贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量与分布

2015年5—12月,基于宽阔水国家级自然保护区的黑叶猴历史资料设定重点调查区域,采用定点观察与痕迹观察资料收集以及非诱导式访问调查等方法对保护区黑叶猴种群数量和分布进行调查,并结合保护区巡护记录,重新确定黑叶猴在保护区的种群数量和分布区域。结果显示:保护区黑叶猴种群数量约为29群195只,比1995年增长了143.75%,比2003年增长了39.29%;主要分布区域位于保护区西南部的马蹄溪、白石溪、猪钻子沟、苏家沟、油筒溪、观音岩、底水、枇杷岩、让水坝等9个沟段中。全保护区内黑叶猴群体密度为0.11群/km~2,种群密度为0.74只/km~2,其中主要活动范围约32.50 km~2,主要活动范围内群体密度为0.89群/km~2,种群密度为6.00只/km~2。种群数量的稳定增长得益于保护区采取的一系列保护管理措施,有效制止了盗猎行为的发生,减少了附近居民活动对黑叶猴的干扰和影响。为进一步保护黑叶猴种群及其栖息地,建议保护区通过划定重点管护区域、加强科学管理、开展生境管理和调节、加强环境保护教育和社区共管等措施建立、健全保护管理机制。     

广西恩城保护区黑叶猴种群数量和保护现状

黑叶猴是栖息于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,由于非法捕杀和栖息地丧失,种群数量急剧减少。2017年10-12月,我们采用样方法调查恩城国家级自然保护区及其周边地区黑叶猴的种群分布、数量及保护现状,分析其致危因素,为制定有效管理行动计划提供理论依据。本次调查共记录到黑叶猴夜宿地89处,其中有43处夜宿地下方有新鲜排泄物。结合本次调查和访问,确定黑叶猴的种群数量为18群100~105只,包括1只全白化黑叶猴成年雌性个体;其中11群分布在保护区内,7群分布在保护区外。猴群由3~12只个体组成。栖息地破碎化和退化是威胁恩城保护区黑叶猴种群生存的主要因素。     

中国麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量估计与分布

2012年10月至2015年5月,对中国贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)的种群数量和分布进行了调查研究。本次调查采用了直接观察猴群计数、夜宿地观察、问卷调查和访问、未出版资料及文献补充4种调查方法。结果表明,麻阳河国家级自然保护区及周边共有黑叶猴72群(含保护区外2群)。基于直接计数的25个猴群,计算猴群平均大小为(7.7±2.9)只,并以此计算保护区及周边黑叶猴数量为554只。其中,凉桥片区共有41群,315只;龚溪口片区共有16群,123只;务川片区共有15群,116只。调查发现保护区黑叶猴的分布基本以麻阳河、洪渡河及其支流兰子河为中轴,以箱状河谷的峭壁上和河岸附近的植被区作为主要活动范围。67群猴群发现点位于离河流中轴线缓冲距1 500 m区域以内,占总群数的93.1%。因此,为了确保该物种的生存以及缓解当地人猴冲突,建议重点加强对河流两岸栖息地的保护管理和自然植被恢复,尤其在人口稠密区更为必要。     

犀鸟科中国新纪录--花冠皱盔犀鸟

1992年3月和1997年4月,对云南省德宏州铜壁关自然保护区进行鸟类资源调查时,屈文政等在保护区南端,盈江县铜壁关乡下石梯和洪崩河村寨的猎人家中,分别获得2个犀鸟头骨.2个鸟的头骨为近年来在村寨附近的山上和河边的林中猎获.1996年4月8日,屈文政、何伟在由洪崩河去下石梯的路上,海拨450m的跑其崩(山)一个山凹里,看见一只犀鸟从头顶飞过,其头和颈为黄色,尾羽全白色,其余体羽为黑色.根据所获头骨标本和野外观察到的羽色记录,经杨岚鉴定为犀鸟科、无盔犀鸟属、皱盔犀鸟亚属、花冠皱盔犀鸟雄性成体的头骨和雌性亚成体的头骨,为我国鸟类新纪录.     

笼养黑叶猴寄生虫的检查和防治研究

开展珍稀濒危物种的寄生虫感染状况调查对该物种的保护与研究十分重要。2015年5—6月对广西壮族自治区梧州黑叶猴繁殖中心内4个饲养片区的72只黑叶猴Trachypithecus francoisi进行寄生虫调查,共采集样本199份(其中皮屑样本2份,血液样本70份,粪便样本127份)。结果发现,仅22份粪便样本中含有毛首线虫Trichuris spp.卵,虫卵数100~1 850个/g;成体猴、亚成体猴、雄性个体、雌性个体毛首线虫的感染率分别为31.25%、29.17%、31.58%和29.41%。独立样本t检验表明,感染率在成体与亚成体之间(t=1.834,df=2,P0.05)、雄性与雌性之间的差异均无统计学意义(t=1.089,df=2,P0.05)。采用阿苯达唑伊维菌素预混剂0.1 g·kg-1驱虫5 d后,驱虫效果达到94%,说明其驱虫效果较好。     

半散放丹顶鹤越冬日活动行为

2005年1月在盐城自然保护区和扎龙自然保护区观察半散放丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)越冬行为,发现在迁徙丹顶鹤的越冬地盐城保护区,雌雄成体丹顶鹤多数日间行为(包括觅食、运动和修饰行为)无明显差异,而其行为与亚成体丹顶鹤存在一定差异。与盐城自然保护区相比,扎龙自然保护区的雄性、雌性及亚成体丹顶鹤日间的觅食、运动、修饰、静栖等行为均表现出显著差异,它们分别采用了相同或不同的行为对策来适应低温环境。     

佛坪自然保护区羚牛的种群数量与结构特征

１９９６年对佛坪自然保护区内的羚牛种群进行了数量调查,结果表明,保护区内羚牛的数量为４３５～５２７只,种群密度达到１．２９～１．５６只／ｋｍ２。羚牛种群的成体雌雄个体之比约为１∶０．５,明显地偏向雌性。在羚牛种群中幼仔占１２．２４％,亚成体占３５．０３％,成年雄性个体占１７．３３％,成年雌性个体占３５．４０％。该羚牛种群在１９９１年至１９９６年间的年均增长率为１８．４８％,明显高于１９８４至１９９１年间羚牛种群的年均增长率。保护区周边地区的生境不断丧失,迫使羚牛向保护区境内迁移,是保护区内羚牛种群数量在短期内迅速升高的原因。     

笼养丹顶鹤成体与亚成体血液生理生化指标比较

为了揭示丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)不同年龄和性别个体之间血液生理生化指标的差异性,对沈阳动物园42只笼养丹顶鹤(成体24只,亚成体18只)的15项血液生化指标和13项血液生理指标进行了比较。所测得的血液生理生化指标在不同性别之间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。血清肌酐成体(37.05±17.03)mmol/L、亚成体(22.57±11.68)mmol/L,血清尿酸成体(878.22±514.41)mmol/L、亚成体(426.17±207.74)mmol/L,血清甘油三酯成体(7.73±4.75)mmol/L、亚成体(3.51±4.07)mmol/L,这3项指标均为成体高于亚成体,差异性显著(P0.05)。这几项指标的变化表明,丹顶鹤在成体和亚成体时期采取了相同或不同的生态适应策略。     

广西弄岗自然保护区黑叶猴的种群动态

2006年5～7月和2008年10～11月,采用访问和小区蹲点绝对数量统计法对弄岗自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量进行调查.结果 表明,弄岗黑叶猴分布区约为26 km2,2008年有黑叶猴13群76只,平均群大小5.85只/群,群密度0.5群/km2,种群密度为2.92只/km2.与2006年相比,2008年猴群增加3个两性群,个体数量增加10只,即增加15.15%,种群密度增加14.96%,平均群大小增加6.36%.弄岗黑叶猴种群数量呈现出增长趋势,这可能与保护区加强管护和宣传有关.     

过去二十年贵州黑叶猴分布与种群动态及致危因子分析(英文)

本文通过整理相关文献与政府报告数据并结合我们在贵州的最新调查与监测数据,总结过去20年间黑叶猴在贵州的分布、种群变动及其所面临的主要威胁,并在此基础上提出相关的保护管理建议。贵州黑叶猴野生种群在过去20年间增长了约10%～20%:从20世纪90年代的约109群1000只增加到现在的约132～137群1160～1200只。但同期黑叶猴已从5个原有的分布点绝迹,现仅存于大沙河、柏箐、麻阳河、宽阔水和野钟等5个保护区,总面积约912km2。现有的5个隔离分布点保存有全球黑叶猴野生种群(1800～2000)的约62%,是黑叶猴物种保存的最关键地区,并应该给于保护管理的优先考虑。偷猎压力在贵州相对较小:在过去的20年间仅有3次偷猎的官方记录。黑叶猴在贵州所面临的主要威胁是栖息地的丧失与退化。其主要表现形式有:以农作物和烟草种植为目的的耕地扩大,以做饭、取暖以及烟叶烘烤为目的的薪材需求,以及家畜(主要是山羊)的过度放牧。     

Father-son recognition in hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus): A field experiment in India

A juvenile male langur, about 15 months old, was removed from his natal one-male-multi-female troop and reintroduced after 3.3 weeks. In attempts to protect the juvenile, his presumed father, the troop's resident male, charged the primatologist who removed and released the individual. After the second removal, the juvenile was introduced into a neighboring male band. The resident male attacked the band members to keep them away from his females. However, after 3.4 weeks of separation, the father and the son recognized each other, because the resident male showed no aggression towards his son and the latter did not run away from him. Kin-recognition is considered to be a mechanism in structuring coalitions within langur male bands.     

关于白头叶猴分类地位的探讨

通过一只雄性白头叶猴与一只雌性黑叶猴杂交繁殖的F1代(雌体)与黑叶猴(雄体)的回交,成功繁殖出两只回交代个体,出生后两回交代个体健康状况良好,所显露出来的形态学特征介于亲本之间,没有呈现明显的分化现象。杂交代的成功繁殖表明白头叶猴与黑叶猴不存在生殖隔离。从而断定白头叶猴不是一个独立种,而是黑叶猴的一个亚种。     

贵州麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴繁殖周期的初步研究

黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi),属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)。分布于越南北部和中国的广西、贵州和重庆等地的山地岩溶地区(Fooden,1976;王应祥等,1999)。由于生境特殊,受人为活动影响较大(汪松,1998),该物种近20年来数量呈下     

Factors influencing the population density of the hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve

We carried out a study of Hanuman langurs in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India during three months in 1990. The area surveyed included habitat disturbed by human activity, with both the grazing of livestock and firewood collecting resulting in degraded forest. Langur population density was estimated to be between 19 and 36 animals/km². The density of langurs in disturbed areas was significantly lower than in undisturbed areas. Both tree cover, total tree, and shrub cover were positively correlated with langur density, suggesting that a lack of trees in disturbed areas may have caused the lower langur densities. Although bisexual groups were significantly more common in undisturbed areas the distribution of all male groups did not appear to be affected by human disturbance, suggesting that male bands are likely to inhabit more disturbed habitats than bisexual groups. We suggest that either a lack of food trees or the high density of predators in Sariska may prevent bisexual groups from inhabiting areas where tree cover is low, although the more mobile male groups can survive in these areas. Although Hanuman langurs are a relatively common species in India, these results suggest that they are not, as is commonly assumed, immune to the effects of human disturbance. In areas where langurs appear to survive in disturbed habitats the different response of bisexual and all male groups to disturbance may still result in serious disruption to the population structure.     

Infanticide as an alternative male reproductive strategy in langurs: A mathematical model

This paper makes explicit some of the assumptions underlying the view that infanticide is one of two (or more) alternative reproductive strategies utilized by adult male langur monkeys (genus Presbytis). A mathematical model has been developed from these assumptions, and formulae derived which give the equilibrium proportion of infanticidal males expected in langur populations under any given set of reproductive and demographic conditions. Together with estimates of adult male reproductive success obtained from a previous analysis of langur infanticide, these formulae were then used to calculate the precise proportion of infanticidal males expected in natural populations of langurs characterized by specific average male tenures. Further, the number of generations required for such populations to reach their predicted equilibrium was estimated using a simple computer model of langur population dynamics. The present work has thus produced several quantitative predictions which are directly falsifiable with observational data obtainable from wild populations of langur monkeys. With only slight modification, the present model may also be applied to the numerous other primate and non-primate species whose mating systems include many of the same general features as that of langurs.     

Patterns and monitoring of Sesia apiformis infestations in poplar plantations at different spatial scales

Poplar plantations are expanding worldwide but little is known about the hornet clearwing moth, Sesia apiformis, one of their most severe pests. Thirty‐two poplar plantations of I‐214 clone were sampled in Spain, according to a factorial design combining stand age, site condition and understorey management to investigate the main drivers of S. apiformis habitat selection at both tree and stand level. In each plantation, one pheromone trap was activated during the flight season to test the correlation between captures and percentage of attacked trees. The proportion of other poplar forests in surrounding landscapes was calculated and used as a covariate in predictive models of trap catches. There were significantly more attacked trees in older stands. In young stands, the percentage of infested trees increased with the percentage cover of understorey vegetation. There was no significant effect of site quality on the rate of infestation and no difference in tree height, diameter or crown condition between attacked and un‐attacked trees within each stand, suggesting that S. apiformis could behave as primary pest. We hypothesized that the critical stage in the life cycle of the moth was the first instar larvae, which may benefit from protection of deep bark cracks in older stands and understorey vegetation in younger stands. We observed a positive correlation between trap capture and percentage of attacked trees in a radius of 100 m around the trap. The regression of trap catches against percentage of attacked trees was improved when the area of other poplar plantations within a distance of 600 m was incorporated in the model. This suggests that surrounding poplar stands may act as sources of immigrating moths in monitored stands. Our findings confirm that S. apiformis should be considered as a potential threat to poplar plantations and that pheromone trapping provides a suitable monitoring tool.     

Induced defence reaction in Scots pine following stem attacks by Tomicus piniperda

The induced defence reaction of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris to stem attacks by the common pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col, Scolytidae), was studied by inducing natural attacks on young Scots pine trees of different vigour Pruned trees were more heavily attacked by T piniperda than unpruned ones Vigorous trees successfully contained the attacking beetles within resinous lesions, whereas less vigorous trees failed to defend themselves The content of resin acids increased dramatically in the lesions on all trees, and the resin acid composition differed somewhat between some treatments Starch accumulation in the inner bark of the main stem was lower in pruned trees than in unpruned ones, and starch reserves were depleted in the most heavily attacked trees All but one of the unpruned trees survived the attack, whereas most of the severely pruned ones died following attack by beetles at densities exceeding c 300 egg galleries m⁻²     

Ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) species, flight, and attack on living eastern cottonwood trees

In spring 2002, ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infested an intensively managed 22-ha tree plantation on the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Nearly 3,500 scolytids representing 28 species were captured in ethanol-baited traps from 18 June 2002 to 18 April 2004. More than 88% of total captures were exotic species. Five species [Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama), Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff), Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimmermann), Xyleborus atratus Eichhoff, and Xyleborus impressus Eichhoff]) were collected in South Carolina for the first time. Of four tree species in the plantation, eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides Bartram, was the only one attacked, with nearly 40% of the trees sustaining ambrosia beetle damage. Clone ST66 sustained more damage than clone S7C15. ST66 trees receiving fertilization were attacked more frequently than trees receiving irrigation, irrigation + fertilization, or controls, although the number of S7C15 trees attacked did not differ among treatments. The study location is near major shipping ports; our results demonstrate the necessity for intensive monitoring programs to determine the arrival, spread, ecology, and impact of exotic scolytids.     

Previous herbivore attack of red alder may improve food quality for fall webworm larvae

Summary Three hypotheses of insect-plant interactions were tested by rearing fall webworm larvae in the laboratory on foliage from red alder trees with different histories of western tent caterpillar herbivory. Fall webworm larvae raised on foliage from trees which had been attacked previously for two summers by moderate densities of western tent caterpillars grew faster and attained heavier pupal weights than did those fed foliage from unattacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that moderate levels of previous herbivory induces the production of plant defensive chemicals in red alders. Growth of webworms, when fed foliage from unattacked trees adjacent to alders that were attacked by fall webworm larvae, was the same as when fed foliage from trees isolated by distance from attacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that attacked trees stimulate the production of defensive chemicals in neigh-boring trees. Young and mature alder foliage was equally good for fall webworm growth and survival, and foliage from trees heavily attacked by both fall webworm and western tent caterpillars for three years produced slow growth rates and small pupal sizes. This supports the hypothesis that continued heavy insect attack can cause the deterioration of the food quality of attacked trees.     

Characteristics of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) surviving a spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak

The characteristics of spruce individuals, which survived a massive bark beetle outbreak, were compared with the characteristics of neighbouring attacked trees in Šumava National Park (Czech Republic). Selected parameters related to crown geometry, stand conditions and distances between trees were measured or estimated. Significant differences were found between the surviving trees and the neighbouring trees attacked by I. typographus. Trees with a higher level of stem shading (longer crown length) tended to survive. The attacked trees were usually located in areas with larger basal area, especially southwards from them. A shorter distance to a previously attacked tree increased the probability of additional attack. Spruce trees with more progressive crown structure transformation (primary structure defoliation) were significantly more frequently attacked by spruce bark beetle. Superior and taller trees had a clearly longer life expectancy than dominant ones. These results show that the attack of trees by bark beetle can be predicted to a certain degree, which can be used in management of endangered spruce forests.