高通量测序检测金针菇RNAi转化子插入位点及拷贝数

本研究对金针菇Flammulina velutipes的一个RNAi转化子菌株1382R3进行了高通量测序,以本实验室先前获得的野生型W23基因组数据为参考,分析了该转化子的基因插入位点以及拷贝数。转化子菌株1382R3是通过农杆菌介导将fv-hmg1-RNAi载体转化至金针菇菌株并通过PCR检测筛选标记而得到。通过BLAST将转化子测序的reads对外源载体和基因组定位,找到具有基因组序列（GS）和外源载体序列（ES）两种序列的临界reads,并据此使用PERL语言程序成功在转化子1382R3菌株中找到两个插入位点。对两个插入位置的序列分析表明：在插入位点1,T-DNA片段部分插入;在插入位点2,T-DNA全部插入到基因组。两个插入位点都对基因组内源基因的表达造成了一定的干扰。此方法拓宽了高通量测序技术的应用范围,将其运用到遗传转化插入位置和拷贝数的研究中,有利于食用菌的功能基因组及基因工程研究。     

利用重测序技术获取转基因植物T-DNA插入位点

T-DNA插入位点的获得对于植物功能基因组学研究及转基因植物的筛选鉴定非常重要,但是目前常用的方法如反向PCR、半随机引物PCR等,除了操作复杂、消耗时间长外,特异性较差,效率也很低。本研究利用全基因组重测序技术,将3份转基因材料基因组DNA打包后进行重测序,利用转基因载体序列作为参考序列进行比对分析,得到4个T-DNA插入位点。对3份转基因材料进行PCR和Southern blot验证分析,成功获得了3份转基因材料全部T-DNA插入位点,其中1份材料为2拷贝插入。本文利用重测序技术建立了一种简单、可靠、高效的获取转基因植物T-DNA插入位点的方法,以期为植物功能基因组学及转基因研究奠定基础。     

TAIL-PCR法快速分离红曲霉色素突变株T-DNA插入位点侧翼序列

采用热不对称交错PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,TAIL-PCR)法分离红曲霉色素突变株T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,扩增到了长度介于500bp～1300bp之间的7个DNA片段,对这些DNA片段测序,并采用生物信息学方法对测序结果进行了分析,表明其中有1个片段与烟曲霉Af293发育调控子flbA的相似性较高。TAIL-PCR法成功应用于分离红曲霉突变株T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,为大规模获取插入位点侧翼序列建立了可行的方法,也为进一步研究红曲霉功能基因奠定了基础。     

一株阴环炭团菌(香灰菌)转化子形态变异的成因

遗传转化方法是基因功能研究的重要方法之一,但在转化过程常出现转化子变异的现象,影响目标基因功能的判断。本文以阴环炭团菌菌落形态特征异常的拟基因TJAS01-V10012900敲除菌株12900-5为研究对象,通过PCR手段验证基因敲除的真实性,基因组重测序分析各转化子在基因敲除区域以及基因组其他区域的差异,转录组测序比较12900-5与其他转化子在基因表达层面的差异。比较基因组发现,12900-5与12900-6菌株在潮霉素抗性基因插入位置与片段一致,且不存在多拷贝现象。12900-5菌株有两个特异SNP位于不同的基因,一个与细胞周期S期有关,另一个与囊泡转运有关,两者均与菌丝生长有关。由此推测,转化子12900-5形态特征异常很有可能与这两个非靶标位点突变有关。转录组分析结果发现12900-5菌株在氨基酸代谢通路、翻译过程等多个代谢与信号途径基因的表达量明显下降。本研究例证了转化过程存在的非靶标变异现象,但导致这种变异的原因仍需进一步研究。     

菰黑粉菌T-DNA突变体库的构建及分析

通过建立适用于菰黑粉菌Ustilago esculenta的农杆菌介导遗传转化(Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation,ATMT)体系,构建菰黑粉菌T-DNA插入突变体库。针对性地筛选双核菌丝形成缺陷型转化子,并对T-DNA插入位点进行分析,为研究菰黑粉菌二态型转换的分子调控机理打下基础。以构建的菰黑粉菌自融合菌株TSP为出发菌株,以含有遗传霉素(G418)抗性基因(neo)的质粒为载体,通过ATMT构建菰黑粉菌T-DNA突变体库,并对诱导剂乙酰丁香酮(AS)浓度、转化的共培养时间、农杆菌浓度和菰黑粉菌芽孢子浓度等建库影响因素进行单因素条件试验,筛选最优条件;对继代培养的转化子基因组中的遗传霉素抗性基因进行PCR检测,验证转化子遗传稳定性;对突变体库中的转化子双核菌丝生长情况进行观察,测定其双核菌丝形成能力;对上述双核菌丝形成缺陷型转化子进行基因组重测序,分析其T-DNA插入位点。当遗传霉素浓度为75μg/mL时,菰黑粉菌的生长被完全抑制。当AS浓度为100μg/mL、共培养时间为24 h、孢子浓度为1×10⁵     

农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉分生孢子及产孢缺陷突变子T-DNA插入位点分析

【目的】利用农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)T-DNA系统,建立转化黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)分生孢子的方法,构建T-DNA插入突变子文库,为黑曲霉基因组功能注释研究打下基础。【方法】采用携带二元质粒载体pCAMBIA1301的农杆菌EHA105,诱导转化黑曲霉分生孢子,筛选具有潮霉素抗性的突变子。分析抗性稳定突变子菌株的表型,采用反向PCR方法分析T-DNA插入位点相邻位置的序列,并推测突变基因可能具有的功能。【结果】实验获得具有稳定潮霉素抗性转化子193株,转化率为5.6×102转化子/108分生孢子。部分转化子表型出现较为明显改变,其中一株不能产孢,对其T-DNA插入位点序列分析比对结果显示,突变基因属于超级转运家族(major facilitator superfamily,MFS)。【结论】本研究建立的农杆菌转化黑曲霉分生孢子平台,结合T-DNA插入突变位点分析,可以为黑曲霉基因组功能注释研究提供一种简便有效的途径。     

蜂毒溶血肽(melittin)cDNA在大肠杆菌高表达质粒中的克隆(英文)

本项研究从新羽化的蜜蜂蜂王毒腺中提取了总mRNA,用逆转录的方法,合成了cDNA,并将其克隆到了噬菌体质粒λgtll的EcoRI位点,建立了melittin的cDNA文库。用PCR扩增技术从cDNA文库中产生了长度为87bp的melittin基因,并将其插入到高表达载体pBV220的EcoRI和pstI位点构成重组质粒PBM95,并转化到大肠杆菌JM101的感受态细胞中。经过在含氨苄青霉素的LB平板上对转化子进行筛选和对来自转化子中的重组质粒PBM95的酶切分析及melittin基因的测序,证明melit－tincDNA克隆成功。     

兽疫链球菌中与透明质酸合成相关新基因的高通量筛选及克隆

【目的】兽疫链球菌(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus)中透明质酸主要的生物合成途径和相关基因已经被研究得比较透彻,探究一种挖掘与透明质酸合成相关新基因的策略。【方法】利用自杀质粒pSET4s::sacB在宿主基因组中的随机整合作用,筛选具有表型差异突变菌株构建突变体库,进一步利用连接介导PCR (Ligation mediated PCR,LM-PCR)方法和全基因组重测序,检测质粒整合位点,通过基因无痕敲除和回补实验验证插入位点。【结果】构建了包含150株具有表型差异突变株的突变体库;以荚膜合成能力缺失的1号突变株(M1)作为基础研究对象,检测到自杀质粒整合到基因组458 960位点上,破坏了编码塔格糖-6-磷酸激酶的lacC基因;无痕敲除lacC基因得到ΔlacC,表型分析发现ΔlacC表现为粘性荚膜特性;进一步全基因组重测序发现,除了lacC基因位点存在插入突变,206 613位点存在碱基G缺失,导致编码透明质酸合成酶的hasA基因发生移码突变,且回补hasA基因后,M1恢复粘性荚膜合成能力。【结论】M1突变株粘性荚膜合成能力的缺失由hasA基因功能缺失引起,与lacC基因功能缺失无关。初步建立了兽疫链球菌中高通量筛选与透明质酸合成相关新基因的策略,为今后挖掘新基因奠定了基础。     

细菌染色体第1类整合子捕获耐药性基因盒反应模型的构建

【背景】整合子在细菌耐药性的获得及传播中占据重要地位,对于整合反应检测方法的改良及反应机制的研究,可以加深我们对细菌耐药性产生和播散的理解,为遏制耐药菌株的产生和播散提供新的途径。【目的】在细菌染色体上构建第1类整合子反应模型,用于评价整合酶介导的基因盒位点特异性重组。【方法】 PCR分别扩增含氯霉素耐药基因cat的CM片段、含基因盒aadA5的LacA5片段、含整合子重组位点attI1及强可变区启动子的PcS片段和插入位点两侧的同源臂,重叠延伸聚合酶链反应连接上述5个片段制备整合子模型插入片段,通过同源重组将构建好的整合子模型片段插入大肠埃希菌JM109染色体中。转入高表达第1类整合酶的质粒pHSint,在链霉素平板上筛选发生整合的菌株,并经聚合酶链反应和测序验证。【结果】构建的整合子模型片段经测序与预期一致,整合子模型片段成功插入大肠埃希菌JM109染色体中。转入高表达整合酶的质粒pHSint后,在链霉素平板上成功筛选出基因盒aadA5发生整合的菌株,经聚合酶链反应扩增并测序与预期一致。【结论】在大肠埃希菌染色体上成功构建第1类整合酶介导基因盒位点特异性重组反应模型,为进一步揭示整合子捕获耐药性基因盒的反应机制奠定基础。     

一个小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因的分离

以新疆小麦日喀则基因组DNA为模板,采用Glu-D3位点特异引物进行PCR扩增。PCR产物插入pUCm-T载体,转化感受态大肠杆菌E．coli DH5a,获得阳性克隆。经测序发现该插入片段长度1287bp,包括了部分启动子序列和完整的编码序列。编码序列推导的蛋白质含有8个半胱氨酸残基,属于6类LMW-GS中的TypeI类,为以后这类基因的功能研究提供了基因材料。     

Transposon mutagenesis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by conjugation with enterococcus faecalis and determination of insertion site by direct genomic sequencing

Few genetic systems for studying mycoplasmas exist, but transposon Tn916 has been shown to transpose into the genomes of some species and can be used as an insertional mutagen. In the current study, the ability of Enterococcus faecalis to serve as a donor for the conjugative transfer of transposon Tn916 into the genome of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain PG31 was examined. Transconjugants were obtained at a frequency of > or =6 x 10(-8) per recipient CFU. To determine the transposon insertion site, an oligonucleotide primer corresponding to the 3' end of Tn916 was designed for the purpose of directly sequencing genomic DNA without PCR amplification. Using the direct sequencing approach, Tn916 was shown to insert into any of numerous sites in the M. gallisepticum genome. This is the first report of conjugal transposition of Tn916 into the M. gallisepticum genome. The ability to determine transposon insertion sites in mycoplasmas by genomic sequencing has not been previously described and allows rapid sequence analysis of transposon-generated mutants.     

Identifying and genotyping transgene integration loci

The random germline integration of genetically engineered transgenes has been a powerful technique to study the role of particular genes in variety of biological processes. Although the identification of the transgene insertion site is often not essential for functional analysis of the transgene, identifying the site can have practical benefit. Enabling one to distinguish between animals that are homozygous or hemizygous for the transgene locus could facilitate breeding strategies to produce animals with a large number of genetic markers. Furthermore, founder lines generated with the same transgene construct may exhibit different phenotypes and levels of transgene expression depending on the site of integration. The goal of this report was to develop a rapid protocol for the identification and verification of transgene insertion sites. To identify host genomic sequences at the coagulation Factor X transgene integration site, DNA from a tail snip of the transgenic mouse was digested with NcoI and circularized using T4 DNA ligase. Using appropriately positioned PCR primers annealing to a transgene fragment distal to a terminal transgene restriction site (NcoI), one could amplify a fragment containing the transgene terminal region and extending into the flanking genomic sequence at the insertion site. DNA sequence determination of the amplicon permitted identification of the insertion site using a BLASTN search. FISH analysis of a metaphase spread of primary fibroblasts derived from the transgenic mouse was consistent with the identification of insertion site near the end of mouse chromosome 14. Identification of transgene insertion sites will facilitate genotyping strategies useful for the construction of mice with multiple engineered genetic markers and to distinguish among different founder lines generated by the same transgene. Furthermore, identification of the insertion site is necessary to analyze unexpected phenotypes that might be caused by insertional inactivation of an endogenous gene.     

A high throughput method for genome-wide analysis of retroviral integration

Retroviral and lentiviral vectors integrate their DNA into the host cell genome leading to stable transgene expression. Integration preferentially occurs in the proximity of active genes, and may in some case disturb their activity, with adverse toxic consequences. To efficiently analyze high numbers of lentiviral insertion sites in the DNA of transduced cells, we developed an improved high-throughput method called vector integration tag analysis (VITA). VITA is based on the identification of Genomic Tags associated to the insertion sites, which are used as signatures of the integration events. We use the capacity of MmeI to cleave DNA at a defined distance of its recognition site, in order to generate 21 bp long tags from libraries of junction fragments between vector and cellular DNA. The length of the tags is sufficient in most cases, to identify without ambiguity an unique position in the human genome. Concatenation, cloning and sequencing of the tags allow to obtain information about 20–25 insertion sites in a single sequencing reaction. As a validation of this method, we have characterized 1349 different lentiviral vector insertion sites in transduced HeLa cells, from only 487 sequencing reactions, with a background of <2% false positive tags.     

Split-marker 重组技术构建泛素C 末端水解酶基因缺失菌株

目的:对烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)泛素末端水解酶(creB)基因进行敲除。方法:通过氨基酸序列分析软件初步分析烟曲霉CreB蛋白结构.利用split-marker重组技术构建重组片段,并通过PEG-原生质体方法对烟曲霉野生菌株进行转化,采用PCR方法对转化子进行筛选,最后选取初步筛选的转化子进行测序鉴定。结果:结构分析显示烟曲霉CreB蛋白具有泛素特异蛋白酶(ubiquitin-processing protease)UBP亚家族六个结构域。本实验构建了转化片段并转化,在抗性平板中获得了25个Hyg抗性转化子,进一步采用PCR方法筛选到20个转化子,最终通过测序分析获得一株creB基因缺失菌株。结论:Split-marker重组技术是对烟曲霉creB基因进行敲除的快速有效的方法。获得的creB缺失菌株可用于基因功能研究。     

Sequencing methods and datasets to improve functional interpretation of sleeping beauty mutagenesis screens

Background

Animal models of cancer are useful to generate complementary datasets for comparison to human tumor data. Insertional mutagenesis screens, such as those utilizing the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system, provide a model that recapitulates the spontaneous development and progression of human disease. This approach has been widely used to model a variety of cancers in mice. Comprehensive mutation profiles are generated for individual tumors through amplification of transposon insertion sites followed by high-throughput sequencing. Subsequent statistical analyses identify common insertion sites (CISs), which are predicted to be functionally involved in tumorigenesis. Current methods utilized for SB insertion site analysis have some significant limitations. For one, they do not account for transposon footprints – a class of mutation generated following transposon remobilization. Existing methods also discard quantitative sequence data due to uncertainty regarding the extent to which it accurately reflects mutation abundance within a heterogeneous tumor. Additionally, computational analyses generally assume that all potential insertion sites have an equal probability of being detected under non-selective conditions, an assumption without sufficient relevant data. The goal of our study was to address these potential confounding factors in order to enhance functional interpretation of insertion site data from tumors.

Results

We describe here a novel method to detect footprints generated by transposon remobilization, which revealed minimal evidence of positive selection in tumors. We also present extensive characterization data demonstrating an ability to reproducibly assign semi-quantitative information to individual insertion sites within a tumor sample. Finally, we identify apparent biases for detection of inserted transposons in several genomic regions that may lead to the identification of false positive CISs.

Conclusion

The information we provide can be used to refine analyses of data from insertional mutagenesis screens, improving functional interpretation of results and facilitating the identification of genes important in cancer development and progression.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1150) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

应用于染色体步移的PCR扩增技术的研究进展

各种建立在PCR基础上染色体步移的方法能够根据已知的基因序列得到侧翼的基因序列。染色体步移技术主要应用于克隆启动子、步查获得新物种中基因的非保守区域、鉴定T-DNA或转座子的插入位点、染色体测序工作中的空隙填补,从而获得完整的基因组序列等方面。其方法主要有3种：反向PCR的方法,连接法介导的PCR的方法以及特异引物PCR的方法。文章就各种方法进行举例说明并加以分析比较。     

农杆菌介导的出芽短梗霉遗传转化及高效筛选聚苹果酸高产菌株

建立根癌农杆菌介导的出芽短梗霉遗传转化方法及T-DNA突变库,高效筛选聚苹果酸高产菌株及功能基因。通过含潮霉素和草铵磷抗性基因的农杆菌转化出芽短梗霉,抗性压力筛选及PCR验证建立根癌农杆菌介导的出芽短梗霉遗传转化方法,结合发酵液p H与聚苹果酸含量响应变化,微孔板高效筛选高产聚苹果酸的T-DNA插入突变株,基因组步移确定T-DNA插入位点及功能基因。结果获得遗传稳定的抗性基因菌株,每107个细胞可获得80-120个转化子,出芽短梗霉H27号T-DNA突变株聚苹果酸摇瓶发酵产量提高24.5%,基因组步移证实糖酵解途径磷酸甘油酸变位酶基因被破坏。成功建立了根癌农杆菌介导的出芽短梗霉遗传转化方法和T-DNA插入突变库,结合高效筛选方法为聚苹果酸合成功能基因挖掘及高产机制解析奠定基础。     

Development of melting temperature-based SYBR Green I polymerase chain reaction methods for multiplex genetically modified organism detection

Commercialization of several genetically modified crops has been approved worldwide to date. Uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to identify these different insertion events have been developed, but their use in the analysis of all commercially available genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is becoming progressively insufficient. These methods require a large number of assays to detect all possible GMOs present in the sample and thereby the development of multiplex PCR systems using combined probes and primers targeted to sequences specific to various GMOs is needed for detection of this increasing number of GMOs. Here we report on the development of a multiplex real-time PCR suitable for multiple GMO identification, based on the intercalating dye SYBR Green I and the analysis of the melting curves of the amplified products. Using this method, different amplification products specific for Maximizer 176, Bt11, MON810, and GA21 maize and for GTS 40-3-2 soybean were obtained and identified by their specific Tm. We have combined amplification of these products in a number of multiplex reactions and show the suitability of the methods for identification of GMOs with a sensitivity of 0.1% in duplex reactions. The described methods offer an economic and simple alternative to real-time PCR systems based on sequence-specific probes (i.e., TaqMan chemistry). These methods can be used as selection tests and further optimized for uniplex GMO quantification.     

Site-specific mutagenesis method which completely excludes wild-type DNA from the transformants.

A highly efficient site-specific mutagenesis method has been devised to exclude wild-type DNA from incorporation into the transformed cells. Two complementary oligonucleotides, corresponding to a target sequence of a DNA molecule and containing an insertion mutation which created an endonuclease restriction site, were synthesized. By using the wild-type DNA molecule flanked by two restriction sites on each side of the target region as a template, the two oligonucleotide primers were extended, enriched, and isolated. The extended products, in turn, were used as templates in a polymerase chain reaction to obtain a mutagenized double-stranded DNA fragment which was conveniently cloned into plasmids by using the flanking restriction sites. Escherichia coli cells transformed by these plasmids were subject to large-scale analysis. One hundred percent of the transformants examined by colony hybridization, restriction enzyme analysis, and DNA sequencing were found to contain the mutant DNA sequence.