谷氨酸及NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801对大鼠伏核痛兴奋神经元电活动的影响

本文研究了谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)及其NMDA受体拮抗剂5-甲基二氢丙环庚烯亚胺马来酸(MK-801)对人鼠伏核(nucleus accumbens,NAc)痛兴奋神经元(pain-excitation neurons,PEN)痛诱发反应的影响。电刺激坐骨神经作为伤害性刺激,用玻璃微电极记录NAc的PEN放电,观察脑室内注射Glu和NAc内注射MK-801对大鼠NAc中PEN伤害性诱发活动的影响。结果显示,伤害性刺激可使NAc的PEN电活动增强;脑室内注射Glu(10nmol／10μl)可使NAc的PEN伤害性诱发放电频率增加;NAc内注射MK-801(1．0nmol／0．5μl)可阻断这种作用;MK-801本身也可部分抑制PEN伤害性诱发反应。上述结果表明,Glu对PEN伤害性反应的易化作用是通过NMDA受体介导的：Glu和NMDA受体参与NAc伤害性信息传递的调制。     

大鼠尾核微量注射γ—氨基丁酸对尾核痛反应神经元放电的影响

在５３只成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠上,用玻璃微电极引导神经元放电,观察了尾核内注射γ－氨基丁酸后,尾核痛反应经元放电的变化和印防己毒素对ＧＡＢＡ作用的阻断效应。尾核内每２分钟分别注射ＧＡＢＡ２５,５０,１００μｇ／２μｌ,尾核痛兴奋神经元诱发放电频率减少,潜伏期延长;痛抑制神经元放诱发放电频率减少,潜伏期延长;痛抑制神经元放电抑制时程缩短,放电频率增加。ＰＥＮ和ＰＩＮ电活动反应与ＧＡＢＡ剂量间呈量效关系     

刺激杏仁基底外侧核对外侧缰核神经元单位放电的影响

用玻璃微电极细胞外记录大鼠外侧缰核(LHN)神经元的单位放电。共记录了110个神经元。其中痛兴奋神经元(LHPE)75个;痛抑制神经元(LHPI)11个;广动力型神经元2个;无反应神经元17个;此外还有5个对躯体与内脏伤害性刺激反应不同的神经元。电刺激杏仁基底外侧核(以下简称杏仁核,AMG)对LHPE和LHPI的自发放电主要产生抑制作用,分别占总数的81.1％和72.7％,并抑制其对伤害性刺激的反应;对无反应神经元和广动力型神经元无明显影响。AMG内微量注射吗啡能抑制LHPE的伤害性刺激反应,但对其自发放电无明显影响。微量注射纳洛酮则可增加LHPE的自发放电频率,并加强其对伤害性刺激的反应。注射纳洛酮还可以取消电针对LHPE的伤害性刺激反应的抑制作用。     

视前区微量注射吗啡对大鼠丘脑束旁核痛反应神经元电活动的影响

本实验观察了视前区(POA)内微量注入阿片样物质对丘脑束旁核(Pf)痛反应神经元电活动影响。结果如下:(1)POA 内微量注射高浓度吗啡(10μg/μl)能显著抑制 Pf 内大部分(20/26)痛兴奋神经元(PEN)的痛诱发放电,其中3个神经元注药后对伤害性刺激转变成抑制反应;POA 内微量注射低浓度吗啡(1μg/μl)也显著抑制 Pf 内大部分(19/23)PEN 的痛诱发放电。(2) POA 内微量注射两种浓度的吗啡,均使大多数痛抑制神经元(PIN,共27/33)的完全抑制时程缩短。上述结果提示,POA 内阿片样物质对 Pf 内痛反应神经元的电活动可能具有抑制作用。     

电针对大鼠尾核痛兴奋,痛抑制神经元放电和甩尾反射的影响

浅麻醉ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２５只,用Ｇ－６８０５型治疗仪电针刺激双侧“足三里”。以辐射热照尾部作为伤害性刺激,将痛兴奋神经元（ＰＥＮ）诱发放电频率减少,痛抑制神经元（ＰＩＮ）诱发放电频率增加和甩尾反射潜伏期（ＴＦＬ）延长作为镇痛效应,观察电针刺激“足三里”对尾核中ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ及ＴＦＬ的影响。结果表明,电针刺激“足三里”,尾核中ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电及ＴＦＬ均显示镇痛效应;电针对ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电及ＴＦＬ的影响高峰均出现在电针后即刻;电针前ＰＥＮ放电频率增加、ＰＩＮ放电频率减少与甩尾反射（ＴＦ）相伴行。放电变化发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后,ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电变化与ＴＦＬ呈高度正相关。镇痛作用高峰期ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电变化仍在ＴＦ前,结束在ＴＦ之后,两者呈高度正相关。提示尾核中的ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ是痛觉调节中枢的一部分,可能参与对ＴＦ的调节。     

刺激大鼠下丘脑背内侧核对丘脑束旁核痛相关神经元放电的影响

本文在 79只清醒麻痹大鼠身上,用玻璃微电极记录丘脑束旁核痛兴奋(PfPE)和痛抑制(PfPI)单位的放电及其对刺激下丘脑背内侧核(DMH)的反应,并观察切割脊髓背外侧束的效应。主要结果如下:(1)刺激DMH使PfPE 单位的自发放电及痛放电有明显的抑制作用,而使PfPI 单位的自发放电增多,并解除伤害性刺激引起的抑制效应;(2)刺激DMH引起PfPE 单位的抑制效应,在切割脊髓背外侧束后仍然出现。上述结果提示:DMH 对丘脑束旁核在处理痛觉信息上具有调制作用,这种调制作用可能不通过脑干下行性抑制系统完成,而主要是通过脊髓上联系抑制丘脑束旁核神经元对痛传入的反应。     

大鼠尾核痛反应神经元放电和甩尾反射关系的研究

用浅麻醉的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４０只,以辐射热照尾作为伤害性刺激,经玻璃微电极引导尾核痛兴奋神经元（ＰＥＮ）和痛抑制神经元（ＰＩＮ）的放电,同时测量甩尾反射潜伏期（ＴＦＬ）作为甩尾痛阈的指标。结果表明：（１）自然状态下辐射热照尾引起尾核中ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和ＰＩＮ放电频率减少与甩尾反射（ＴＦ）相伴行。放电变化发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后,ＰＥＮ和ＰＩＮ放电变化与ＴＦＬ呈高度正相关。（２）辐射热照尾同时引起一侧尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率增加和另一侧ＰＩＮ放电频率减少,二者协同活动,并发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。（３）侧脑室注射５５μｇ／１０μｌ吗啡呈镇痛作用时,尾核ＰＥＮ放电频率减少和ＰＩＮ放电频率增加,放电变化仍发生在ＴＦ之前,结束在ＴＦ之后。结果提示,尾核中ＰＥＮ、ＰＩＮ放电和ＴＦ是中枢不同水平同时对痛觉调制所产生的结果。     

电刺激家兔大脑皮层感觉区对丘脑束旁核痛敏单位放电活动的影响

本工作目的在于探讨大脑皮层与丘脑束旁核痛觉信息活动之间的关系。用玻璃微电极记录了60只清醒麻痹状态下家兔束旁核痛敏单位的诱发放电活动。按其对外周伤害性刺激的反应型式而分成两类,分别称为痛兴奋单位和痛抑制单位。观察到在电刺激大脑皮层感觉区时,多数痛兴奋单位呈抑制性改变,并且有时施予皮层的每一单个刺激均能立即遏止一阵痛放电,少数呈易化性改变;痛抑制单位则对伤害性刺激呈现抑制反应解除,而施予皮层的每一单个刺激均可使之先有一阵短暂的放电,然后出现抑制的现象。本组实验观察过程,完整的总例数共32个单位,包括25个痛兴奋单位(18个呈抑制改变,7个呈易化改变)和7个痛抑制单位(全部呈易化改变)。实验结果表明,大脑皮层感觉区传出系统对机体的痛觉信息传递活动具有下行调制作用。由于皮层刺激对束旁核放电的影响是逐渐发展起耒的,因此考虑在上述过程中可能有体液因素的参与。     

褪黑色素对缰核痛神经元单位放电的影响及可能机制

目的通过观察褪黑色素对缰核痛神经元单位放电的影响,进一步证明褪黑色素的中枢镇痛作用及可能机制。方法：应用细胞外神经元单位放电记录方法,记录缰核神经元痛相关神经元放电,并观察外侧缰核痛神经元在褪黑色素作用下电活动的改变,及对伤害性刺激痛敏感性的改变,在此基础上观察纳洛酮的翻转作用。结果：褪黑色素影响外侧缰核痛神经元的电活动,并使外侧缰核痛神经元对伤害性刺激敏感性降低,此种作用可被纳洛酮翻转。结论：褪黑色素可通过作用于外侧缰核的阿片受体而影响其痛相关神经元对痛刺激的反应,这可能是褪黑色素中枢镇痛机制之一。     

不同伤害性刺激致大鼠痛感觉与痛情绪的比较

为比较不同伤害性刺激致大鼠痛感觉与痛情绪的差异,对17只麻醉SD大鼠进行痛感觉代表脑区异颗粒区(dysgranular zone,DZ)和痛情绪代表核团基底外侧杏仁核(basolateral amygdala,BLA)电活动,与心电、呼吸肌肌电、皮肤电导、体温的同步心理生理学记录,按顺序均衡法分别给予热、夹尾和电刺激。观察到热和夹尾刺激增强BLA和DZ,而电刺激仅增强DZ的放电活动,且热刺激所诱发的BLA与DZ放电活动均强于夹尾和电刺激所诱发的活动(P<0.05)。BLA与DZ的基础放电频率呈正相关(P<0.05),夹尾刺激后相关性增高(P<0.05)。各刺激诱发的情绪相关生理反应无显著性差异。结果表明不同伤害性刺激所诱发的BLA和DZ放电活动有明显差异,而生理反应是相似的。     

去甲肾上腺素对大鼠丘脑束旁核痛反应神经元电活动的影响

本文观察了41只大鼠脑室注射去甲肾上腺素(NE)后对两侧束旁核痛反应神经元同时由活动的影响。结果表明:1.两个痛兴奋神经元(PEN)的电活动同时受至抑制,表现为诱发放电数目减少,潜伏期延长。2.两个痛抑制神经元(PIN)的抑制效应同时被解除,即诱发放电数目增加,抑制时程箱短。3.一个PEN的电活动受到抑制的同时,另一个PIN的电活动加强。上述结果证明NE能够同时影响丘脑束旁核PEN和PIN的电活动。     

Dopamine Involved in the Nociceptive Modulation in the Parafascicular Nucleus of Morphine-Dependent Rat

Dopamine regulates pain perception in some areas of the central nervous system. Previously, we have confirmed that dopamine potentiated the electric activities of the evoked discharges of pain-excited neurons (PENs) and inhibited those of pain-inhibited neurons (PINs) in the parafascicular nucleus (Pfn) of normal rats. The mechanism of action of dopamine on pain-related neurons in the Pfn of morphine-dependent rat is still unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of dopamine and its receptor antagonist droperidol on the pain-evoked responses of the PEN and PIN in the Pfn of morphine-dependent rats, and to compare the effects between the morphine-dependent rat and the normal rat. The trains of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimulation. The discharges of PEN or PIN in the Pfn were recorded by using a glass microelectrode. The results showed that intra-Pfn microinjection of dopamine decreased the frequency of noxious stimulation-induced discharges of PEN and increased the frequency of PIN. The intra-Pfn administration of droperidol produced an opposite effect. These results demonstrated that dopamine is involved in nociceptive modulation in the morphine-dependent rat, the responses to noxious stimulation between normal rat and morphine-dependent rat are completely opposite. The effect of dopamine is through the dopamine D₂ receptor of PENs and PINs in Pfn. The results suggest that the dopamine system of the Pfn may become a therapeutic target for analgesia and the treatment of morphine dependence.     

脑室注射5-羟色胺对大鼠丘脑束旁核痛兴奋和痛抑制神经元电活动的调制作用

本实验利用两根微电极同时记录大鼠丘脑束旁核两个痛兴奋、两个痛抑制或一个痛兴奋和一个痛抑制神经元的放电,观察脑室注射5-羟色胺后对两个神经元同时电活动的影响。结果表明,当脑内5-羟色胺含量增加时,丘脑束旁核两个神经元同时电活动的变化主要有如下三个方面:1.两个痛兴奋神经元的电活动均受抑制,诱发放电频率减少,潜伏期延长。2.两个痛抑制神经元抑制均解除,诱发抑制时程均缩短。3.一个痛兴奋神经元电活动受抑制的同时,另一个痛抑制神经元的电活动加强。以上结果提示,在痛和镇痛过程中,痛兴奋和痛抑制神经元的作用是协同进行的。     

Morphine dependence changes the role of droperidol on pain-related electric activities in caudate nucleus

Droperidol causes the blockage of the dopamine receptors in the central nervous system that are involved in pain transmission. However, the mechanism of action of droperidol in pain-related neurons is not clear, and it is still unknown whether opioids are involved in the modulation of this processing. The present study examines the effect of droperidol on the pain-evoked response of pain-excitation neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibition neurons (PINs) in the caudate nucleus (Cd) of rats. The trains of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimulation. Our results revealed that droperidol decreased the frequency of PEN discharge, and increased the frequency PIN discharge evoked by the noxious stimulation in the Cd of normal rats, while administration of droperidol to morphine-dependent rats produced the opposite response. Those demonstrated that droperidol is involved in the modulation of nociceptive information transmission in Cd, and there were completely opposite responses to painful stimulation between normal and morphine-dependent rats after administration of droperidol.     

MK-801 changes the role of glutamic acid on modulation of algesia in nucleus accumbens

Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) causes the blockage of the glutamic acid (Glu) receptors in the central nervous system that are involved in pain transmission. However, the mechanism of action of MK-801 in pain-related neurons is not clear, and it is still unknown whether Glu is involved in the modulation of this processing. This study examines the effect of MK-801, Glu on the pain-evoked response of pain-excitation neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibition neurons (PINs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats. The trains of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimulation. The electrical activities of PENs or PINs in NAc were recorded by a glass microelectrode. Our results revealed that the lateral ventricle injection of Glu increased the discharged frequency and shortened the discharged latency of PEN, and decreased the discharged frequency and prolonged the discharged inhibitory duration (ID) of PIN in NAc of rats evoked by the noxious stimulation, while intra-NAc administration of MK-801 produced the opposite response. On the basis of above findings we can deduce that Glu, MK-801 and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor are involved in the modulation of nociceptive information transmission in NAc.     

Dopamine Affects the Change of Pain-Related Electrical Activity Induced by Morphine Dependence

Morphine is among the most effective analgesics. However, many evidences suggest that, besides the well-know analgesic activity, repeated opioids treatment can induce some side effects such as dependence, hyperalgesia and tolerance. The mechanism of noxious information transmission in the central nervous system after dependence is not clear. An important neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA) participates not only in the process of opioid dependence but also in pain modulation in the central nervous system. In the present study we observed changes of electrical activities of pain-excitation neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibition neurons (PINs) in the caudate nucleus (Cd) following the development of morphine dependence. We also observed the role of DA on these changes. Our results revealed that both the latency of PEN discharges and the inhibitory duration of PIN discharges decreased, and the net increased values of PEN and PIN discharges increased in the Cd of morphine dependent rats. Those demonstrated that electrical activities of both PENs and PINs increased in morphine dependent rats. DA inhibited the electrical activities of PENs and enhanced those of PINs in morphine dependent rats.     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠丘脑束旁核和中脑网状结构痛反应神经元电活动的影响

在54只大鼠上,用两支微电极同时记录神经元放电的方法,研究了脑室注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)对丘脑束旁核(Pf)和中脑网状结构(RF)痛反应神经元电活动的影响。结果表明,当脑内ACh含量增加时,Pf和RF中两个痛兴奋神经元(PEN)的电活动同时减弱,两个痛抑制神经元(PIN)的电活动同时加强,Pf中一个PEN电活动减弱的同时RF中一个PIN电活动加强,或者相反。阿托品可以阻断ACh的上述作用。这提示,ACh对不同中枢痛反应神经元的电活动的影响是通过M胆碱能受体而实现的。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对抗吗啡对丘脑束旁核痛反应神经元放电的影响

已知脑室注射硫化八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对吗啡镇痛效应(用辐射热甩尾反应的潜伏期作测痛指标)有对抗作用。本工作研究了脑室注射CCK-8对吗啡引起的大鼠丘脑两侧束旁核痛反应神经元同时电变化的影响。结果如下:(1)腹腔注射吗啡(10mg/kg)可抑制痛兴奋神经元(PEN)和加强痛抑制神经元(PIN)的电活动。(2)脑室注射CCK-8(15ng/15μl)能对抗吗啡引起PEN放电的抑制作用和PIN电活动的加强作用。无硫CCK-8对吗啡的效应没有对抗作用。(3)注射CCK-8可同时对抗吗啡对束旁核中一个PEN的抑制作用和一个PIN的加强作用。上述结果与甩尾阈测痛的结果一致,即CCK-8对吗啡引起的镇痛效应有明显的对抗作用。