中国南方主要害虫和杂草传统生物防治的前景(英文)

中国很重视害虫生物防治,但与欧美国家相比,对更经济有效的传统生物防治重视较少。对那些源于外国、特别是最近从国外侵入的害虫来说,传统生物防治更是一本万利。本文列举了174种中国南方的有害节肢动物及它们在外国的分布和可能的发源地。还举出了分布于中国南方的6种害虫及5种杂草在外国传统生防成功的情况。     

Avoiding conflicts between insect and weed biological control: selection of non-target species to assess host specificity of cabbage seedpod weevil parasitoids

Abstract:  Classical biological control of insect pests and weeds may lead to potential conflicts, where insect pests are closely related to weed biological control agents. Such a conflict may occur in the classical biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) in North America, which belongs to the same subfamily, Ceutorhynchinae, as a number of agents introduced or proposed for introduction against non-indigenous invasive weed species. We propose a step-by-step procedure to select non-target species and thereby to develop a non-target species test list for screening candidate entomophagous biological control agents of a herbivore pest insect in a way that would simultaneously evaluate non-target potential on weed biological control agents and other non-target species. Using these recommendations, we developed a non-target test list for host specificity evaluations in the area of origin (Europe) and the area of introduction (North America) for cabbage seedpod weevil parasitoids. Scientifically based predictions on expected host–parasitoid interactions and ecological information about the ecological host range in the area of origin can help avoid conflicts, while still allowing the introduction of safe and effective agents against both insect pests and weeds.     

Rearing beneficial insects for biological control purposes in resource poor areas of africa

Biological control of insect pest and weeds using beneficial insects in resource poor areas is not very well supported. Poor funding has affected in particular the importation of classical biological control agents, quarantine, rearing, research facilities, and the research programmes. Donor agencies, commercial and semi-commercial enterprises in a number of African countries have, however, been able to contribute to biological control efforts using beneficial insects by providing some of the resources needed. This has led to biological control becoming a real possibility to control insect pests and weeds in several resource poor countries. Examples are provided of the “spin-offs” of such programmes for resource poor areas in South Africa, Zambia, Kenya, Malawi, Benin and Nigeria. Conventional insect rearing, insect conservation and habitat management as an aid to biological control programmes are discussed.     

中国南方害虫生物防治50周年回顾

综述了中国南方50年来害虫生物防治的研究与应用概况,特别是大卵（蓖麻蚕卵）繁殖赤眼蜂防治甘蔗螟虫的成功先例,为后来国内应用柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂提供了宝贵经验。应用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽,解决了荔枝生产的主要害虫问题;引进澳洲瓢虫、孟氏隐唇瓢虫、松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂均是我国生物防治成功的例证;以生物防治为主的水稻害虫综合防治研究坚持了20多年,从生产实践和理论方面均取得显著的成绩;在昆虫病原微生物的研究与应用方面,利用苏云金杆菌以色列变种防治蚊虫、松毛虫质多角体病毒的发现和应用、斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的分离以及中试和工厂化生产、昆虫病原线虫的大量繁殖与应用,取得了一批有应用价值的成果;在分子生物学研究方面,利用基因重组扩大了病原微生物的毒力与杀虫谱。总结和继承我国乃至世界上最早的以虫治虫（黄蚁防治柑桔害虫）的经验,对促进我国生物防治事业的发展具有重要意义。     

Exotic wildland weeds serve as reservoirs for a newly introduced cole crop pest,Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The role of wildland weeds that serve as alternate hosts for insect pests has not been directly examined for the potential to sustain pest populations or facilitate pest outbreaks. The development of weed biological control programmes is also complicated by weed species that are closely related to economically important or native plants, especially rare or special status species. In recent surveys in southern California, USA, we found a newly introduced insect pest of cole crops, Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Bagrada bug), feeding on Brassicaceae weeds in riparian areas adjacent to agricultural fields where cole crops are routinely grown. Insect populations grew to levels well over action thresholds and caused severe damage to populations of the invasive weed, Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed). The numerical response of B. hilaris on L. latifolium and other Brassicaceae weeds in natural areas may pose a significant challenge to effectively managing pest populations in crops. However, the accidental introduction of this insect provides the opportunity to examine plant–insect interactions with important implications for development of biologically based control methods for weeds.     

Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China has the second largest area of the rice growing in the world and the highest yield of rice produced. Infestation by insect pests, especially rice planthoppers, stem borers and leaf folders, is always a serious challenge to rice production in China. Current methods for controlling insect pests in China mainly include good farming practices, biological control, breeding and growing resistant varieties, and the use of chemical insecticides. However, for farmers, the favorite method for insect pest control is still the application of chemical insecticide, which not only causes severe environmental pollution and the resurgence of herbivores but also reduces populations of the natural enemies of herbivores. To control insect pests safely, effectively and sustainably, strategies encouraging biological control are currently demanded. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development and implementation of biological controls for rice in China since the 1970s. Such progress includes the species identification of the natural enemies of rice insect pests, the characterization of their biology, and the integration of biological controls in integrated pest management. To develop effective ecological engineering programs whose aim is to implement conservation biological controls, further research, including the evaluation of the roles of plants in non-crop habitats in conservation biological controls, volatiles in enhancing efficiency of natural enemies and natural enemies in manipulating insect pests, and education to increase farmers’ knowledge of biological controls, is proposed.     

The status of biological control and recommendations for improving uptake for the future

Classical and augmentative biological control of insect pests and weeds has enjoyed a long history of successes. However, biocontrol practices have not been as universally accepted or optimally utilised as they could be. An International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC) initiative brought together practitioners and researchers from widely diverse fields to identify the main limitations to biocontrol uptake and to recommend means of mitigation. Limitations to uptake included: risk averse and unwieldy regulatory processes; increasingly bureaucratic barriers to access to biocontrol agents; insufficient engagement and communication with the public, stakeholders, growers and politicians of the considerable economic benefits of biocontrol; and fragmentation of biocontrol sub-disciplines. In this contribution we summarise a range of recommendations for the future that emphasise the need for improved communication of economic, environmental and social successes and benefits of biological control for insect pests, weeds and plant diseases, targeting political, regulatory, grower/land manager and other stakeholder interests. Political initiatives in some countries which augur well for biocontrol in the future are discussed.     

稻鸭共作技术的生物防治效应

稻鸭共作是一项种养复合的、环境友好型的农业综合生产技术,起源于我国传统的稻田养鸭。鸭子与水稻共育于稻田中,二者存在共生互利关系,鸭子对稻田有害生物具有一定控制作用。文章综述了国内近年来利用稻鸭共作技术防治稻田病虫草害以及对稻田天敌的影响研究进展。从已有的研究中可以看出,稻鸭共作对草害和主要虫害有较好的控制效果,可在全生育期取代相应化学药剂的使用,对某些水稻病害具有一定的防治效果,对天敌种群也会产生一定的影响。但在鸭子对病虫草害防治的确切效应及其内在过程与机理方面,尚有待开展深入探究。     

论我国昆虫多样性的保护与利用

本文论述了保护昆虫多样性的意义、我国昆虫多样性的基本特点及面临的问题、昆虫多样性的保护战略和利用对策。文中强调指出,昆虫是生物界的一个主要类群,在我国,需要防治的害虫大约只占全部昆虫种类数的1%,其余种类对人类都是有益或者是中性的,它们不仅可以作为显花植物的传粉者、为人类提供食物和各种工业原料,而且可以作为许多害虫或杂草的天敌,以及用于环境净化和科学研究。我国由于地域辽阔,生境复杂,因此,昆虫种类极为丰富,珍稀物种及有益昆虫较多。然而,由于受到人类活动的干扰,我国昆虫多样性面临着生境遭到破坏,物种濒于灭绝,天敌大量减少等问题。为了有效地保护和利用我国的昆虫资源,作者提出了一些战略和对策。     

Biological control of arthropod pests in citrus orchards in China

China has a very long history of biological control in citrus. Hundreds years ago, predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) were used to manage pests by Chinese citrus growers. Considerable effort has been placed on the use of biological control in citrus plant landscapes during last three decades. Many scientific studies have now been published, and some additional implementations have already working. In this paper, we review the research, development and application of biological control of citrus insect pests in China. In addition, the importance of biological control for the future control of citrus insect pests is also discussed.     

The current status of biological control of weeds in southern China and future options

China has become one of the countries most seriously affected by invasive alien weeds in the world. Weeds impact agriculture, the environment and human health, and conventional control methods such as herbicides are expensive, damaging to human health and unsustainable. As the impacts and costs of weed control in China increase, there is an urgent need to manage some of the more important weeds through more sustainable methods. Classical biological control of invasive alien weeds is environmentally-friendly and sustainable. Biological control in China began in the 1930s with the introduction of two agents into Hong Kong for the control of Lantana camara. Since then, a further seven biological control agents have been introduced into China to control four weed species. In addition, 11 biological control agents targeting seven weed species have naturally spread into China. Together, these biological control agents are helping to control some of China's worst weeds. However, these efforts are only a small portion of the weeds that could be targeted for weed biological control. This paper reviews the current status of weed biological control efforts against introduced weeds in ten provinces and regions in southern China and provides a platform to identify the most effective and appropriate weed biological control opportunities and programmes to pursue in the future. Introducing additional safe and effective biological control agents into China to help manage some of the worst weeds in the region should reduce the use of herbicides and impacts on human health and the environment, while increasing productivity and food security.     

Biological control and sustainable food production

The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost-benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1:250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1:2-1:5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a 'systems approach' to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.     

Analysis of importations for biological control of insect pests and weeds in New Zealand

Importations of biological control agents for insect pests and weeds in New Zealand are summarized and factors contributing to the relative success of the programmes are examined. The establishment rate of 30.9% is similar to that achieved worldwide, but is significantly lower than the rate achieved in the island habitat of Hawaii. The pioneering role of New Zealand in biological control is shown by the high proportion of programmes first attempted in this country. Although this novelty has not reduced the establishment rate, introductions against endemic species have not succeeded. Size of release was not a dominant feature in the establishment of agents. Complete or substantial success is recorded for 17 of the 70 target pests, with a relatively high success rate in forestry programmes. Examples of the influence of climate matching and competitive exclusion are also discussed. Changing practices and attitudes to the introduction of biological control agents are documented to show the increasing emphasis on specialists. No adverse effects of introductions are reported. The challenge to practitioners and regulators is to develop systems to evaluate conflicts of interest and develop workable mechanisms to determine which biological control agents are suitable for release.     

Integrated rice insect pest control in the Guangdong Province of China

There are about 13 species of rice insect pests which are common and of major significance in Guangdong Province, China. Rice pest management in China is based on cultural practices, biological control, insecticides, light traps, varietal resistance and other control methods. Natural control by preservation of natural enemies of pests plays a very positive role in the integrated control of rice pests. The major measures and techniques of these control methods are mentioned in this paper. A list of main insect pests of rice, their natural enemies and some examples of the results of rice pest integrated control in Guangdong Province, China, are also given.     

Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China

Apple is one of the most important fruits in China, and both yield and quality are greatly affected by insect pests. According to surveys, there are more than 200 species of natural enemies in apple orchards. Few, however, have been closely studied. Major natural enemies including parasitoids, predators and pathogens are briefly described in this review, especially focusing on two parasitoids of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura and Aphelinus mali Haldeman, predatory mites and a pathogenic fungus of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as case studies. Augmentation, one important strategy of biological control, supplements the natural control provided by the existing natural enemy community in apple orchards, and greatly increases their efficiency in controlling pests. Conservation biological control is also widely applied in four major apple-producing areas. Based on habitat manipulation, the ground cover planting system helps regulate the microclimate and enhance the biodiversity of apple orchards, effectively conserving the richness and diversity of beneficial insect species. Certain achievements have been made in the main biological control strategies including successful introduction of some exotic natural enemies such as A. mali and Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, augmentative production and application of biological control agents such as T. dendrolimi, B. bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis, and further research in conservation of establishing adaptive ground cover planting patterns to local environment. Challenges, however, still exist. Biological control of insect pests in apple orchards is an important part of integrated pest management programs, requiring more research and application in China.     

Population genetics of goldspotted oak borer,Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): investigating the origin of an invasive pest of native oaks in California

The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer, is an invasive woodborer in California USA that is native to oak woodlands across southern Arizona USA. Developing a classical biological control program for this pest in southern California is a high priority due to the continuing ecological and economic damage caused by this insect since its recent introduction into the area. In an attempt to determine the area of origin for this invasive beetle, analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and ribosomal nuclear D2 domain of the 28S gene regions were undertaken and provided insight into the phylogeographic relationship between and within populations of A. auroguttatus in Arizona and California. The area of origin for the invasive population of goldspotted oak borer in California was not determined conclusively, although our molecular data suggests the Dragoon Mountains in Cochise Co., Arizona as a possible source for the California population of A. auroguttatus. Results also confirmed that individuals collected from populations across southern Arizona and California are all A. auroguttatus, and are not part of a cryptic species complex comprised of the morphologically similar A. coxalis. Future surveys for natural enemies of A. auroguttatus will focus on the Dragoon Mountains as a potential source for co-evolved enemies for use in a classical biological control program against this invasive woodborer in southern California.     

利用传统生物防治控制外来杂草的入侵

随着国际贸易的日益频繁,外来有害植物入侵,严重威胁我国的自然环境和生物多样性。利用从原产地引入食性较专一的天敌来控制外来杂草是杂草生物防治的主要方式之一,有保护环境一劳永逸的效果。简要介绍了国际生物防治概况,统计表明全世界至少有133种目标杂草进行生物防治,主要分布在菊科、仙人掌科和含羞草科,63科369种无脊椎动物和真菌作为杂草生物防治的天敌,利用最多的天敌是鞘翅目象甲科和叶甲科昆虫,其中大多数项目是治理外来杂草的。杂草生物防治最活跃的国家依次为美国、澳大利亚、南非、加拿大和新西兰。重点论述了利用传统生物防治方法防治外来杂草的经典项目、国内外研究概况,以及目前面临的问题和应用前景。我国杂草生物防治起步晚,传统杂草生防的目标杂草有4种,紫茎泽兰、空心莲子草、豚草和水葫芦,其中,空心莲子草的生物防治获得成功。共引进天敌14种,输出天敌23种,与世界上生物防治先进的国家比尚有距离。中国应充分借鉴国际成功经验,对外来杂草开展生物防治。中国的生物多样性在世界上占有十分独特的地位,将在生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。     

杂草生防作用物对本土生物群落的影响

传统生物防治是治理外来入侵杂草危害切实可行的有效策略和途径,近来对传统生物防治的批评主要集注于,引进的生防作用物攻击威胁本土非靶标生物。引进的生防作用物可能对本土非靶标生物产生直接和间接影响,这类影响通过不同营养级生物之间的取食关系,以及通过同一营养级内生物间的竞争关系,而影响本土非靶标生物群落。列举若干杂草生物防治案例对以上影响方式及其发生途径进行了评述。就防范杂草生防作用物对非靶标生物的负面影响,提出了以下对策:(i)把引进天敌防治外来入侵生物作为最后的有效手段;(ii)适当增加对非靶标生物潜在影响的生态学评估;(iii)选择寄主专一性强而且能有效控制靶标杂草的天敌;(iv)加强对杂草传统生物防治的生态学研究。     

江苏棉区种植转基因抗虫棉GK22对棉田害虫、杂草种群的影响

2001年在江苏选择南京、盐城两地,试验观察转Bt基因抗虫棉GK22的种植,对棉田害虫及杂草种群变动的影响,结果是：咀嚼式口器害虫的棉铃虫（Helicover pa armigera),红铃虫（Pectinophora goosypiella),玉米螟（Ostrinia nubilalis),金刚钻（Earias cupreoviridis),棉不造桥虫（Anomis flava),棉大卷叶虫（Adoxophyes orana)等虫口数量,蕾铃被害均表现出较好的控制效果,处理区咀嚼式口器害虫的幼虫总 量,比对照区分别减少92．51％,78．4％,其中：棉铃虫幼虫数量分别减少88．3％,72．9％,蕾铃被害虫减少87．5％,90．7％,74．11％,55．85％,红铃虫虫花减少74．4％,51．64％,铃内活虫减少90％,100％,玉米螟虫口减少72．7％,100％,金钢钻,造桥虫,卷叶虫虫口减少93％以上,对刺吸式口器盲蝽象（Adelphocoris suturalis),棉蚜（Aphis gossyppii),棉红叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabariuns)等害虫,试验区和对照区种群消长动态趋势基本一致,差异不显,两试对杂草种类及数量调查,抗虫棉区和对照区差异亦不明显。     

我国花椒害虫研究进展

危害我国花椒的害虫种类达190余种,隶属于16目82科。文章对我国广泛分布及危害严重的花椒害虫的危害特点、发生规律及防治技术进行综述,将我国花椒害虫分布及危害区分为北部、东部、西南部、华南部4个区域。北部地区的主要害虫包括5目24科30余种,危害严重的害虫为花椒窄吉丁甲、花椒桔啮跳甲、台湾狭天牛等;东部地区的主要害虫包括4目11科20余种,危害严重的害虫为台湾狭天牛、二斑黑绒天牛、吹棉蚧等;西南地区的主要害虫包括5目19科20余种,危害严重的害虫为棉蚜、桑拟轮蚧、花椒伪安瘿蚊等;华南地区的主要害虫包括3目16科20余种,危害严重的害虫为棉蚜、花椒桔啮跳甲、星天牛等。