麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴野外投食群动态观察

<正>黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)属灵长目猴科疣猴亚科乌叶猴属(Trachypithecus)。全球范围内分布很窄,仅分布于中国的贵州、重庆、广西以及越南、老挝的部分地区,分布范围窄与其生活的石山环境和物种形成机制有密切关系(Nadlerand Brockman, 2014),目前全球黑叶猴数量接近2 500～3 000只(黄乘明等,2018)。《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(2021)中黑叶猴为国家一级重点保护野生动物,《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN)(2020-2)为濒危(EN),列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录(2019)Ⅱ物种。随着栖息地质量改善,人为猎杀减少,     

黑叶猴(rachypithecus francoisi)

黑叶猴(rachypithecus francoisi)别名乌猿、乌叶猴,属灵长目猴科疣猴亚科,为亚洲特有的灵长目动物,主要产于我国.黑叶猴是我国国家一级重点保护动物,中国濒危动物红皮书将其列为濒危()级保护动物.本种主要分布于我国南部和越南、老挝等局部地区.在我国,主要分布于广西西南部、西部(大新、崇左、龙州、扶绥、宁明、隆安、天等、靖西、那坡、德保等地)贵州东北和西南部(桐梓、正安、绥阳、沿河、兴义、水城、务川、道真、册亨等地)以及云南南部局部地区;重庆南川、彭水等地.总数约6 000～7 000只.     

中国石山叶猴生态学研究进展

喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境.石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头...     

黑叶猴外形整体结构的研究

根据黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)解剖标本的测量数据,用几何方法绘制出整体外形结构图;用R聚类分析结果找出了所测变量之间的相互关系;Q聚类和三维空间模式结构展示了黑叶猴外形整体结构与蜘蛛猴、食蟹猴、长臂猿、大猩猩和黑猩猩之间的相互关系。结果表明,在所测的23项变量中,由5个小聚类组成:与个体大小相关的变量、与前肢结构相关的变量、与后肢结构相关的变量、与颅骨结构相关的变量和臀部结构。在这些变量中,臀部宽与其他变量表现了极弱的相关关系。黑叶猴的外形整体结构与其他几种灵长类比较,更接近于食蟹猴和长鼻猴,其次接近于蜘蛛猴。因此从外形整体结构相似性分析,黑叶猴的运动与食蟹猴、长鼻猴和蜘蛛猴具有某些相似处。     

贵州野钟保护区黑叶猴种群数量、分布及夜宿洞穴调查

正黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是国家一级重点保护野生动物,也是少数仅分布在喀斯特石山地区的灵长类动物(Rowe,1996),曾在我国南部分布广泛,数量较多,在20世纪以前,野生种群数量约有3 500只(张荣祖等,2002),其中广西的种群数量约为2 200-2 500只(刘万福和韦振逸,1995),贵州数量估计为946-1 094只(李明     

贵州省梵净山自然保护区黔金丝猴的种群数量

<正>黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi),隶属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)仰鼻猴属(Rhinopithecus),是中国一级保护珍稀动物,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为濒危(En)物种,仅分布在贵州省铜仁市梵净山国家级自然保护区内。对于黔金丝猴的研究,迄今为止仅有关于这个物种的种群遗传多样性(Pan et al.,2011)、夜宿地选择(Xiang et al.,2009b)以及保护状态(Xiang et al.,2009a)等少量的报道。对于该物种的保护而言,首先需要了     

猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的初步研究

为建立实验猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的参考数据和对猕猴饲料氨基酸配比的筛选提供实验基础数据,挑选不同生活环境的猕猴共30只,即笼养猴10只、半自然圈养(猴园)猴10只、野外猴10只,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其被毛氨基酸的含量.分析结果表明,按不同生活环境分组,猕猴被毛的脯氨酸、缬氨酸、氨和精氨酸以及胱氨酸的含量是人工饲养猴(包括笼养猴和猴园猴)低于野外猴(P<0.01),被毛赖氨酸、组氨酸和氨基酸总量含量是野外猴高于笼养猴(P<0.05)和猴园猴(P<0.01);按性别分组,只有雄性猴的被毛苏氨酸和组氨酸的含量高于雌性猴(JP<0.05),其余氨基酸均无差异(P>0.05).因此,影响猕猴被毛大部分氨基酸含量的因素不仅是食物相应氨基酸的含量,生活环境也有很大的影响;性别因素对猕猴被毛的大部分氨基酸的含量是没有影响的.     

黑叶猴正常血清蛋白的电泳分析

国内外有关灵长类研究的报道甚多,但是黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi) 正常血清蛋白各组分的测定数据尚未见报道。本文采用醋酸薄膜电泳对P.francoisi的正常血清进行分离分析,现将正常测定值报告如下。 方法:醋酸薄膜电泳,pH8.6 Barbitone-Barbitone Sodium Beffer,离子强度0.05,电压200V;电泳时间1小时,氨基黑10B染色。样品为正常P.francoisi血清,血样27个。用0.4NNaOH于37℃水浴洗脱;721型分光光度计     

猕猴的雌激素及骨物理指标、微量元素检测

目的 建立恒河猴和食蟹猴正常的雌激素及骨物理、微量元素指标.方法 选用恒河猴4只(雄性),平均年龄17.5岁.食蟹猴3只(雌性),平均年龄9岁.在测定骨物理指标后,用原子吸收光谱法测定Ca,Fe,Zn,Cu等元素的浓度;同时也检测血清中雌激素(E2)碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和羟脯氨酸的浓度.结果 正常恒河猴血清E2为288.0±143.9(pmol/L)、AKP为2.28±2.71(金氏单位/ml)、羟脯氨酸为10.45±2.60(ug/ml),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu分别为5.01±1.20(g/g)、18.54±22.30(mg/g)、25.0±17.15(mg/g)、9.38±8.66(mg/g);食蟹猴血清E2为424.33±190.45(pmol/L)、AKP为9.45±2.76(金氏单位/ml)、羟脯氨酸为 16.91±3.00 (ug/ml),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu分别为8.31±4.13(g/g)、24.32±17.20(mg/g)、50.97±33.63(mg/g)、24.31±17.40(mg/g).结论 恒河猴和食蟹猴的正常雌激素及骨物理、微量元素指标的建立,将为采用猕猴作为动物模型探讨骨质疏松的病因、发病机理提供参考依据.     

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti),又名黑白仰鼻猴,当地人称为“雪猴”。属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),金丝猴属(Rhinopithecus)。是我国特有珍稀濒危灵长类动物,保护级别Ⅰ级。世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为世界高度濒危物种。     

干扰生境下黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi)日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35．41％和31．67％;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14．44％、9．61％和8．54％;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0．33％。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。     

Time budget of daily activity of Francois' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi) in disturbance habitat

The daily activity pattern of wild Francois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi francisi) was observed in disturbed habitat at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, China, between 1999 and 2000. The behaviors of wild adult Francois' langurs were recorded at a 5-min interval using an instantaneous sampling method. The results indicate that resting, foraging, traveling, huddling, playing and grooming activities account for 35.41%, 31.67%, 14.44%, 9.61%, 8.54% and 0.33%, respectively, in the daily time budget of these adult Francois' langurs during the study period. In comparison with the results in undisturbed habitat, the decreased food availability in disturbed habitat changes the foraging behavior of langurs, and also changes time budgets of other behaviors, such as the increase of the proportion of traveling and the decrease of the proportion of resting. At the same time, the higher frequency of human activity in the disturbed habitat influences the time budget of daily social behavior of the langurs including playing, huddling and grooming. The patterns of activity rhythms of wild adult Francois' langurs in the disturbed habitat show some seasonal differences which are also discussed.     

应用染色体涂染法建立人和黑叶猴(Semnopithecus francoisi)的染色体同源性

应用荧光原位杂交技术中的染色体涂染法（Chromosomepainting）,以生物素标记的除Y染色体外的人全部整条染色体DNA特异性探针与黑叶猴的中期分裂相杂交,建立了人与黑叶猴之间的染色体同源性。除人的1、2、6、16和19号染色体特异探针分别与黑叶猴的2条非同源的染色体杂交外,其余人染色体特异探针均与黑叶猴的1条染色体杂交,其中有两对人染色体特异探针（14和15,21和22）分别杂交同一条黑叶猴染色体。在雌性黑叶猴的单倍染色体中,共检测到30个与人染色体具同源性的染色体和染色体片段。结果表明：黑叶猴的多数染色体与人染色体有高度同源性,仅有少数染色体发生了重排。将研究的结果与已报道的人染色体特异探针与其他灵长类的中期染色体杂交的结果进行比较,可以看出亚洲叶猴之间的相互关系较与非洲叶猴的更为密切。     

野外黑叶猴对人类的攻击行为

2002 年8 月17 日, 对在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区附近楞垒自然屯发生的黑叶猴攻击人的事件进行实地考察。当小车发出鸣笛后, 一只亚成体雄性黑叶猴从保护区边缘的丛林中冲出来。十分冲动或激怒地冲到了汽车旁,后来在路边的树上、石头、矮墙上不停地跳来跳去。围观群众躲到很远的地方观望, 其中一人被扑到身上, 幸好逃得及时而没有被咬伤。据访问了解, 这只亚成体公猴从2001 年初开始在保护区边界村庄附近已连续伤害了15 个人和2 只狗。分析和探讨这种攻击人类行为的形成是十分有意义的。     

白头叶猴与黑叶猴觅食行为的比较

开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义。白头叶猴（Trachypithecus leucocephalus）和黑叶猴（T.francoisi）是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类。为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中是否有相似的觅食策略,我们于2012年1-12月采用瞬时扫描取样法对两种叶猴的觅食行为进行研究。结果表明,白头叶猴与黑叶猴在不同时段均为叶食性,树叶是两种叶猴各个时段主要食物,其中白头叶猴日均取食树叶77.0%±4.4%,黑叶猴日均取食68.9%±8.3%,两者对树叶的采食比例均没有显著的日时段差异（白头叶猴：χ²=6.602,df=11,P=0.830;黑叶猴：χ²=11.393,df=11,P=0.411）。两种叶猴的觅食行为都在猴群清晨离开夜宿石洞后和进入过夜山洞前的时段中频繁发生。白头叶猴在09：00-10：59和16：00-17：59出现觅食高峰,时间占比分别为41.7%和46.3%;黑叶猴同样在09：00-10：59和16：00-17：59的时间段内发生高频率的觅食行为,时间占比分别为31.3%和38.0%。此外,两种叶猴的觅食时间在大部分时段中的差异并不明显。白头叶猴和黑叶猴在石灰岩生境中具有相似的觅食策略,这意味着两种叶猴在取食生态学上可能采取相似的保护措施。     

近缘种扩增法对黑叶猴微卫星位点的筛选及特征分析(英文)

微卫星位点近缘种筛选法使得在探讨各种灵长类种群遗传结构和生殖策略上更加便捷。我们利用138条人类微卫星引物在黑叶猴中进行筛选,得到了23个具有多态性位点。在28个检测个体中,每个位点的等位基因数为3到9个,期望杂合度为0.62,观测杂合度为0.50,其中有7个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,9个位点存在无效等位基因现象。但是各位点之间均未检测到连锁不平衡现象。这些位点将在黑叶猴种群遗传结构的研究中发挥重要作用。     

重庆市武隆县和彭水县交界处白颊黑叶猴种群初步调查

1998年4月至2001年12月,对重庆市武隆县和彭水县交界处的白颊黑叶猴种群进行了4次调查。结果表明,该交界处有4个黑叶猴家族群栖息,其中数量最多的1群曾达到17－18只个体,最少的1群为5只左右,目前调查统计到的个体总数量约40－45只。以常绿阔叶树为主的“斑块状”天然阔叶林地是黑叶猴栖息地生境的主要特征。影响武隆县和彭水县黑叶猴种群数量和分布区缩减的主要原因是：人类频繁活动、栖息地破碎化和生境条件的变化,很大可能还有生殖隔离的影响。     

Molecular systematics and conservation of the langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia

Numerous morphology-based classification schemes have been proposed for langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia but there is very little agreement between them. An incorrect classification scheme when used as a basis for biogeographic studies can support erroneous hypotheses. Further, lack of taxonomic resolution will also confound conservation efforts, given that conservation biologists use traditional morphology-based-classification schemes to prioritize species for conservation. Here, I have revisited recent molecular phylogenetic studies done on langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia. Results from these studies are in turn used to derive a rational and scientific basis for prioritizing species for conservation. Molecular data support the classification of langurs of the Indian subcontinent—Hanuman, Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs—in the genus Semnopithecus, whereas Phayre’s leaf monkey along with other Southeast Asian leaf monkeys form another distinct clade (Trachypithecus). The phylogenetic position of capped and golden langurs remains unresolved. Molecular data suggest that they are closely related to each other but this group might have evolved through past hybridization between Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus. Additionally, genetic data also support the splitting of the so-called Hanuman langurs into at least three species. The scores for taxonomic uniqueness of langurs and leaf monkeys of South Asia were revised using this molecular phylogeny-based classification. According to the revised scores, Phayres leaf monkey and golden langur are priority species for conservation followed by capped and Nilgiri langurs.     

Infanticide as an alternative male reproductive strategy in langurs: A mathematical model

This paper makes explicit some of the assumptions underlying the view that infanticide is one of two (or more) alternative reproductive strategies utilized by adult male langur monkeys (genus Presbytis). A mathematical model has been developed from these assumptions, and formulae derived which give the equilibrium proportion of infanticidal males expected in langur populations under any given set of reproductive and demographic conditions. Together with estimates of adult male reproductive success obtained from a previous analysis of langur infanticide, these formulae were then used to calculate the precise proportion of infanticidal males expected in natural populations of langurs characterized by specific average male tenures. Further, the number of generations required for such populations to reach their predicted equilibrium was estimated using a simple computer model of langur population dynamics. The present work has thus produced several quantitative predictions which are directly falsifiable with observational data obtainable from wild populations of langur monkeys. With only slight modification, the present model may also be applied to the numerous other primate and non-primate species whose mating systems include many of the same general features as that of langurs.     

Analysis of the hydrogenotrophic microbiota of wild and captive black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in palenque national park, Mexico

Intestinal methanogenesis is one of the major pathways for consumption of hydrogen produced by bacterial fermentation and is considered to affect the efficiency of host energy harvest; however, little information is available regarding the hydrogenotrophic pathways of nonhuman primates in the wild, in general, and of howler monkeys, in particular. Microbial fermentation of plant structural carbohydrates is an important feature in wild howlers owing to the high fiber and low available energy content of leaves, which make up the primary component of their diet. In contrast, captive howlers may consume greater quantities of fruits and vegetables that are higher in water, lower in fiber, and, along with commercial monkey chow commonly added to captive monkey diets, more readily digestible than the natural diet. In this study, we analyzed the composition of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) from fecal samples of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in the wild and in captivity. The hydrogenotrophic microbiota of three groups of monkeys was evaluated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, small clone library construction, and quantitative real-time PCR. Abundance of methanogens was lower than SRB in all howler monkey groups studied. DGGE banding patterns were highly similar within each wild and captive group but distinct among groups. Desulfovibrionales-enriched DGGE showed reduced microbial diversity in the captive animals compared with their wild counterparts. Taken together, the data demonstrate that environmental or dietary changes of the host imposed by captivity likely influence the composition of intestinal hydrogenotrophs in black howler monkeys.