注射用灯盏花素滴注过程中产生混浊的原因分析

目的探讨注射用灯盏花索在滴注过程中产生混浊沉淀现象的原因。为临床提供合理配伍使用依据。方法取不同批次与厂家的注射用灯盏花素,在不同输液品种、不同pH值输液及不同注射用灯盏花素浓度等条件下,观察产生的混浊现象。结果注射用灯盏花素在溶液pH值〈3．6,发生混浊的现象加快;pH值在3．6以上．发生混浊现象延迟;pH值在4．0以上,观察360min未发生混浊现象。结论引起混浊现象的主要原因是溶液的pH值．葡萄糖注射液的pH值规定范围为3．2～5．5,一般pH值在4．0以下,可在滴注过程中产生混浊现象,因此,葡萄糖注射液不宜用作灯盏花素溶解稀释溶煤,而氯化钠注射液适用于灯盏花素溶解稀释溶媒。     

叶猴(Presbytis)、金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)、长臂猿(Hylobates)自由取食时的利手现象

本文报道叶猴、金丝猴、长臂猿自由取食时的利手现象。本研究共用金丝猴12只(雄性8只,雌性4只),叶猴25只(雄性16只、雌性9只),长臂猿5只(雄性3只,雌性2只)。对每个动物而言,总观察次数不少于30次,其结果显示:在雄性金丝猴中,62.5％的动物显示右利,25％显示主利,12.5％无利手现象。在雄性叶猴中,62.5％的动物显示右利,18.7％显示左利,18.7％无利手现象。在3只雄性长臂猿中,2只显示右利,一只无利手现象。 统计结果表明:雄性金丝猴有明显的右利手现象(P<0.05),雄性叶猴右利手现象接近显著(P=0.06),长臂猿因观察数量太少,未进行统计。 在上述三种动物中,雌性个体无利手现象。 木工作结果提示:(1)雄性金丝猴,叶猴在自由取食时具有右利手现象,长臂猿也可能有右利手现象,(2)大脑两半球的不对称性与性别有关。     

二阶运动条件下闪现滞后现象的研究

闪现滞后现象(flash—lag effect)是指运动物体旁闪现的物体在知觉中物体落后于运动物体的现象。对这个现象,有一种解释认为视网膜上对运动刺激的外推机制对闪现滞后现象有相当的贡献．用视网膜外推机制不再有效的二阶运动刺激取代前人实验中的一阶运动刺激来研究闪现滞后现象,发现在视网膜推断机制失效的情况下,闪现滞后现象并没有减小,而是和一阶运动刺激条件下的量相当。结果表明,视网膜上的加工机制并不是闪现滞后现象的主要原因,并提示闪现滞后现象的机制可能位于一、二阶运动加工通道的汇合阶段以上。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组定点编辑中脱靶现象的研究进展

近年来, CRISPR定点编辑技术发展迅猛, 在动物、植物和微生物中均得到广泛应用。其中, 备受关注的脱靶现象也是研究的热点, 迄今已取得了重要进展。该文介绍了脱靶现象的产生原理及体内和体外检测脱靶现象的方法, 评价了通过改进sgRNA设计和优化CRISPR系统等来降低脱靶率的方法。在植物基因组定点编辑过程中, 应适时检测脱靶现象, 提高脱靶检测的精确度和准确度。     

“叶绿体中色素的提取和分离”实验中的几种特殊现象及其原因探究

针对“叶绿体中色素的提取和分离”实验中出现的一些特殊现象．如在点样处仍留有一条绿色的条带;在点样处留有其他颜色（非绿色）的色素带;4条色素条带不整齐等现象,设计了相关实验进行分析验证,以探究出现这些现象的原因。     

动物雌雄特征差异化的基因开关

雌雄二形现象在动物王国中非常普遍,并且在动物行为和进化过程中发挥着重要作用。来自美国的William等科学家发现了控制果蝇雌雄二形现象的一个基因开关。     

小麦的拟胎生现象

本文报道了小麦的"拟胎生"现象,描述了小麦"拟胎生"现象的三种形态和它的气生根。推测,小麦的"拟胎生"现象可能是植物从无性生殖方式到有性生殖方式进化的过度体阶段,在特定环境条件下的再现。这个发现丰富了植物发育现象的多样性。     

植物生理学中荧光现象概念之我见

光合色素受激发光照射产生荧光（fluorescence）是叶绿体色素的光学特性之一。许多教材中都将荧光现象的概念表述为＂叶绿素溶液在透射光下呈绿色,（而）在反射光下呈红色,这种现象称为荧光现象＂（潘瑞炽2008;李合生2006;王宝山2004;张继澍1999）。我们认为,这一表述容易令人产生歧义,学生也容易产生误解。     

大足鼠耳蝠交流声波非线性现象

非线性发声现象在动物的发声中普遍存在,因其具有进化上的意义而广受关注。非线性现象一般在动物激进状态下发出,可能具有一定的功能,然而国内外对蝙蝠非线性现象的研究集中于描述性的报道,缺乏进化功能上的探究。大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis pilosus)激进叫声包含2种音节类型,拱形调频音节(AFM)和噪音-短下调调频音节(NB-s DFM),能够组成3种叫声组合,只包含AFM的叫声组合(A)、只包含NB-s DFM的叫声组合(B)、既包含AFM又包含NB-s DFM的叫声组合(C),分别对应着没有非线性现象、具有非线性现象及一种过渡类型。通过回放3种叫声组合,记录7种具有代表性的行为反应(抬头、前臂移动、耳动、发出回声定位脉冲、震颤、张嘴、爬行)次数,其中,前臂移动和发出回声定位脉冲两种行为反应的结果显示,大足鼠耳蝠对上述3种叫声组合的反应程度有显著差异,即具有非线性现象的叫声组合(B)能够提高同种蝙蝠的反应程度。实验结果表明,蝙蝠发声中的非线性现象能够增强叫声的不可预测性,说明非线性现象在蝙蝠发声中可能具有功能上的适应性。     

鱼糜凝胶劣化现象相关蛋白水解酶

鱼糜凝胶劣化现象发生在鱼糜凝胶化过程中,导致鱼糜制品凝胶弹性下降,品质降低。研究表明,引起鱼糜凝胶劣化现象的原因是鱼糜内含的蛋白水解酶的作用。与该现象相关的蛋白水解酶类有肌浆型和肌原纤维结合型之分。大部分肌浆型蛋白水解酶为水溶性的,可以在鱼糜制备过程中漂洗去除。肌原纤维结合型蛋白酶不能通过漂洗有效去除,是引发鱼糜凝胶劣化现象的重要相关酶类。已证实的凝胶劣化相关肌原纤维结合型酶类包括丝氨酸型蛋白酶和溶酶体型组织蛋白酶。     

Study of Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Rate and Quantum Efficiency of Grapevine Leaves and Their Utilization in Canopy Management

Photosynthetic rate and quatum efficiency of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc) leaves were measured under the field with ample soil water supply, and in phytotron with ample supply of water and mineral nutrients, constant air humidity and CO2 concentration, and optimum air temperature, respectively. Under field conditions CO2 assimilation quantum efficiency of leaves reached its maximum in the morning, which was followed by continuous decrease and midday depression. The leaves intercepting more light energy in the morning showed a higher quantum efficiency. Those leaves subjected continuously to strong irradiance exhibited a more obvious and longer midday depression. Reduction of leaf light interception around midday could reduce midday depression. Shaded leaves had a higher quantum efficiency than leaves under direct sunlight. The diurnal changes in photosynthetic rate and quantum efficiency of leaves were shown to be closely related to the variations in mesophyll resistance to CO2. In phytotron experiments the photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves was reduced after a certain period of illumination not only at 1200 μmol · m-2 · s-1 PFD, higher than the saturating light of vine leaves (≈1000 μmol · m-2 · s-1), which was caused by "photoinhibition”, but also at 800 and 200μmol · m-2 · s-1, which was similar to "photoinhibition”. But photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves exposed continuously to a very weak PFD (100 μmol · m -2 · s-1) remained contant. The diurnal changes in mesophyll resistance to CO2 of vine leaves could be partly related to photoinhibition. It is considered that, under field conditions without soil water limitation, midday depression of vine leaf photosynthesis could be a result of an increase of the mesophyll resistance induced by multiple effects of strong light, high temperature and low humidity. A higher light interception by canopy plane in the morning may be advantageous to exploit higher photosynthetic potentiality of leaves, but a lower light interception in the middle of day may reduce midday depression. The north-south orientation plane can provide optimum light regime and improve photosynthetic environment in vineyards.     

小麦和大豆叶片的气孔不均匀关闭现象

用14CO2放射自显影的方法研究了田间小麦和大豆叶片在水分胁迫下的气孔关闭状况。正常浇水的小麦和大豆叶片呈现出对14CO2的均匀吸收。在小麦与大豆"片水势分别降至-1．75和-1．32MPa的土壤干旱条件下,两种作物叶片都发生气孔不均匀关闭。离休叶片在空气中快速脱水易引起气孔不均匀关闭。正常供水小麦叶片在晴天中午明显的光合午休时,无CO2的不均匀吸收。某些晴天中午,在大豆光合午休低谷时段观察到较明显的气孔不均匀关闭,用气体交换资料计算出的细胞间隙CO2浓度并不随气孔年度的降低而下降,反而略有回升。     

田间小麦叶片光合效率日变化与光合“午睡”的关系

小麦灌浆初期叶片(旗叶)晴天中午光合速率下降(“午睡”)伴随了气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度下降,而气孔限制值中午升高,进一步证实气孑L中午关闭是光合“午睡”的一个重要原因。叶片光合效率的中午下降并非都伴随着光合“午睡”现象。当两者同时发生时,胞间CO_2浓度降低,而光合速率与气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度之间的相关性高于光合速率与光合效率之间的相关性。这些事实表明。即使光合效率中午下降是光合“午睡”的部分原因,但较之气孔中午关闭只是一个次要原因。     

田间大豆光合午休原因的综合研究

本研究利用主成分分析构造同归模型,利用典型相关分析等方法,对自变量的重要程度进行排序,确定了光合午休的主要原因是气孔因素限制所致.光抑光合也是一个值得注意的因素,但不是主要因素.空气相对湿度、叶片与大气间水汽压差是诱发气孔限制的重要因素.当空气相对湿度较为适中时,叶温的影响较小,在空气相对湿度变坏的情况下,叶温才对光合午休有重要影响.     

Midday depression of photosynthesis and effects of mist spray in citrus

Diurnal variations of gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and some related biochemical characteristics in sun-acclimated mature citrus leaves of mist-sprayed (treatment) and unsprayed (control) trees were compared on sunny days during summer to identify the environmental and physiological factors limiting carbon gain in citrus tree canopies. At midday, net photosynthesis and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II ( F _v/ F _m) in citrus leaves decreased significantly under control conditions, but the decrease was mitigated by mist spraying. Although the content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and activities of antioxidant enzymes increased at midday in both mist-sprayed and control leaves, they were much higher in control leaves than in mist-sprayed leaves. The level of D1 protein decreased significantly in control leaves at midday and then was partly recovered later, while that in treated leaves changed to a much lesser extent because of alleviation of photoinhibition by mist spraying. Both the fast and the slow phases of millisecond-delayed light emissions in treated citrus leaves were higher than those in control leaves, indicating that mist spraying protects the normal operation of the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves. Mist spraying also reduced leaf temperatures and the ratio of air to leaf vapour pressure deficit (ALVPD), leading to increases in stomatal conductance ( g _s) and alleviation of photoinhibition at midday. It is concluded that the decline of leaf g _s under high-ALVPD conditions in summer is an important factor contributing to midday depression of photosynthesis in citrus, and mist spraying is effective in alleviating midday depression of photosynthesis in citrus leaves.     

青海高原小麦叶片净光合速率日变化的中午降低现象对环境中生态因素的响应

以土培盆栽和大田栽培小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）为研究材料,探讨了青海高原小麦在正常生长的自然条件下,出现的土壤水分含量（ＳＷＣ）的变化所引起的植物叶片相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）和叶水势（ｗｌ）的变化以及自然强光（ＰＦＤ;Ｑ）导致的高温（Ｔａ）所产生较低的空气相对温度（ＲＨ）对小麦叶片净光合速率（Ｐｎ）日变化的中午降低现象的影响。结果表明,在大田小麦正常生长的自然条件下,当ＳＷＣ等于或低干３０％时,小麦叶片的ＲＷＣ和ｗｌ下降,气孔导度（Ｇｓ）变小,气孔阻力增大,ＣＯ＿２的供给受到了限制,从而也引起了小麦叶肉细胞进行光合作用的能力下降,Ｐｎ日变化就出现了明显的中午降低现象。当ＳＷＣ在８０％左右时,小麦叶片的ＲＷＣ和ｗｌ升高,Ｇｓ增大,气孔阻力变小,ＣＯ＿２供应充分,小麦叶肉细胞进行光合作用的能力增强,Ｐｎ日变化就没有出现中午降低现象（图１）,而青海高原偶然出现的自然强光（ＰＦＤ）导致较高的Ｔａ所产生较低的ＲＨ％和较低的ＳＷＣ一样也是晴天中午,小麦叶片Ｐｎ日变化产生中午降低现象的直接原因。所以说,晴天中午,青海高原大田ＳＷＣ的高低和ＲＨ％的大小是引起小麦叶片Ｐｎ日变化出现中午降低现象轻重与否的主要生态因素     

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves

A field study on the photosynthetic characteristics in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. was conducted using a LI-6200 Portable Photosynthesis Analysis System as a measuring device and the modified half-leaf method. It was revealed that the light-saturating photosynthetic rate measured in leaves was in a range of 6~10 μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1, and the lowest apparent quantum requirement was about 17. The CO2 compensation concentration of photosynthesis was a little more than 100μmol · mol-1 indicating that E. ulmoides was a C3 type plant. Besides stomatal limitation, photoinhibition of photosynthesis was a possible cause of the midday depression in photosynthetic rate. Only about 14 percent of the photosynthetic product was transported from the leaves during photosynthesis.     

土壤水分充足条件下羊草和大针茅光合速率午间降低的原因

本文研究了典型草原地带两个主要建群种,羊草和大针茅在没有土壤水分胁迫情况下的光合作用日进程,并分析了光合午间降低的原因。光合作用日进程为午前高峰型;午间,光合速率有所下降。光合午间降低的主要原因是大气湿度减小,引起叶片含水量和气孔传导率下降所致。午间温度和光强升高,导致光呼吸速率增大是次要原因。CO2浓度降低和光合产物积累对光合午间降低也起一定作用。而生物节律与光合午间降低没有关系。     

毛白杜鹃‘紫萼’(Rhododendron mucronatum var.plenum)的光合“午休”与园林造景的研究

本试验探明:杜鹃在春末晴天就产生光合“午休”现象。设置了3个处理分别测定净光合速率日进程,基本上肯定了强光抑制(>1100μE/m.s)是导致杜鹃“午休”的主要原因,通过以杜鹃为下层的园林人工群落中光与开花指数的关系研究证明了杜鹃光生态特性。最后,以此为依据提出了杜鹃在园林中配植的理想位置。     

The Relation between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Resistance of Each Leaf Surface in Cotton Leaves

The relation between photosynthesis and stomatal resistance of each leaf surface in cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum) was studied during ageing and with increase in light intensity. During ageing of leaves the stomatal resistance of the upper surface increases before that of the lower surface. This observation would suggest that the stomata of the upper leaf surface commence to age before those of the lower leaf surface. The earlier commencement of the increase in upper stomatal resistance results in the decline in photosynthesis at an early stage of ageing being negatively correlated with the upper stomatal resistance and not related to the lower stomatal resistance. The results indicate that in this initial phase of ageing the decrease in photosynthesis and increase in stomatal resistance of the upper surface are not causally related but occur simultaneously. At a more advanced stage of ageing the lower stomatal resistance also increases and then the decline in photosynthesis becomes related to the increase in stomatal resistance of both leaf surfaces. When illumination of leaves is increased stepwise, the resultant increase in photosynthesis is related to the reduction in stomatal resistance of each leaf surface. At low light intensities the stomatal resistance of the lower surface is low while that of the upper surface is relatively high. The difference between them decreases with increase in light intensity. This would indicate that the upper stomata require a higher light intensity to open than the lower stomata. The stormatal resistance of the two leaf surfaces is not related to the stomatal frequencey.