应激对水生动物生长、行为和生理活动的影响

简要介绍了应激对水生动物生长,行为和生理活动影响的研究进展,阐明了应激对动物的生长,行为,体液免疫,细胞免疫以及内分泌功能都有明显地抑制作用,提供水生动物对多种应激源反应的信息,有助于全面了解这方面的研究动态。     

超声波遥测在水生动物生态学研究中的应用

超声波遥测应用于水生动物是基于海洋生物学家对自然环境中海洋动物的行为和生理研究的迫切需求而诞生的。目前已发展成为包括鱼类、甲壳类、豚类以及海龟等水生动物生态学研究的主要手段之一。本文回顾了超声波遥测应用于水生动物近50年来的发展历程,介绍了该技术的系统组成和使用方法,阐述了该技术的应用范围,分析了其应用于水生动物遥测所面临的问题,提出了相应建议和应用前景。     

镉和酸化对水生动物的毒害及生理生态的影响

研究表明酸化和镉单独处理会对水生动物的生长发育产生影响。由于人类活动,一些沿海和河口中的镉含量不断升高,严重影响了水生动物的代谢。目前,关于镉对水生动物的影响已有报道,与此同时,水体酸化与水体重金属含量增加可能同步发生。为了更加全面地预测水生动物对水体重金属变化的生理生化应答,越来越多的学者开始致力于研究酸化和重金属的复合胁迫对水生动物的交互影响。为此,本文从镉对水生动物的影响以及酸化与镉对水生动物的协同效应等几个方面综述了酸化和镉胁迫对水生动物毒害、生理生态影响的研究进展,以期为今后的水体酸化研究提供参考。     

光照对水生动物行为的影响

水生动物的行为受外界环境因素的影响很大,光作为自然界中重要的生态因子,对动物行为的影响极为明显。对于光照的变化,动物能调节自身作出适当的行为反应。本文主要对国外这方面的研究报道作了总结。１光照对水生动物趋光行为的影响动物的趋光性与其视力有关,因而在不...     

脂肪酸对离体培养中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺PUFAs合成相关基因表达的影响

长期以来海水水生动物和淡水水生动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成能力一直是众多研究的重点。相比于淡水水生动物,海水水生动物更容易从食物中获得多不饱和脂肪酸,因此其合成多不饱和脂肪酸的能力低于淡水水生动物。中华绒螯蟹作为一种洄游型甲壳动物,其脂肪酸合成能力的研究显得更加重要。本研究通过中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺离体培养技术,利用不同的脂肪酸培养中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺组织,旨在探讨不同脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺多不饱和脂肪酸合成相关基因表达的影响,为研究饲料中添加不同脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹多不饱和脂肪酸合成的影响提供了一定的理论参考依据。本研究表明:油酸会显著增加中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺ELOVL6、fad6、和fad9基因的表达量;不同脂肪酸对fad6和fad9基因表达量的影响相似,且相比于EPA和DHA,亚麻酸和油酸会显著增加fad6和fad9基因的表达。通过本研究,我们得出EPA和DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸会抑制多不饱和脂肪酸合成的过程。进一步证实了海水水生动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成能力和海水中高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸之间的关系。     

国内鱼类病毒病研究进展

病毒性疾病是危害水生动物最严重的一类疾病,是水产养殖业发展的重大障碍。近年来,中国水生动物病毒病的研究取得了一定成就,但是还有许多方面的研究有待加强,有很多未知领域需要进行探索与研究。本文综述了近年来国内鱼类病毒病的研究进展,主要介绍了草鱼出血病、传染性胰脏坏死病、淋巴囊肿病、传染性脾肾坏死病、鳗鲡病毒病、真鲷病毒病等不同鱼类病毒病的临床症状、流行病学、检测手段、致病机理、防治措施以及引起该病的病原体的形态结构、理化性质等,旨在为鱼类病毒病的防治提供参考。     

水体污染与水生动物

水体污染必然影响水生生态系统的结构和功能,揭示水体污染与水生动物的相互关系具有十分重要的意义。本文从3个方面论述了国内研究的新进展,介绍和讨论和有关利用水生动物进行生物监测、生态评价、生态毒理学的进展和废水处理及污水净化时对水生动物的作用等问题。     

水生动物脂肪酸延长酶基因研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)对人类具有重要的生理作用,但由于人类缺乏从头合成这些脂肪酸的能力,而必须从食物中获得,鱼类等水生动物中二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(22:6n-3,DHA)等多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,从而使得鱼类等水生动物成为人们获得PUFAs的主要途径。鱼类等水生动物体内PUFAs的合成是在一系列去饱和酶和延长酶的作用下实现的,其中长链脂肪酸延长酶是合成PUFAs必不可少的一类关键酶。本研究总结了水生动物长链多不饱和脂肪酸合成的过程,综述了水生动物中脂肪酸延长酶基因的研究进展和未来的发展方向。     

不同浓度下四种除草剂对福寿螺和坑螺的生态毒理效应

以化学除草剂应用为前提的水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术是近年来推广的节本栽培新技术。为更好地评价除草剂的环境风险,为防治除草剂的负效应提供科学依据,采用室内静水模拟实验研究了4种免耕稻田除草剂丁草胺、苄嘧磺隆、丁苄混剂和氯酸钾的3种浓度梯度下对典型水生动物福寿螺、坑螺的影响。结果表明,各除草剂对水生动物的代谢都有不同程度的影响, 氯酸钾和苄嘧磺隆对2种水生动物的呼吸作用影响不大,而丁草胺和丁苄混剂对3种水生动物的呼吸作用的影响有显著的抑制作用,且呈现一定的剂量效应;在本实验染毒剂量下, 丁草胺和丁苄混剂对2种水生动物的存活率影响很大,而氯酸钾和苄嘧磺隆对其存活率影响较小。丁草胺和丁苄混剂处理对福寿螺的氮代谢影响远远大于氯酸钾和苄嘧磺隆处理,而从水体总氮和总磷含量的影响来看,4种除草剂对其影响都较大。总之,从4种除草剂对实验用螺存活率和主要代谢生理指标的综合影响大小来看,丁草胺>丁苄混剂>苄嘧磺隆>氯酸钾。     

水生动物种群遗传多样性分析的分子生物学技术

针对常用于水生动物种群遗传多样性分析的RFLP、AFLP、RAPD、SSR和ISSR等技术方法．进行了较为系统全面的比较、归纳、分析,并根据这些DNA指纹技术在各种水生动物研究中的应用实例,探讨和阐述了其优缺点,为水生生物遗传多样性研究找出最适合的试验方法。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.