原子力显微镜定量测定采后蘑菇的表面粗糙度

蘑菇表面的失水情况是评价采后蘑菇质量的重要指标.我们提出用原子力显微镜定量测定蘑菇表皮的粗糙度来表示表面的皱缩程度,用算术平均粗糙度和平方根粗糙度表示.双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus(Lange)Sing)贮藏前的算术平均粗糙度为(34.033±5.116)nm,经过2d贮藏,在2℃、25℃和动态温度自发气调贮藏下,其算术平均粗糙度分别为(40.139±3.359)nm、(65.356±8.253)nm和(43.670±9.280)nm.平方根粗糙度值与算术平均粗糙度值有相似的变化趋势,两者均随贮藏时间的延长和温度的增加而增大.表皮的三维图像直观地表示出水分的蒸发过程,变化趋势符合粗糙度值的变化,特别是在贮藏的早期阶段(0～2 d).由粗糙度分析的结果可以区别不同的贮藏条件表明,原子力显微镜测定的粗糙度指标可有效地表示采后蘑菇的表面失水情况.     

采后枸杞鲜果褐变与其活性氧代谢的关系

以采后'宁杞3号'枸杞鲜果为试材,研究其在(4±1)℃和(10±1)℃贮藏过程中果实褐变与活性氧代谢的关系.结果表明:枸杞果实褐变指数在两种贮藏温度下的贮藏初期(0～10 d)增加幅度均较小(分别为17.6%和5.1%),(10±1)℃下的果实从第15天显著增大(64.1%),而(4±1)℃下从第20天显著增大(67.9%).(4±1)℃贮藏果实的超氧歧化酶(SOD)活性和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量在采后贮藏的前10 d增大,之后降低,贮藏后期又增大;超氧阴离子(O2-)产量在采后0～5 d降低,而后逐渐增大;过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量在采后0～5 d增大.之后前者降低又缓慢升高.与(10±1)℃贮藏果实相比,(4±1)℃下贮藏果实O2-产量显著降低,H2O2含量在贮藏第5天和第25天也显著降低,MDA含量在贮藏5～20 d显著降低;SOD活性在贮藏5～10 d显著提高.过氧化氢酶(cAT)活性和AsA含量明显提高;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在贮藏15～25 d显著下降,总酚含量在贮藏5～20 d显著增加.研究发现,枸杞果实褐变可能是细胞活性氧代谢失调,使PPO与酚类物质接触,导致酚类物质氧化的结果;(4±1)℃低温贮藏能通过调整鲜果活性氧代谢来有效延缓褐变进程.     

采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋鲜笋老化的影响

研究采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋鲜笋老化的影响。结果表明,采后预冷处理和贮藏温度对台湾绿竹笋的老化速度、保鲜期和失重率有显著影响。采后预冷处理抑制鲜笋的老化,降低其老化率,延长保鲜期。(5±0.5) ℃恒温箱贮藏下,鲜笋的老化率、失重率低于(30±0.5) ℃恒温箱贮藏,贮藏期则相反。贮藏3、6、9、12 d,(5±0.5) ℃恒温贮藏下的鲜笋失重率均低于1%;(30±0.5) ℃恒温贮藏下,鲜笋失重率分别为26.32%、38.10%、48.04%、55.23%。     

小粉虫各发育期的临界热极值和失水的研究

本文研究了升高环境温度对小粉虫(Alphitobiusdiaperinus,鞘翅目拟步行虫总科)末龄幼虫、蛹以及成虫的失水和热敏性(临界热极值,Criticalthermalmaximum,CTmax)的影响。小粉虫成虫和蛹的CTmax值显著低于末龄幼虫(末龄幼虫:CTmax=48.5±0.5℃;蛹:CTmax=48.0±0.9℃;成虫:CTmax=47.8±1.1℃)。此外,成虫的适应性对其CTmax没有显著的影响。在20至60℃连续记录失水值中,三个龄期之间存在显著差异。随着超过临界点温度(约为40℃)的快速升高,末龄幼虫与成虫的失水程度相近。蛹具有明显低的失水速率,即使在温度高于40℃的情况下。当温度升高10℃时(25-35℃),会造成小粉虫蛹和成虫失水增加2.0倍和2.6倍,分别为:Q10=2.05±0.70和2.49±1.31,而幼虫则为3.52±1.27。当高于35-45℃时,幼虫和成虫失水增加甚快(Q10=6.85±1.90和8.51±2.32)。而蛹在高于35-45℃时失水也增加(Q10=3.76±1.83),但低于幼虫和成虫。小粉虫的蛹处于静止和不取食状态,代谢速率较低,其具有特殊结构的气孔能较好地保持关闭状态,且蛹的表皮由脂肪和蛋白质组成,以上诸因素可解释其失水减少的原因     

北京西山绿化树种秋季滞纳PM2.5能力及其与叶表面AFM特征的关系

以北京西山6种绿化树种白皮松、油松、柳树、五角枫、银杏、山杨为对象,应用气溶胶再发生器对植物叶片秋季PM_2.5吸附量进行定量研究,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察叶表面微形态特征,分析了叶表面粗糙度等参数,阐释了各树种叶片吸附PM_2.5的机制.结果表明: 不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序为白皮松(2.44±0.22 μg·cm^-2)＞油松(2.40±0.23 μg·cm^-2)＞柳树(1.62±0.09 μg·cm^-2)＞五角枫(1.23±0.01 μg·cm^-2)＞银杏(1.00±0.07 μg·cm^-2)＞山杨(0.97±0.03 μg·cm^-2);从秋季不同月份来看,不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量表现为11月(2.33±0.43 μg·cm^-2)＞10月(1.62±0.64 μg·cm^-2)＞9月(1.51±0.50 μg·cm^-2).白皮松和油松有大量凹陷和突起,相对高差较大,粗糙度较大,吸滞PM_2.5能力强;柳树和五角枫叶片有褶皱,粗糙度相对较高,分布有大量的突起和凹陷,吸滞PM_2.5能力居中;银杏和山杨因其叶表面平滑、气孔多为长圆形,粗糙度较小,吸滞PM_2.5能力较弱.不同树种正背面粗糙度平均值为白皮松(149.91±16.38 nm)＞油松(124.47±10.52 nm)＞柳树(98.85±5.36 nm)＞五角枫(93.74±21.75 nm)＞银杏(80.84±0.88 nm)＞山杨(67.72±8.66 nm),这与不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序完全一致,叶片粗糙度与单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量呈显著正相关(R²=0.9498).为提高城市植被的环境效应,可选择叶表面形态有利于吸滞PM_2.5等颗粒物的树种.     

北京西山绿化树种秋季滞纳PM2.5能力及其与叶表面AFM特征的关系

以北京西山6种绿化树种白皮松、油松、柳树、五角枫、银杏、山杨为对象,应用气溶胶再发生器对植物叶片秋季PM_2.5吸附量进行定量研究,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察叶表面微形态特征,分析了叶表面粗糙度等参数,阐释了各树种叶片吸附PM_2.5的机制.结果表明: 不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序为白皮松(2.44±0.22 μg·cm^-2)＞油松(2.40±0.23 μg·cm^-2)＞柳树(1.62±0.09 μg·cm^-2)＞五角枫(1.23±0.01 μg·cm^-2)＞银杏(1.00±0.07 μg·cm^-2)＞山杨(0.97±0.03 μg·cm^-2);从秋季不同月份来看,不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量表现为11月(2.33±0.43 μg·cm^-2)＞10月(1.62±0.64 μg·cm^-2)＞9月(1.51±0.50 μg·cm^-2).白皮松和油松有大量凹陷和突起,相对高差较大,粗糙度较大,吸滞PM_2.5能力强;柳树和五角枫叶片有褶皱,粗糙度相对较高,分布有大量的突起和凹陷,吸滞PM_2.5能力居中;银杏和山杨因其叶表面平滑、气孔多为长圆形,粗糙度较小,吸滞PM_2.5能力较弱.不同树种正背面粗糙度平均值为白皮松(149.91±16.38 nm)＞油松(124.47±10.52 nm)＞柳树(98.85±5.36 nm)＞五角枫(93.74±21.75 nm)＞银杏(80.84±0.88 nm)＞山杨(67.72±8.66 nm),这与不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量排序完全一致,叶片粗糙度与单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量呈显著正相关(R²=0.9498).为提高城市植被的环境效应,可选择叶表面形态有利于吸滞PM_2.5等颗粒物的树种.     

二氧化氯浸泡对双孢蘑菇褐变的抑制效应及其机理分析

以‘W2000’双孢蘑菇为试验材料,设清水(CK)和ClO2浸泡(120mg·L-1)2个处理,研究ClO2浸泡处理在低温贮藏条件下对双孢蘑菇采后品质、生理及相关酶活性的影响。结果显示:ClO2浸泡处理配合0℃低温贮藏可显著降低双孢蘑菇的呼吸强度,推迟呼吸高峰的出现时间,呼吸强度较CK降低29.2%,并使呼吸高峰推迟5d出现;同时能够有效抑制子实体多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,控制酚类氧化产物的积累,减缓子实体褐化进程,贮藏20d时,处理的总酚含量仅为0.81μmol/mg。另外,ClO2处理还可延缓子实体硬度的下降,保持其可溶性固形物的含量,并抑制开伞,有效延长双孢蘑菇的贮藏期。研究表明,ClO2处理+低温贮藏对双孢蘑菇具有较理想的保鲜效应,可有效保持双孢蘑菇的外观和营养品质,提高商品价值,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

高温胁迫对扶桑绵粉蚧成虫过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性的影响

为了研究高温胁迫对扶桑绵粉蚧的影响,将该虫分别置于35℃、38℃、41℃、44℃和47℃水浴处理2 h、3 h和4 h,然后置于26℃下恢复2 h,测定成虫的过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力的变化。结果表明在处理2 h、3 h和4 h下,对照(26℃)的POD活力值分别为(0.0527±0.0015)mmol/min、(0.0508±0.0015)mmol/min和(0.0483±0.0072)mmol/min,均高于高温各处理的POD活力值;5个温度处理下的POD活力值变化为低(35℃)-高(38℃)-低(41、44、47℃)的变化趋势;当处理2 h时,不同温度下的POD活力值分别是(0.0183±0.0009)(35℃)、(0.0480±0.0012)(38℃)、(0.0227±0.0012)(41℃)、(0.0197±0.0003)(44℃)、(0.0173±0.0007)(47℃)mmol/min。且在不同温度和时间处理下,成虫的GSTs活性变化趋势与POD活性变化趋势一致。即不同时间处理下,对照的GSTs活性均高于高温各处理的GSTs,其对照的GSTs活力值分别为(0.5537±0.0044)(2 h)、(0.5358±0.0078)(3 h)和(0.5291±0.0264)(4 h)mmol/min;5个温度处理下的GSTs活力值变化为低(35℃)-高(38℃)-低(41℃、44℃、47℃)的变化趋势;当处理3 h时,不同温度下的GSTs活力值分别是(0.5114±0.0116)(35℃)、(0.5426±0.0009)(38℃)、(0.4861±0.0073)(41℃)、(0.3657±0.0029)(44℃)、(0.3404±0.0156)mmol/min(47℃)。因此高温对扶桑绵粉蚧体内的POD和GSTs活力存在影响。     

原子力显微镜拉伸吸附在金膜表面的短单链DNA分子

对单根DNA分子的操纵和拉伸可以直接研究DNA的弹性等力学性质. 首先通过将金沉积到云母表面制备了表面粗糙度小于0.3 nm的金膜,然后一段硫代的单链DNA (100 bases) 吸附到金膜表面. 利用原子力显微镜观察不同浓度的DNA吸附在金膜上的表面形貌. 进一步用原子力显微镜的力曲线模式拉伸DNA分子,在50％的情况下DNA可以被针尖拉伸,观察到了由于针尖和DNA分子间作用力的不同导致的多种不同力曲线.     

女贞和珊瑚树叶片表面特征的AFM观察

应用原子力显微镜观察了女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、珊瑚树(Viburnum odoratissimum)幼叶和成熟叶的表面特征,并探讨了叶面微结构对滞尘能力的可能影响以及抵抗干旱、污染物等胁迫的能力。女贞幼叶和成熟叶正背面的粗糙度Ra分别为417.8、794.5,1069、957.4 nm;珊瑚树幼叶和成熟叶正背面的粗糙度Ra分别为471.3、469.6,291.1、865.9 nm。和幼叶相比,成熟叶表面的粗糙度发生变化,但2个物种的变化趋势不同,这种变化可能与气孔的发育以及外界环境条件对叶片表面形态结构、蜡质含量和成分的影响不同有关。叶片表面存在大量的沟状、孔状峰谷区域和直径约为10 μm的凹陷,有利于PM₁₀的滞留。女贞和珊瑚树成熟叶气孔只分布在叶下表皮且下陷。这些特征均说明女贞和珊瑚树具有较强的滞尘能力和抵抗干旱、污染物胁迫的能力,作为绿篱植物对消减城市大气颗粒物污染和提高空气质量具有重要的意义。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细