Parvalbumin阳性神经元在阿尔茨海默症和精神分裂症认知障碍中的作用机制

阿尔茨海默症（Alzheimer’s disease, AD）和精神分裂症是两种发病过程截然不同的疾病，但临床上都表现出认知障碍.小清蛋白阳性神经元（parvalbumin positive interneurons, PV阳性神经元）是抑制性中间神经元，调控神经传递的兴奋/抑制平衡，参与Gamma神经振荡的形成，对信息处理、信号整合及输出极为重要，与学习记忆、注意、觉醒状态、社会交往等认知功能密切相关.PV阳性神经元对认知功能的调控，提示其在AD和精神分裂症发病中的共同参与作用.因此，本文对PV阳性神经元在AD和精神分裂症认知功能缺陷中的作用及其机制，以及以PV阳性神经元为靶点治疗认知障碍的研究进展进行综述.     

秀丽隐杆线虫模型在阿尔茨海默病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,该疾病的病理特征为老年斑（SPs）和神经原纤维缠结（NFTs）的存在。目前,阿尔茨海默病患病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,寻找完全治愈或延缓阿尔茨海默症发展的有效疗法和药物迫在眉睫。秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）的基因和神经元功能与人类具有高度同源性,可作为研究阿尔茨海默病发病机制研究的较好模型。本文综述AD的发病机制假说、秀丽隐杆线虫AD模型以及线虫模型在AD治疗中的应用进展,旨在为后续研究AD提供理论参考。     

细胞自噬在阿尔茨海默症中作用的研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,学习和认知障碍是其主要特征。细胞自噬存在于真核细胞中,异常蛋白质及受损细胞器通过自噬降解。近年来自噬在AD中作用和治疗等方面有了一系列新进展。本文对自噬及其相关的基因、分子、信号通路、功能以及在AD早期阶段变化等方面进行论述,并对自噬在AD发病机制和临床治疗方面进行综述。     

环路失稳-老年痴呆症癫痫样症状发生机制研究进展

β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β,Aβ)聚集是阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的典型病理特征之一。虽然病理水平的Aβ对兴奋性突触功能起抑制作用,但Aβ对抑制性中间神经元的抑制作用使局部神经网络发生兴奋与抑制的不平衡,从而产生自发性癫痫样活动。AD早期对兴奋性神经元的去抑制作用很可能是针对Aβ引起的兴奋性突触功能降低的一个代偿机制。试从环路失衡的角度对AD及其癫痫症状的发病机制进行综述,并讨论通过调节神经网络的兴奋性治疗AD的新思路。     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的作用及其分子机制

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种多因素导致的神经退行性疾病。随着社会的老龄化,阿尔茨海默病的发病率呈逐渐上升的趋势,给患者以及社会带来极大的生理痛苦和经济负担。星形胶质细胞在中枢神经系统中数量最多、分布最广,对神经元有营养支持作用,并且还能够调控神经元的活性。在AD的病理情况下,星形胶质细胞能参与Aβ代谢影响老年斑的形成,分泌多种炎症因子和趋化因子参与AD的病理进程,并且还能通过影响突触谷氨酸循环来调节神经元的活性。近年来,星形胶质细胞在AD的病理生理机制中的作用受到越来越多的关注。现就星形胶质细胞在AD发病机制中的作用进行综述。     

小胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病

国内外对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）神经元病理和神经胶质细胞病理机制进行了大量探索,小胶质细胞（microglia,MG）是中枢神经系统的免疫细胞,在致炎因素作用下它被激活成反应性MG,反应性MG既具有保护神经元的作用,也能分泌细胞毒因子、补体蛋白而损害神经元。尽管目前AD发病机理还不清楚,但大多数学者认为β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积激活MG引起的炎症反应是AD的核心病理机制。     

阿尔茨海默症突触功能障碍研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,以胞外β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β,Aβ)沉积和胞内神经纤维缠结为病理特征。AD典型症状的出现与中枢神经系统突触数量的减少和突触功能的改变密切相关,两者主要与Aβ的神经毒性和微管结合蛋白Tau的异常修饰有关,且Aβ和Tau蛋白存在协同作用。综述了近年有关Aβ和Tau蛋白在阿尔茨海默症突触功能障碍中作用的研究进展,并总结两者的协同作用,以期为阿尔茨海默症中突触的缺失和功能障碍开发新的治疗药物。     

阿尔茨海默症诊断和监测的唾液生物标记物

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是全世界老年人群中最常见的神经退行性疾病,也是导致中枢神经系统不可逆和渐进性恶化的疾病.AD病发后尚无治愈手段,而AD的病理表现早于临床发病十多年,在显著的脑损伤出现前疾病修正疗法可能迟滞疾病的进程,因此迫切需要发掘适用的AD生物标记物从而利于早期诊断、预防及...     

SUMO在阿尔茨海默症及其运动干预调节中的作用

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's diseases, AD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,俗称老年性痴呆。脑内Aβ过度聚集、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化和神经元凋亡是AD的主要病理特征。小泛素样修饰蛋白(small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO)通过与底物蛋白结合参与蛋白质翻译后修饰,已被发现可通过以下方式参与AD的病理过程,主要有:(1) SUMO修饰BACE1,促进Aβ产生;(2) SUMO修饰Tau蛋白,促进其磷酸化并抑制其被泛素蛋白酶系统降解;(3) AD脑内SUMO化异常导致神经元过度凋亡。运动已被证实可改善AD病理特征,调节体内SUMO化水平,这提示运动缓解AD可能存在SUMO化机制。现通过综述SUMO与AD,以及运动对SUMO的影响,阐述SUMO介导的运动抗AD的可能机制。     

炎症在阿尔茨海默病中作用机制的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,特征是认知功能下降,主要影响个体的记忆和学习能力。AD发病机制至今尚不明确,主要有β淀粉样蛋白沉积和神经原纤维缠结两大核心病理,这些蛋白质沉积可以通过持续的炎症和氧化应激致神经元功能障碍和细胞死亡,大脑中这种持续的免疫反应已经被认为是其第三大病理特点。胶质细胞的活化、其他免疫细胞的持续激活、炎症因子的产生、部分微RNA表达的上调或下调以及肠道菌群的失调,都可以通过不同的途径产生或促进神经炎症反应,造成神经元损伤,加重AD病理。本文就炎症相关的细胞、因子及影响因素在AD中的作用及相关机制进行综述。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细