硅烷偶联剂的研究与应用

硅烷偶联剂是应用最广的一类偶联剂。本文阐述了其结构特征、偶联机理与使用技术,着重综述了硅烷偶联剂的应用范围与具体应用效果,最后展望了硅烷偶联剂的发展方向。     

酶制剂应用于食品加工、保鲜与检测的探讨

文章阐述了酶制剂应用的必要性，并针对酶制剂在食品加工、保鲜与检测中的应用展开分析，分别提出酶制剂在各个食品生产环节中应用的要点，并总结了酶制剂应用的效果，推测今后酶制剂的应用方向，从而真正认识到酶制剂应用的优势，以期推动中国食品行业发展。     

水生植物在污水处理和水质改善中的应用

介绍了水生植物在污水治理中的应用。通过与其他方法的比较,说明了水生植物净化法有其独特的优点。分别阐述了低等植物藻类及高等水生植物净化污水的应用类型、方式,应用范围及净化机理．还对高等水生植物的选取标准作了描述。指出了该方法使用的可行性,并对其应用前景作出了展望。     

水生植物在污水处理和水质改善中的应用

介绍了水生植物在污水治理中的应用。通过与其他方法的比较,说明了水生植物净化法有其独特的优点。分别阐述了低等植物藻类及高等水生植物净化污水的应用类型、方式,应用范围及净化机理,还对高等水生植物的选取标准作了描述。指出了该方法使用的可行性,并对其应用前景作出了展望。     

浅析膜分离技术在石油化工领域的运用

文中分析了膜分离技术在石油化工领域的运用,主要分析了水处理过程中的应用、在有机溶剂混合物分离中的应用和在气体分离中的应用。     

超临界二氧化碳的四个应用方向

综述了超临界CO2的四个主要应用方向,即萃取、细胞破壁和微粒制造、反应溶剂以及SCCO2洗涤,着重总结了在烟草工业上的应用。对国内外的应用现状和应用前景给予了评述,并给出CO2温度、压力、密度的关系式。     

碳纳米管在生物检测技术中的应用进展

碳纳米管具有良好的表面修饰性、机械性和电学特性,在电化学生物传感器材料领域应用广泛,在病原微生物检测、环境保护、农业以及食品等行业具有广阔的应用前景。该文综述了碳纳米管在生物检测技术中的应用进展,以病毒检测为主分析了碳纳米管在检测技术方面的应用进展和优缺点,展望了碳纳米管在生物检测领域的应用发展趋势。     

浅谈生物技术在园林中的应用

本文通过论述生物技术在园林绿化领域应用发展,并着生对生物技术在园林植物育种方面的应用知识进行了阐明,对生物技术在园林植物上应用的现状做了简要介绍和应用中应注意的事项。     

现代生物技术在食品检测中的应用

介绍了DNA探针、PCR技术、免疫检测技术在食品微生物及转基因成分检测中的应用。着重阐述了PCR技术的工作原理、应用及其发展前景。同时简要介绍了生物芯片及其在食品检测中的应用前景     

基因芯片在地下水污染研究中的应用

为了较系统地了解基因芯片在地下水污染研究中的应用进展,调研了基因芯片技术及其在地下水污染研究中应用的有关文献,简述了基因芯片原理、分类及实施流程,总结了系统发育寡核苷酸芯片和功能基因芯片在地下水污染研究中的最新应用进展,探讨了基因芯片检测性能、数据分析和应用等方面存在的问题和措施,在基因芯片性能改进和应用方面提出了进一步研究的方向。     

长期施磷对玉米-小麦轮作系统作物产量和磷素吸收及土壤磷积累的影响

本研究利用位于河北省保定市的7年田间定位试验,探讨了4个磷水平(不施磷、70%优化施磷、优化施磷、130%优化施磷)对玉米-小麦轮作系统作物产量的影响,分析了作物磷素吸收和磷肥利用效率以及土壤磷盈亏的变化。结果表明: 长期(7年)施磷能够显著提高玉米和小麦产量及磷素吸收量,且玉米和小麦产量与磷素吸收量随着施磷量的增加均呈现先上升后下降的抛物线变化趋势。各施磷水平下玉米季磷肥利用率高于小麦季,小麦季磷肥累积利用率呈现下降趋势,下降速率表现为优化施磷>70%优化施磷>130%优化施磷;玉米季磷肥累积利用率均呈现上升趋势,上升速率表现为优化施磷>70%优化施磷>130%优化施磷。长期不施磷条件下土壤表观磷盈亏量和累积磷盈亏量都表现为亏缺状态,施磷条件下土壤磷表现为盈余,且施磷量越高,累积年限越长,土壤磷盈余量越高。河北潮土在秸秆还田条件下小麦施磷量在105～150 kg·hm^-2,玉米施磷量在63～90 kg·hm^-2时,既能保证作物高产,又能使磷肥利用率保持在较高水平,减少磷素在土壤中的累积,降低环境风险。     

Comparison of application methods for suppressing the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Beauveria bassiana under field conditions

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecans. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is pathogenic to C. caryae. One approach to managing C. caryae may be application of B. bassiana directed toward adult weevils as they emerge from the soil to attack nuts in the tree canopy. Our objective was to compare different application methods for suppression of C. caryae adults. Treatments included direct application of B. bassiana (GHA strain) to soil under the tree canopy, soil application followed by cultivation, soil application in conjunction with a cover crop (Sudan grass), direct application to the tree trunk, and application to the trunk with an UV radiation-protecting adjuvant. The study was conducted in a pecan orchard in Byron, GA, in 2005 and 2006. Naturally emerging C. caryae adults, caught after crawling to the trunk, were transported to the laboratory to determine percentage mortality and signs of mycosis. When averaged over the 15-d sampling period, weevil mortality and signs of mycosis were greater in all treatments than in the nontreated control in 2005 and 2006; >75% average mortality was observed with the trunk application both years and in the trunk application with UV protection in 2005. Results indicated trunk applications can produce superior efficacy relative to ground application, particularly if the ground application is followed by cultivation. Efficacy in the cover crop treatment, however, did not differ from other application approaches. Future research should focus on elucidating the causes for treatment differences we observed and the extent to which B. bassiana-induced C. caryae mortality reduces crop damage.     

Ultrastructural changes in the neural tube of 10-day-old mouse embryos exposed to colchicine and hydroxyurea

The ultrastructural changes in the neural tube of 10-day-old mouse embryos were investigated between 1.5 hr and 4 hr after application of either 1 mg/kg colchicine (Col) or 500 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU) or simultaneous application of both substances. During the investigated period, the shape of the nuclei of the neuroepithelial cells had changed from elongated to round after Col application. The chromatin in the nuclei was condensed and arranged in clusters. A breakdown of polysomes into ribosomes and an enlargement of the rough ER was observed in the cytoplasm. At the luminal surface, bleb-like cytoplasmic processes of the neuroepithelial cells containing monoribosomes protruded into the lumen. No cell necroses were visible in the neural tube after Col application. A condensation of chromatin in the nuclei of some neuroepithelial cells was visible 1.5 hr after HU application. Shortly thereafter, cell necroses appeared in the neural tube and 4 hr after HU application the entire spinal cord was strongly damaged. After simultaneous application of Col and HU, the ultrastructural changes in the neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube did not differ from the results obtained after Col application alone. In contrast to the results obtained after HU application alone, no necroses occurred after simultaneous application of Col and HU.     

水稻田土—水系统中磷素行为及其环境影响研究

土壤测试表明供试土壤已富P．大田试验结果表明,P肥投入提高了土壤树脂P和田面水总P水平,且两者随着时间的推移而下降,但施P后的20d内,有机无机配施P肥对土壤有效P的贡献大于单施化肥P,在施P第7天时,有机无机配施P的田面水总P水平是单施化肥P的3．4倍,是施P量2倍的处理III的2．8倍,与有机肥配施的处理,其田表水P素流失潜能较单施化肥大,经33d后,P肥结构对田面水P素的影响不明显,两次水稻季节性排水而导致的P素净流失负荷和P素表观流失率变幅分别为－0．039－0．076kg.hm^-2和0.034-0.100% ,从减少水稻田排水P素流失角度考虑,可以认为,施P或土层被搅动后1周内是控制P素流失的主要环节。     

水稻田土-水系统中磷素行为及其环境影响研究

土壤测试表明供试土壤已富P.大田试验结果表明,P肥投入提高了土壤树脂P和田面水总P水平,且两者随着时间的推移而下降.但施P后的20d内,有机无机配施P肥对土壤有效P的贡献大于单施化肥P.在施P第7d时,有机无机配施P的田面水总P水平是单施化肥P的3.4倍,是施P量2倍的处理Ⅲ的2.8倍.与有机肥配施的处理,其田表水P素流失潜能较单施化肥大.经33d后,P肥结构对田面水P素的影响不明显.两次水稻季节性排水而导致的P素净流失负荷和P素表观流失率变幅分别为-0.038～0.076kg·hm^-2和0.034～0.100%.从减少水稻田排水P素流失角度考虑,可以认为,施P或土层被搅动后1周内是控制P素流失的主要环节.     

Costs of emission-reducing manure application

Favourable economics of handling and application of manure are of fundamental importance to encourage the implementation of emission-reducing application techniques. The economics of manure application depend on the costs of the equipment and the time to carry out the field operation. In this study the costs of application techniques designed to reduce ammonia losses were assessed and compared with the costs of conventional broadcast spreading across a range of farm characteristics. A model was developed to calculate the costs and time requirements of manure application. Data on factors affecting the costs were used from different countries in Europe. The calculations showed that for a range of farm characteristics with a manure production of 1000-3000 m(3)y(-1), the costs of manure application by trailing hose, trailing foot, shallow injector and arable land injector were approximately 2 m(-3) higher than for broadcast spreading. The cost difference between broadcast spreading and the other application techniques decreased with farm size. The average additional costs of manure application by a trailing foot or a shallow injector decreased by 15% on small extensive farms to more than 50% on intensive farms, when the fertiliser value of the nitrogen was taken into account. The field application itself took less than 50% of the operating time in the process of the manure handling and application. With an increasing application rate, the relative contribution of the time for field application decreased.     

桑树根际土壤微生物对间作和施氮的响应

利用Biolog-Ecoplate^TM结合主成分与冗余分析法,研究与苜蓿间作和施氮对桑树根际土壤微生物功能多样性及其与环境因子的影响.结果表明: 与单作无氮相比,单作施氮和间作(无氮和施氮)明显降低桑树根际土壤pH值,显著提高有机质含量、有效氮、含水量和过氧化物酶、脲酶的活性.同时,单作施氮和间作(无氮和施氮)提高了桑树根际土壤微生物的AWCD值、多样性指数和利用碳源比例,且间作施氮增加其提高的程度.主成分分析表明,施氮和间作改变了根际土壤微生物利用碳源强度和种类,其中单作施氮和与间作无氮处理的碳源利用情况相似,但后者对衣康酸和D-葡糖胺酸的利用率(>4%)显著高于前者.冗余分析表明,单作无氮桑树根际土壤微生物多样性与土壤多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关,与土壤含水量呈负相关.单作施氮与间作无氮处理的桑树根际微生物多样性与土壤pH值和含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤氮素营养呈负相关.间作施氮处理的桑树根际微生物多样性与土壤氮素营养呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.     

基于APSIM模型的旱地春小麦产量对施氮量和施氮深度的响应模拟

氮是限制黄土高原旱农区作物水分生产潜力提升的重要因素,而氮肥适度深施是旱地作物提效增产的有效措施.本研究利用甘肃省陇中地区1990-2020年气象观测数据,基于APSIM模型模拟了不同施氮量和施氮深度的春小麦产量,以期为优化陇中旱农区小麦施肥策略提供理论依据.结果表明:模型模拟的春小麦产量、生物量和生育期0～200 c...