘全红杨’、‘中红杨’和‘2025’的平均隶属函数值分别为0.482、0.527和0.533,据此判断3个品种中‘2025’的抗旱性最强、‘全红杨’的抗旱性最弱。3个品种抗旱性与各生理指标的关联度均大于0.64,其中与CAT和PPO活性的关联度分别为0.793和0.761,因而,可将CAT和PPO活性作为评价杨树品种抗旱性的首选指标。     

列当寄生对不同品种向日葵幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用连作重茬含向日葵列当的土壤,进行不同列当抗性向日葵品种苗期盆栽试验,调查播种后第30、50和70天向日葵幼苗根系列当的寄生率、幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量及株高,并测定其叶片丙二醛(MDA)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果表明:不同向日葵品种苗期对列当抗性明显不同,其中油葵品种‘T012244’和‘MGS’对向日葵列当寄生免疫,‘S31’和‘白杂9号’为高抗,而‘星火大白边’和‘白杂6号’为敏感。列当寄生后明显抑制敏感品种向日葵幼苗生长,而对免疫品种和高抗品种的影响较小。列当寄生后的敏感性品种‘星火大白边’幼苗叶片MDA含量迅速上升,PAL活性也大幅度增加,列当对幼苗生长伤害加重;而苗期免疫品种"T012244"和高抗品种"S31"MDA含量下降,PAL活性则变化不大。随接种时间延长,不同抗性向日葵品种苗期SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且免疫品种的保护酶活性变化幅度大于敏感品种,说明列当寄生对敏感向日葵品种造成了逆境胁迫,诱导其幼苗叶片保护酶系统产生防御响应。     

大蒜叶片活性氧及保护酶系对白腐病菌粗毒素胁迫的响应

以大蒜抗病品种‘汉中红皮’和感病品种‘改良蒜’为材料,研究了它们在苗期用白腐病菌毒素处理后的叶片细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及超氧阴离子(O2-.)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的动态变化。结果表明,白腐病菌粗毒素处理后,2个品种大蒜叶片的SOD、POD活性均升高,而CAT活性降低;抗病品种的SOD、POD和CAT活性均高于感病品种,且SOD、POD活性峰值出现早,并以POD对毒素胁迫最敏感。2个品种在白腐病菌粗毒素处理后的O2.-含量始终高于同期对照,而感病品种O2.-含量在毒素处理24h后均高于同期抗病品种。MDA含量变化趋势与O2.-的变化基本相似。研究认为,大蒜叶片的活性氧含量和保护酶活性与其抗病性密切相关。     

禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对不同小麦品种幼苗MDA含量和SOD、PAL活性的影响

用禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素对赤霉病抗性不同的6个小麦品种(系)幼苗进行处理,在1h~10d内测定各品种(系)的MDA含量、SOD及PAL活性增率的变化.结果显示:禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素处理后,抗病和中抗品种(系)幼苗的MDA含量增率低于感病品种(系),且增加速度慢;抗病和中抗品种(系)幼苗的SOD活性在胁迫1h后迅速升高,其活性增率高于感病品种(系);抗、感品种(系)PAL活性均升高,但抗病品种(系)PAL活性增加快,且活性增率高于感病品种(系).研究表明,小麦幼苗的SOD、PAL活性增率与品种抗病性呈正相关,MDA含量增率与品种抗病性呈负相关.     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

马铃薯不同品种感染早疫病菌后防御酶活性变化

通过测定抗性不同的马铃薯品种接种和未接种情况下叶片内防御酶活性,研究马铃薯品种对早疫病的抗性机制。结果表明,在接种处理后,各品种植株体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均提高,抗病品种酶活性增幅高于感病品种,说明上述4种酶与品种抗性有一定的关联。     

Biochemical alterations in leaves of resistant and susceptible cotton genotypes infected systemically by cotton leaf curl Burewala virus

Leaf curl disease caused by Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) has been recognized as serious threat to cotton in Indian subcontinent. However, information about cotton–CLCuBuV interaction is still limited. In this study, the level of phenolic compounds, total soluble proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), proteases, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were studied in leaves of two susceptible (CIM-496 & NIAB-111) and two resistant (Ravi and Co Tiep Khac) cotton genotypes. Disease symptoms were mild in the resistant genotypes but were severe in highly susceptible genotypes. The results showed that phenolic compounds, proteins, PAL, POX, CAT, proteases, SOD, PPO, and MDA play an active role in disease resistance against CLCuBuV. The amount of total phenols, proteases, MDA, and PPO was significantly higher in leaves of CLCuBuV-inoculated plants of both resistant genotypes as in non-inoculated plants, and decreased in CLCuBuV-inoculated plants of both susceptible genotypes over their healthy plants. POX, protein content, SOD, and PAL activities showed lower values in resistant genotypes, while they decreased significantly in susceptible genotypes as compared to the noninoculated plants except PAL, which showed non-significant decrease. CAT was found to be increased in both susceptible and resistant genotypes with maximum percent increase in resistant genotype Ravi, as compared to non-inoculated plants. The results showed significantly higher concentrations of total phenols and higher activity of protease, MDA, SOD, and PPO in resistant genotype Ravi after infection with CLCuBuV, suggesting that there is a correlation between constitutive induced levels of these enzymes and plant resistance that could be considered as biochemical markers for studying plant-virus compatible and incompatible interactions.     

绿盲蝽取食与机械损伤对棉花叶片内防御性酶活性的影响

为探明绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Mayer-Dür)取食和机械损伤对不同抗性棉花叶片内主要防御酶活性的影响以及防御酶与棉花抗绿盲蝽性的关系,以棉花3个不同抗性品系为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽取食和机械损伤处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性.结果表明:对...     

水稻对稻负泥虫取食的生理响应

以水稻负泥虫-水稻互作为研究对象,分析了水稻负泥虫Oulema oryzae Kuwayama取食过程中抗、感2个品种水稻植株内保护性酶POD、SOD、CAT和MDA活性的变化动态.结果表明:在水稻负泥虫取食为害的过程中,SOD活性持续增强,POD、CAT和MDA活性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而且抗、感水稻植株中4种酶...     

腐烂病菌侵染对苹果愈伤组织防御酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

以苹果树腐烂病菌LXS080601、感病苹果品种‘富士’和抗病砧木‘平邑甜茶’愈伤组织为材料,测定腐烂病菌侵染后,愈伤组织内过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的动态变化。结果显示,接种LXS080601后,‘富士’愈伤组织的发病严重度和病情指数均明显大于‘平邑甜茶’;感病品种MDA含量上升速度快,于接种后3 d增幅为28.02%,且变幅较大,为–0.32%~36.39%,而抗病砧木MDA含量变化较小,仅为–2.17%~7.46%。同时,腐烂病菌侵染提高了愈伤组织内4种防御酶活性,接种后1~2 d,PPO和POD酶活性达到高峰,接种后3~4 d,PAL和SOD酶到达活性高峰;除PPO外,‘平邑甜茶’PAL、SOD和POD酶活性变化均明显高于‘富士’,且整个侵染过程酶活性维持在较高水平,而‘富士’体内3种酶活性快速下降至对照水平,表明‘平邑甜茶’通过提高抗氧化酶活性减少体内活性氧的积累,降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA的形成,增强了对腐烂病菌侵染的抗性。     

腐皮镰刀菌对不同品种核桃抗性生理指标的影响

为分析腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)引起的核桃根腐病对寄主抗性生理指标的影响,该研究以铁核桃、绵阳早熟、新疆2号3个核桃品种为材料,研究各品种受腐皮镰刀菌侵染后,不同时期的发病情况以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化。结果表明：接种病原菌50 d 后,铁核桃100％发病,属高感品种,绵阳早熟和新疆2号发病率分别为23.33％和16.67％,属抗病品种;在50 d 监测范围内,各品种对照组各项叶部生理指标仅出现上下波动且差异不显著;然而,各品种核桃接入腐皮镰刀菌后,可溶性糖含量随时间迅速下降,MDA 含量和 POD 活性总体表现为先上升趋势,SOD、PPO 活性总体则表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势,并且5个指标品种间差异显著,而 CAT 活性变化无规律。相关性分析表明,可溶性糖、MDA 含量、SOD、POD、PPO 活性可以作为核桃品种抗性评价指标。该研究结果为深入研究由腐皮镰刀菌引起的核桃根腐病发病机制以及通过诱导等措施提高其抗性的研究提供了理论基础。     

苹果树腐烂病菌不同致病力菌株对苹果的诱导效应

以‘富士’苹果叶片为材料, 采用刺伤接种法, 比较了苹果树腐烂病菌强致病菌LXS080601和弱致病菌LXS081501侵染对寄主体内丙二醛（MDA）含量、渗透调节物质及防御酶活性的影响。结果表明, 两菌株侵染后, 叶片MDA、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均增加, 接种LXS080601叶片MDA含量快速上升, 最大增幅为141.15%, 而接种LXS081501叶片的MDA含量变化较小, 增幅仅为1.16%-16.24%, 但后者可溶性糖和蛋白质含量增幅分别高达158.12%和113.57%, 显著高于接种LXS080601的处理。同时, 两菌株均能诱导叶片内4种防御酶活性的升高, 但LXS081501诱导的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均显著高于LXS080601, 说明不同致病力腐烂病菌对寄主防御酶活性的影响存在显著差异。     

黄萎病菌粗毒素接种对感病和抗病茄子品种的一些酶类活性和光合特性的影响

以黄萎病菌粗毒素接种不同茄子品种的结果表明:接种后抗病品种比感病品种的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性高,而多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性则相对稳定;前者叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和细胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的变化幅度比后者小,但72 h后二者的叶片Pn、Gs、Tr都明显呈下降趋势.