陕西不同林区栓皮栎种群空间分布格局及动态的比较研究

在陕西黄龙山区、秦岭北坡和巴山北坡设置 1 0× 1 0 m2 样方 98个 ,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获得野外资料 ,采用离散分布理论拟合检验、t检验和聚集强度测定的方法 ,对栓皮栎种群空间分布格局及动态进行了对比研究。结果表明 :1栓皮栎种群在黄龙山区为奈曼 A型分布 ,秦岭北坡和巴山北坡为负二项分布 ;聚集强度 ,秦岭北坡 >黄龙山区 >巴山北坡。 2在秦岭和巴山北坡中低海拔地区 ,种群为负二项分布 ,随海拔升高 ,秦岭北坡趋向随机分布 ,巴山北坡趋向均匀分布 ;两地种群聚集强度随海拔升高呈“低 -高 -低”的变化格局。3秦岭北坡 1～ 1 0年生种群的聚集度最大 ,随着年龄增加 ,聚集强度逐渐下降 ;而黄龙山区和巴山北坡种群的聚集强度随年龄增加而增强。栓皮栎种群生物学和生态学特性与环境因素共同作用是种群分布格局形成的主要因素 ,人为干扰对分布格局具有重要影响。根据环境条件和种群动态规律实行不同的经营方式是实现栓皮栎林持续利用的根本性措施     

喜旱莲子草在增温背景下的密度制约与生长权衡

研究植株个体与种群数量的关系对探究植物的适应策略、理解植物入侵机理有重要意义。但多数研究着眼于常温处理下植株响应密度变化的生长权衡,对增温处理下植株的密度制约调节机理和常温与增温处理下响应密度变化的调节规律是否发生变化认识不足。以喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）为研究对象,采用密度（1、5、9株/盆,37、186、335株/m²）和温度（常温、增温）双因素实验设计,探究了全球变暖背景下,密度制约与喜旱莲子草的关系、地上与地下部分的密度制约调节规律。结果表明：（1）地上构件特征与温度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,地上构件特征和比叶面积表现出明显密度依赖性（P<0.05）。温度与种群密度及其交互作用对地下指标无显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）无论增温与否,随密度压力增加,根生物量分配比率增大,各构件平均生物量、茎生物量分配比率降低。叶生物量分配比率在各密度下维持恒定。（3）用生物量-密度异速指数γ衡量种群密度调控强弱。常温处理下,γ_leaf（-1.685） < γ_above-ground（-1.612） < γ_stem（-1.605） < γ _individual（-1.558） < γ_root（-1.524）,受密度制约调控强度的大小依次为：叶>地上>茎>个体>根。增温处理下,γ_stem（-2.075） < γ_above-ground（-2.038） < γ_individual（-1.982） < γ_leaf（-1.933） < γ_root（-1.800）,受密度制约调控强度的大小依次为：茎 > 地上 > 个体 > 叶 > 根。喜旱莲子草种群地上构件受密度的调节作用强于地下构件。由此可见,无论增温与否,喜旱莲子草种群地下资源的竞争能力随密度增加而增强,地上资源竞争能力随密度增加而减弱,喜旱莲子草地上部分调节强于地下部分,常温处理下,叶受密度制约作用更强,增温处理下,茎受密度制约最强。根受密度制约最弱。地上资源的竞争占主导地位。     

以营养动力学为基础的捕食模型的讨论

文[1]以营养动力学为基础提出了具有新参数k的一类捕食-食饵模型:(?)其中x为食饵种群的密度,y为捕食者种群的密度。式中μ_1,μ_2,x_m,x_m(?),μ_2(?),μ_3,k均为正常数,而k是捕食效率参数。文[1]指出它有很重要的生物学意义;k值小,说明捕食者利用食饵的效率高。反之,k值大,则捕食者利用食饵的效率低。文[1]特别讨论了捕食效率参数k与系统稳定性的关系。指出k值对系统的振荡有明显的影响;随着k值的增大,使两个共存种群产生一种趋稳的行为,而小的k值却对应着一种较     

不同地理分布区紫椴种群的遗传多样性变化

该文运用ISSR分子标记技术,研究不同纬度、不同海拔紫椴(Tilia amurensis)天然种群的遗传多样性变化规律,探讨紫椴种群的濒危机制,为紫椴遗传资源的有效保护和合理利用提供理论依据。14个ISSR引物扩增结果显示:紫椴种群多态位点百分率(P)为93.85%,基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.243 3和0.380 3。不同纬度紫椴种群的遗传多样性由高到低依次为:CBS种群>BL种群>NA种群>LS种群>FHS种群>DYS种群;不同海拔紫椴种群的遗传多样性由高到低依次为:H1种群>H2种群>H3种群>H4种群>H6种群>H5种群。紫椴种群的遗传多样性没有随纬度的升高而呈现规律性的变化,但随海拔的升高呈现遗传多样性逐渐降低的趋势。用AMOVA进行分子方差分析表明,紫椴种群间遗传分化较大,遗传变异主要来自种群内部。紫椴种群间遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性,但随着海拔的逐渐增高种群间遗传距离增大。该研究结果揭示,紫椴种群具有较高的遗传多样性,遗传多样性不是导致其种群濒危的主要原因,导致其濒危的主要原因可能与人为采伐、生境破坏和生境退化及其自身生物学特性所导致的自然更新不良有密切关系。因此,应加强对紫椴生境的保护,防止人为因素对紫椴天然种群的进一步破坏。     

汉江水生植物多样性研究

对汉江沿途 1 3个地区的所在江段进行了水生植物种类组成、分布、生物多样性调查。结果表明 ,在汉江共有水生植物 2 6科 3 6属 5 4种 ;物种α多样性在丹江口最高 ,H、D和R指数由上游汉中江段至下游汉口段表现出上升—下降—上升的三折线及四折线变化趋势 ;β多样性在水深梯度及距离梯度上表现为 β下 >β上 >β中 ,说明下游江段的生境异质性程度高 ;γ多样性是γ上 >γ中 >γ下 ,对各个江段而言以中游老河口江段γ多样性最大为 2 9种 ,丹江口和襄樊江段次之 ,汉口段最小。中游地区水生环境和生态因子更适合于水生植物的生长 ,而下游人类活动导致水环境趋于恶化限制了水生植物的生长和分布     

祁连山区演替先锋物种西藏沙棘的种群结构及动态对海拔梯度的响应

西藏沙棘(Hippophae tibetana)是青藏高原高寒区特有的低矮灌木和植被演替先锋物种, 具有优良的水土保持功效, 对高海拔环境表现出良好的生态适应性, 但有关其种群结构及动态对海拔梯度的响应规律少有研究, 阻碍了对西藏沙棘适应高寒生境生态策略的理解。青藏高原东北缘的祁连山区生态脆弱, 乡土物种西藏沙棘常在海拔2 700-3 300 m的高寒退化草地呈斑块状分布, 对该区水源涵养林的维持具有重要作用。该研究以祁连山区3个海拔(2 868、3 012、3 244 m)的西藏沙棘为研究对象, 通过编制静态生命表及绘制存活曲线, 分析西藏沙棘的种群结构特征和种群动态, 并利用种群动态量化分析和时间序列模型定量研究其未来发展趋势。结果显示: 1)西藏沙棘种群的基径、株高和冠幅均随海拔的升高而降低; 3个海拔种群均呈中龄期个体丰富, 老幼龄期个体较少的纺锤型年龄结构, 充足的中龄期个体可以维持种群短期稳定。2)种群存活曲线均为Deevey-II型, 存活能力为低海拔>中海拔>高海拔; 死亡率和消失率均较高, 呈高海拔>低海拔>中海拔的趋势, 3个海拔种群均缺乏幼苗, 未来均将走向衰退, 高海拔种群较其他海拔提前进入衰退期; 各海拔老龄期生命期望值为中海拔>低海拔>高海拔。3)各海拔种群动态指数(V′_pi)均趋于0, 表明各种群均趋于稳定, 中海拔种群受随机干扰风险概率的极大值(P_max)最小, 表明受随机干扰时中海拔种群最稳定, 中海拔更适宜西藏沙棘的生存。4)未来2、4、6个龄级时间后, 3个海拔的中、老龄期苗木增多, 小龄期苗木数目减少, 且各海拔种群均面临幼苗补充不及时的风险, 各种群将由稳定向衰退发展, 幼苗的缺少, 种内、种间竞争及环境胁迫是造成种群走向衰退的重要原因。     

广东省穿山甲种群数量调查与资源蕴藏量

20 0 0年 1 2月至 2 0 0 1年 3月 ,利用“洞口记数法”对大雾岭自然保护区穿山甲华南亚种的种群密度与种群数量进行了调查 ,结果表明 :保护区内穿山甲的种群数量为 65 2 7～1 5 6 5 9头 ,平均密度为 1 85～ 4 43ind /km2 ;不同栖息生境穿山甲的种群平均密度为 2 46～ 5 90ind /km2 ,密度大小依次为针阔混交林 >阔叶林 >灌木林 >针叶林。各栖息生境的洞口密度平均为 5 1 39± 1 8 31个 /km2 ,以针阔混交林的洞口密度最大 ,其次是阔叶林和灌木林 ,最小的是针叶林 ,且洞口密度大小存在极显著差异 (F =1 6 96>F0 0 1 ,3/30 =4 5 1>F0 0 1 ,3/36)。根据保护区内穿山甲的密度值 ,估计广东全省穿山甲的资源量为 1 42 73 0 9± 5 863 79头。     

龟纹瓢虫幼虫对棉蚜捕食作用的研究

<正> 害虫自然种群的数量变动,是环境中诸因素综合作用的结果。为了评估各个因素的作用,通常采用成分分析法,即把害虫种群变动过程分解为若干成分,逐一研究各成分在不同条件     

四种藜科植物不同器官主要营养元素化学计量特征比较

土壤营养匮乏是盐碱地植物生物量的主要限制因子之一，藜科植物是盐碱地的优势类群。为了明晰盐环境中不同藜科植物主要营养元素计量特征及其与矿质土壤环境间的关系差异，本研究以呼伦贝尔4种典型藜科植物——碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)、刺沙蓬(Salsola tragus)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)为对象，比较4种藜科植物生境土壤因子和不同器官7种元素计量特征。结果显示：(1)碱蓬种群土壤Na含量和土壤电导率显著高于其他3种藜科植物种群，刺沙蓬种群土壤N含量最低，雾冰藜种群土壤P含量最低。(2)叶片C/N依次为碱蓬种群>刺沙蓬种群>尖头叶藜种群>雾冰藜种群，尖头叶藜种群根C/P显著高于其他3种植物。雾冰藜种群、碱蓬种群和刺沙蓬种群叶N/P>16,除尖头叶藜种群外，3种植物种群根N/P<14。(3)雾冰藜种群具有显著高的叶、茎和根K含量，刺沙蓬种群具有显著高的叶、根Ca含量，碱蓬种群具有显著高的叶、茎和根Na含量，雾冰藜种群具有显著高的叶、根Mg含量。(4)刺沙蓬种群各器官具有显著高的N...     

单种群生长的广义Logistic模型

描述单种群生长的一般Logistic模型其中r>0为种群的内禀生长率,K>0为环境容纳量。它通常被称为Verhulst-Pearl模型,其基本特征是描述了种群的S型生长(如图1),当种群的初始值x_o相似文献   

Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data

The Cuban species of Calisto are reviewed based on the morphology of adult and immature stages, as well as DNA sequences of six genes (COI, EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD). A new species, Calisto occultasp. n., is described from the northeastern Cuban mountains. Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 and Calisto bruneri, Michener 1949 are revised and revalidated. A new status, the species level, is proposed for Calisto brochei, Torre 1973, Calisto muripetens, Bates 1939 and Calisto bradleyi, Munroe 1950. The immature stages of Calisto smintheus, Calisto brochei,and Calisto occulta are described for the first time, and those of Calisto herophile, Hübner 1823 are redescribed. Useful morphological characters for adults are the shape and conspicuousness of androconial patch, the number and relative size of white dots on underside of hindwing, the shape of aedeagus, the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. For the immature stages, the most important characters are the color pattern of head capsule, the number and width of longitudinal lines of body, in the larvae; and the color pattern and the absence or presence of dorsal ridges on the abdomen of pupae. The phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported; however, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets was detected in Calisto brochei, Calisto muripetens and to a lesser degree in Calisto bradleyi.     

The Detroit River: effects of contaminants and human activities on aquatic plants and animals and their habitats

Despite extensive urbanization of its watershed, the Detroit River still supports diverse fish and wildlife populations. Conflicting uses of the river for waste disposal, water withdrawals, shipping, recreation, and fishing require innovative management. Chemicals added by man to the Detroit River have adversely affected the health and habitats of the river's plants and animals. In 1985, as part of an Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study sponsored by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, researchers exposed healthy bacteria, plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds to Detroit River sediments and sediment porewater. Negative impacts included genetic mutations in bacteria; death of macroinvertebrates; accumulation of contaminants in insects, clams, fishes, and ducks; and tumor formation in fish. Field surveys showed areas of the river bottom that were otherwise suitable for habitation by a variety of plants and animals were contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals and occupied only by pollution-tolerant worms. Destruction of shoreline wetlands and disposal of sewage and toxic substances in the Detroit River have reduced habitat and conflict with basic biological processes, including the sustained production of fish and wildlife. Current regulations do not adequately control pollution loadings. However, remedial actions are being formulated by the U.S. and Canada to restore degraded benthic habitats and eliminate discharges of toxic contaminants into the Detroit River.Contribution 738 of the National Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, U.S.A.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a scientific effort to address shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, which suffer from arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co‐occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. This paper synthesizes evidence on the validity and utility of the thought disorder and detachment spectra of HiTOP. These spectra are composed of symptoms and maladaptive traits currently subsumed within schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Thought disorder ranges from normal reality testing, to maladaptive trait psychoticism, to hallucinations and delusions. Detachment ranges from introversion, to maladaptive detachment, to blunted affect and avolition. Extensive evidence supports the validity of thought disorder and detachment spectra, as each spectrum reflects common genetics, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, biomarkers, and treatment response. Some of these characteristics are specific to one spectrum and others are shared, suggesting the existence of an overarching psychosis superspectrum. Further research is needed to extend this model, such as clarifying whether mania and dissociation belong to thought disorder, and explicating processes that drive development of the spectra and their subdimensions. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the thought disorder and detachment spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and higher acceptability to clinicians. Validated measures are available to implement the system in practice. The more informative, reliable and valid characterization of psychosis‐related psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make diagnosis more useful for research and clinical care.     

Taxonomy in the Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB): Progress during the past decade (2008-2018) and perspectives on future development

The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches, and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.     

Identification of asymmetrically winged samaras from the Western Hemisphere

A key is presented for use in identifying asymmetrically winged fruits (samaras) with either proximal or distal locules. It aids identification based on dispersed fuit morphology and can be used to identify undetermined extant herbarium specimens or fossil fruits to the correct extant family and genus. The 39 genera from 11 families (Aceraceae, Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Trigoniaceae, Ulmaceae) are distinguished on the basis of wing venation, size of fruit, presence and position of attachment surface, presence and type of subsidiary wings on the ovary wall. ornamentation, size and shape of the ovary, locule position, shape of locule cross section, style position and ornamentation, distinction between ovary wall and wing, and angle of attachment between individual samaras. The developmental origins of some of these features are discussed.     

Origin,Differentiation, and Geographic Distribution of the Chenopodiaceae

Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia． The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae．North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution． Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe． Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia．Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants． The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate．During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea．At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate．Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land．This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc．,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras. The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak.     

Chemical basis of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis

Chronic inflammation induced by biological, chemical, and physical factors has been associated with increased risk of human cancer at various sites. Inflammation activates a variety of inflammatory cells, which induce and activate several oxidant-generating enzymes such as NADPH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase. These enzymes produce high concentrations of diverse free radicals and oxidants including superoxide anion, nitric oxide, nitroxyl, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and hypobromous acid, which react with each other to generate other more potent reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite. These species can damage DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins by nitration, oxidation, chlorination, and bromination reactions, leading to increased mutations and altered functions of enzymes and proteins (e.g., activation of oncogene products and/or inhibition of tumor-suppressor proteins) and thus contributing to the multistage carcinogenesis process. Appropriate treatment of inflammation should be explored further for chemoprevention of human cancers.     

Revision of the Athyrisininae, Siluro-devonian Brachiopods from China and Russia

Athyrisinine brachiopods from the Upper Silurian of Russia and the Lower–Middle Devonian of China and north Vietnam include over 70 species belonging to Athyrisina and Parathyrisina ; generic and subfamilial diagnoses are emended. Five genera are considered synonyms of Athyrisina and three of Parathyrisina . A neotype is selected and illustrated for Athyrisina squamosa , the type species of Athyrisina . Four nomina nova , Athyrisina xui , Parathyrisina wani , P. minima , and P. cheni , are suggested as new substitute names for Athyrisina tumida Wang, in Xu et al. 1978 (primary homonymy), Athyrisinoides ganxiensis Wan, in Xu et al. 1978, Parathyrisina minor Zhang, in Zhang and Fu 1983, and Athyrisinoides tudilingensis Chen, 1979 (secondary homonyms) respectively. A new genus, Bruntosina , is described from the Emsian to Eifelian of the Qinling region. A new subfamily, Homeathyridinae, is erected within the Athyrididae with Homeathyris , Pseudohomeospira , and Squamathyris included, revised and their diagnoses emended. Homeathyris incisus sp. nov. is described from the Ludfordian of Novaya Zemlya. Ikella is revised and excluded from the athyrisinins. The origin and dispersal of the homeathyridins and the athyrisinins are discussed.     

麦长管蚜miRNA实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选

【目的】筛选特定条件下麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae稳定表达的微小RNA(miRNA)表达分析内参基因。【方法】根据麦长管蚜miRNA Illumina测序结果筛选出miR-10-3p, miR-993, miR-276, miR-275, miR-252a, miR-1, miR-375, pc-15, pc-73和1个常用内参基因U6共10个候选内参基因。利用qRT-PCR测定10个候选内参基因在麦长管蚜有翅蚜和无翅蚜不同发育时期、不同组织以及4种化学药剂(95.1%吡虫啉原药、97.8%噻虫啉原药、95%阿维菌素原药和40%氧乐果乳油)处理无翅蚜中的相对表达量。利用GeNorm, NormFinder, ΔCt法, BestKeeper和RefFinder对10个候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行评价。【结果】qRT-PCR结果表明,在麦长管蚜有翅蚜不同发育阶段、无翅蚜不同发育阶段、有翅蚜和无翅蚜不同组织中和4种药剂处理的无翅蚜中表达量较高的内参基因分别是miR-276, miR-276, miR-10-3p和miR-10-3p;5种方法综合分析得出,在上述4种条件下表达稳定性都较好的内参基因分别是miR-252a, miR-993, miR-275和miR-993。GeNorm软件分析表明不同条件下麦长管蚜内参基因的较佳数目为2,结合RefFinder稳定性综合排序的结果分析可知在有翅蚜不同发育阶段、无翅蚜不同发育阶段、有翅蚜和无翅蚜不同组织中和不同药剂处理无翅蚜中稳定表达的内参基因组合分别是miR-252a和miR-276, miR-993和miR-276, miR-275和miR-10-3p, miR-993和miR-10-3p。【结论】麦长管蚜有翅蚜不同发育阶段、无翅蚜不同发育阶段、有翅蚜和无翅蚜不同组织中和不同药剂处理无翅蚜中内参基因优化组合分别为miR-252a和miR-276, miR-993和miR-276, miR-275和miR-10-3p, miR-993和miR-10-3p。研究结果为麦长管蚜miRNA基因定量表达的研究提供了内参基因选择的依据。