草原生态系统狭翅雏蝗种群的能量动态

为揭示蝗虫在草原生态系统中的地位和作用,作者从一关键种着手,采用室内能量参数(取食量、排泄量、呼吸量、生产量)的测定结合野外自然种群数据的方法,讨论了3个植物群落(代表不同的退化程度)中狭翅雏蝗的能量动态。结果表明:(1)狭翅雏蝗种群的生产量(P)为1.1—2kJ/m~2,通过种群的能流(A)为3.4—6.6kJ/m~2,(2)其同化效率(A/C)为48％—58％,生态效率(P/C)为14％—18％,生长效率(P/A)为30％—32％;(3)狭翅雏蝗总摄食量(C)为6.9—13.8kJ/m~2,占地上初级生产量的0.21％—1.03％;另有0.21％—1.93％的牧草因蝗虫取食而掉落;狭翅雏蝗对牧草的压力表现为在越退化的草场,其压力越大。     

内蒙古草原三种植物群落中狭翅雏蝗造成的牧草损失(英文)

狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius是我国北方草原的重要蝗种之一,在大发生年对牧草的威胁很大。它对牧草的损失至今尚无较准确的定量估算。本文通过测定不同发育阶段狭翅雏蝗的取食率、掉落毁损率,结合野外自然种群数据,对内蒙古草原三种植物群落中狭翅雏蝗造成的牧草损失进行了估测,并对三种草场蝗虫的经济阈值进行了计算。主要研究结果如下: 1.狭翅雏蝗对羊草、冷蒿、大针茅的取食率相似;取食率与虫体体重存在显著的线性相关。 2.狭翅雏蝗每个个体在一生中平均造成牧草损失487.55—784.4mg(干重),每日消耗与浪费的牧草为7.64—11.45mg。 3.狭翅雏蝗种群造成的牧草损失在冷蒿群落、羊草-大针茅-羊草群落、羊草-大针茅群落分别为1.52,1.65,0.76g/m,占地上初级生产量的2.96％、1.18％、0.42％,表现为越退化的草场,狭翅雏蝗对牧草的压力越大。其累积损失量的季节程式可以刚logisuc方程拟合。 4.狭翅雏蝗的经济阈值在羊草、羊草+大针茅+冰草、冷蒿草原分别为每平方米18.5、19.4、11.8头四龄为主个体。     

内蒙古草原三种植物群落中狭翅雏蝗造成的牧草损失

狭翅雏蝗(Chorthippus dubiua)是我国北方草原的重要蝗种之一,在大发生年对牧草的威胁很大。它对牧草的损失至今尚无较准确的定量估算。本文通过测定不同发育阶段狭翅雏蝗的取食率、掉落毁损率,结合野外自然种群数据,对内蒙古草原三种植物群落中狭翅雏蝗造成的牧草损失进行了估测。主要研究结果如下:     

温、湿度对狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius (Zub.)实验种群的影响

本文研究了不同温、湿度条件对狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius(Zub.)实验种群的影响;在室内,温度控制在16℃、18℃、21℃、23℃、25℃、28℃、30℃、33℃、35℃和37℃,土壤含水率控制在5.0％、10.0％、14.3％,研究温度和土壤含水率对狭翅雏蝗卵孵化率的影响;温度控制在18℃、21℃、25℃、28℃、30℃、33℃、35℃和37℃,相对湿度控制在100％、80％和60％,研究温度和相对湿度对狭翅雏蝗蝻存活率、成虫生殖力和种群增长率的影响。 研究表明:温度、土壤含水率以及两者的交互作用对狭翅雏蝗卵的孵化率都有显著的影响;温度、相对湿度以及两者的交互作用对狭翅雏蝗卵的孵化率都有显著的影响。这种影响可用下列回归方程表示: y=a+b_1(T′-T)(T-T_0)+b_2(H′-H)(H-H_0)+b_3(H′/T_0-H/T)(H/T-H_0/T′)+b_4·(H′T′-HT)(HT-H_0T_0) 其中H′、H_0和T′、T_0分别为昆虫可存活的湿度的上、下限和温度的上、下限;T、H为实际温、湿度;y为存活率(或孵化率);a、b_1、b_2、b_3和b_4均为常数。 温度对狭翅雏蝗的生殖力有显著的影响,相对湿度的作用不太显著。狭翅雏蝗种群世代净增长率R_0>1的温度范围,在80％相对湿度下为27.0℃—31.5℃,在60％相对湿度下为23.0℃—29.5℃。     

内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原狭翅雏蝗种群动态与气象关系的研究

狭翅雏蝗是我国西北草原的重要害虫之一。在内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原,其种群发生与气象因素有着密切关系。一般冬暖和6月干旱有利于其种群发生;7—8月多雨及7月平均最低温度较高有利于提高种群存活率。 在强度放牧条件下,在锡林河流域,狭翅雏蝗主要发生地冷蒿群落和羊草群落,由于小地形和下垫面性质不同,具有不同的小气候条件。1984年的小气候观测表明:在6月,冷蒿群落土壤含水率低于羊草群落,相应的前者狭翅雏蝗种群密度高于后者;在7—8月,冷蒿群落的温度、相对湿度以及温度和相对湿度的日变幅均低于羊草群落,冷蒿群落对小气候的调节能力较羊草群落强,冷蒿群落狭翅雏蝗蝻的存活率高于羊草群落。     

中国典型草原放牧草场蝗虫为害损失及经济阈值的估算(英语)

传统上估算蝗虫在放牧草场为害损失的方法几乎都是用来测定对牧草秋季产量的影响,而实际上,在估算放牧草场蝗虫为害损失及经济阈值时,牧草的现存量而非秋季产量是更应考虑的因素.本文提出了一种适合测定蝗虫对牧草现存生物量影响的新方法,即野外挂笼饲养与蝗虫种群动态相结合的估算方法,并在此基础上组建了放牧草场蝗虫种群经济阈值模型;α_0 α_1M_1_α_2M_2_ α_3S_1 α_4S_2=C其中,M_1:狭翅雏蝗生物量;M_2:宽须蚁蝗生物量;S_1:狭翅雏蝗平均个体重量,S_2:宽须蚁蝗平均个体重量;α_0-α_4:常数.同时引入蝗虫种群数量和生物量两项参数来表达蝗虫种群的发生程度.     

内蒙古草原主要蝗虫的防治经济阈值

通过取样调查确定内蒙古草原的优势蝗虫种类;根据5种优势蝗虫自然种群的结构和数量,计算了其蝗蝻和成虫的平均寿命;在半自然条件下测定了这5种蝗虫在不同发育阶段的日食量。根据这5种蝗虫蝗蝻和成虫平均寿命及其日食量数据,估算了不同蝗虫造成的牧草损失,提出了其防治经济阈值(3龄蝻,头/m²), 其中：毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes为22.7,小蛛蝗Aeropedellus variegates minutus为37.4,亚洲小车蝗 Oedaleus asiaticus为16.9,宽须蚁蝗 Myrmeleotettix palpalis为34.3,狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius为36.7。     

温度对意大利蝗呼吸代谢的影响

【目的】意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus L.是新疆荒漠、半荒漠草原的主要危害种类,前期研究表明其发生与新疆气候变暖显著相关,本研究进一步探讨气候变暖条件下意大利蝗的呼吸代谢适应机制。【方法】应用多通道昆虫呼吸仪测定了15, 20, 25, 30和35℃不同温度条件下意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO₂释放率、Q₁₀(每升高10℃呼吸率的变化幅度)及呼吸商并分析其变化特征。【结果】15℃时意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO₂释放率均显著低于其他温度（P<0.01）, 35℃时3项指标值显著高于其他温度（P<0.01）,表明低于15℃和高于35℃的温度条件都对意大利蝗的呼吸代谢产生明显影响;在20~30℃之间,意大利蝗的呼吸率、代谢率及CO2释放率变化幅度小且平稳,差异均不显著（P>0.01）,表明该温度范围是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度条件。不同温度下意大利蝗呼吸率的Q₁₀值显示, 20~30℃温度范围内的 Q₁₀值最小,为1.03, 15~25℃的Q10值为1.43, 25~35℃的Q10值最大,为2.42,说明意大利蝗的呼吸代谢活动对温度变化敏感,并表明20~30℃是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜范围。各温度条件下意大利蝗呼吸商的差异不显著（P>0.01）,平均为0.9450,判断意大利蝗呼吸代谢消耗的底物主要为糖类物质。【结论】意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度范围是20~30℃,预示着在气候持续变暖背景下,意大利蝗仍将是新疆草原最重要的生物灾害之一。     

内蒙古草原主要蝗虫及其嗜食植物的无机化学元素特征初步研究

本文对主要蝗虫及其食料植物的无机化学成分的特征进行了讨论。所用蝗虫及有关植物均采自中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站及其邻近地区。这些蝗虫包括:短星翅蝗、宽翅曲背蝗、宽须蚁蝗、毛足棒角蝗、狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗、红翅皱膝蝗、鼓翅皱膝蝗。比较并讨论了其无机化学成分的差异及含量关系的特征(表1、2)。对上述蝗虫及其食料植物间无机化学成分的差异做了图解(图1—8)。     

西伯利亚蝗气门结构及呼吸代谢对高温胁迫的响应

【目的】掌握西伯利亚蝗Gomphocerus sibiricus的气门结构和呼吸代谢应对高温胁迫的响应策略。【方法】运用扫描电镜观察西伯利亚蝗气门超显微结构,多通道昆虫呼吸仪测定18~42℃处理下西伯利亚蝗的O_2吸收率、CO_2释放率、代谢率和呼吸商。【结果】西伯利亚蝗共有10对气门,胸部2对,腹部8对,呈圆形或椭圆形,内侧着生有筛板,呈刺凸状,分布密集。18~42℃范围内,随温度升高,西伯利亚蝗呼吸代谢呈先上升后下降的趋势。18℃时西伯利亚蝗雌雄成虫的O_2吸收率、CO_2释放率和代谢率值显著小于其他温度下的相应值(P<0.05),雌虫分别为0.0022 m L/min、0.0019 m L/min和0.0210 m L/(g·min),雄虫分别为0.0016 m L/min、0.0016 m L/min和0.0236 m L/(g·min);21~27℃范围内,西伯利亚蝗雌雄成虫的呼吸代谢变化平稳,超过30℃呼吸代谢各指标值迅速上升,至36℃时雌雄成虫的O_2吸收率和代谢率值均显著大于其他温度下的相应值(P<0.05);雌虫分别为0.0071 m L/min和0.0592 m L/(g·min),雄虫分别为0.0089 m L/min和0.1108 m L/(g·min),39℃时CO_2释放率显著大于其他温度下的相应值(P<0.05),雌雄成虫分别为0.0074 m L/min和0.0067 m L/min。【结论】依据西伯利亚蝗呼吸代谢随温度变化特征可以判断,随气候持续变暖,西伯利亚蝗仍将是新疆高山、亚高山草原的重要致灾类群。     

内蒙古羊草草原群落光合与环境条件之间关系的模型初探

 在野外条件下,用同化箱CO2气体交换法测定了羊草群落光合速率日变化及其环境条件。结果表明：在干草原一般气候状态下,羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落光合速率日变化呈双峰型。上下午各有一高峰,中午光合有降低现象。形成这种类型与环境条件有密切的关系。在湿度条件较好时,群落光合主要随光合有效辐射而变化。在湿度条件较差时,群落光合的大小主要受湿度条件的影响。通过多元逐步回归,利用多项式把群落光合和环境条件之间的关系数量化。在自然条件下可用y=-4.28+0.77x1-0.09x12+12.85x2-8.7lx22方程来表示(其中y为群落光合速率,x1为光合有效辐射,x2为空气相对湿度)。此方程的复相关系数为0.92,相对误差为0.03,预测相对误差为0.21。为此根据上面的模型,可以估算群落光合速率和草原生产力。     

Estimation of production and respiration rates by the ciliated protozoa community in an experimental ricefield

Estimates of production and respiration rates by a field community of ciliates were made in an experimental ricefield located in the province of Reggio Emilia (Northern Italy) from June to September 13, 1983. Particular attention was given to ciliate communities inhabiting both the water column and the sediment. Production in the sediment was higher than in the water column during the first period of rice cultivation (June–July); in the second period (August–September) production was higher in the water column. A similar trend was recorded for respiration rates. During the entire period, production was estimated at 471 KJ m^-2, while energy losses due to respiration accounted for 178 KJ m^-2. The net production efficiency (K₂) of the total ciliate community was 72.5%. Results obtained are discussed and compared with published data on ciliated Protozoa in other ecosystems.     

Photosynthetic oxygen production and community respiration in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean during austral summer

Photosynthetic oxygen production by phytoplankton and community respiration in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean were estimated from changes in oxygen concentrations in light and dark bottles. Gross production varied between 0.1 and 5.1 µmol O₂ l^-1 day^-1. In the same water, community respiration (the sum of oxygen consumption by heterotrophs and phytoplankton) was 0.4-3.6 µmol O₂ l^-1 day^-1, which accounted for 47-343% of the gross production. Algal and heterotrophic respirations were distinguished using some assumptions. These estimates showed that heterotrophic respiration accounted for most of the community respiration (70-91% depending upon the assumptions), indicating that heterotrophic respiration plays an important role in the mineralization of phytoplankton production in the surveyed sea area. Gross production rate correlated with chlorophyll a concentration, showing that the photosynthetic production rate of oxygen depends on the abundance of phytoplankton. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between gross production and community respiration rates. These regression equations suggested that negative net production occurred under the usually low concentration of chlorophyll observed in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean. Hence, the net exchange of carbon dioxide due to biological processes through the sea surface seemed to be not as large as expected in the Antarctic Ocean, although the number of data were limited at this stage.     

Characteristics of nighttime respiration in outdoor mesocosms

To better understand the patterns and regulation of nighttime community respiration, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were simultaneously measured at 5-min intervals for 37 days in each of three outdoor mesocosms with different fish stocking levels. Nighttime decreases in community respiration rates were estimated fairly well by an exponential function of time and slightly worse by a linear one, irrespective of ecosystem differences, but smaller time coefficients were obtained for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) than for DO. Respiratory quotients increased significantly from nightfall to the hour before dawn. To roughly estimate gross productivity from net productivity measurements, we extrapolated nighttime respiration from various parts of the night to the daytime; among the models evaluated, that extrapolating the respiration rate averaged over the whole nighttime to the previous day led to the highest correlation between irradiance and estimated gross productivity. Significant correlations were found between estimated daytime gross production rates and respiration rates just after sunset, whereas respiration before sunrise seemed quite constant and close to minimum metabolic rates of the ecosystems. Nighttime respiration was also affected by the composition and/or metabolic state of the system, expressed here by daily net community productivity. Multiple regression analysis showed that more than 75% of daily and between-pond variation in respiration rates just after sunset was explained by daytime gross productivity, planktonic and detrital carbon concentrations, and daily net community productivity. Received: July 5, 1999 / Accepted: November 17, 1999     

New and fast method to quantify respiration rates of bacterial and plankton communities in freshwater ecosystems by using optical oxygen sensor spots

A new method of respiration rate measurement based on oxygen luminescence quenching in sensor spots was evaluated for the first time for aquatic bacterial communities. The commonly used Winkler and Clark electrode methods to quantify oxygen concentration both require long incubation times, and the latter additionally causes signal drift due to oxygen consumption at the cathode. The sensor spots proved to be advantageous over those methods in terms of precise and quick oxygen measurements in natural bacterial communities, guaranteeing a respiration rate estimate during a time interval short enough to neglect variations in organism composition, abundance, and activity. Furthermore, no signal drift occurs during measurements, and respiration rate measurements are reliable even at low temperatures and low oxygen consumption rates. Both a natural bacterioplankton sample and a bacterial isolate from a eutrophic river were evaluated in order to optimize the new method for aquatic microorganisms. A minimum abundance of 2.2 x 10(6) respiring cells ml(-1) of a bacterial isolate was sufficient to obtain a distinct oxygen depletion signal within 20 min at 20 degrees C with the new oxygen sensor spot method. Thus, a culture of a bacterial isolate from a eutrophic river (OW 144; 20 x 10(6) respiring bacteria ml(-1)) decreased the oxygen saturation about 8% within 20 min. The natural bacterioplankton sample respired 2.8% from initially 94% oxygen-saturated water in 30 min. During the growth season in 2005, the planktonic community of a eutrophic river consumed between 0.7 and 15.6 micromol O(2) liter(-1) h(-1). The contribution of bacterial respiration to the total plankton community oxygen consumption varied seasonally between 11 and 100%.     

Energetics of a population of Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda): respiration and energy budgets

SUMMARY. Respiration of Asellus aquaticus was determined on tiine occasions throughout the year using a Gilson differential respirometer. On each occasion the determination was made at the lake temperature, which ranged from 2 to 18°C, Linear regressions were derived for log oxygen uptake against log dry weight. There was a significant difference between mean rates of oxygen uptake at the various temperatures but the slopes of the regression lines, which varied from 0,62 to O.85 with a mean of 0,76, were not significantly different.
The temperature of the lake was monitored throughout the year. Using the relationship of oxygen uptake against temperature, and estimates of population density obtained previously, the total annual respiration of the population was calculated as 4571 ml O₂ m^-2, equivalent to an energy loss of 92.3 kj m^-2 year^-1 from a mean biomassof 752 mg m^-2.
Consumption of decayed Alnus glutinosa leaves and faecal production rates, and thus assimilation efficiency, were determined by gravimetric methods in the laboratory at 10°C, close to the mean temperature of the lake (10.rC), In the four size classes investigated, larger animals consumed more food per individual, but less on a weight specific basis. However, it was shown that consumption was greater if the leaf material was more highly decomposed, Assimiliation efficiency was calculated as 23%.
Using data for respiration, population density and the assimilation efficiency, the annual population energy budget was estimated as (kJ m^-2year^-1): consumption, 568.9 (100%); production, 38.5 (6.8%); respiration, 92.3 (16.2%); faeces, 438.1 (77%). The significance of these energy values, and the ecological efficiencies calculated from them, are discussed in relation to other published work.     

Relationships between water chemistry and respiration rate in several populations of lymnaea peregra Müller (Gastropoda: Mollusca)

Respiration rates of specimens of L. peregra obtained from waters with a wide range of ionic concentrations were measured using a constant volume respirometer. Multiple regression analysis showed that hardness of the water from which the snails were taken could significantly affect dry-wet weight relationships, oxygen consumption in relation to shell-free dry weight and oxygen consumption in relation to live wet weight. However there were also significant differences in respiration rate between populations from within water hardness categories (hard > 40 mg l^–1 Ca²⁺, medium 40 – 10 mg l^–1 Ca²⁺, soft < 10 mg l^–1 Ca²⁺). In experiments with constant anion but different cation concentrations, calcium and potassium concentrations were the most significant variables tested. There were no differences in respiration rates of animals taken from the same sites in different years.     

Oxygen transfer rate,respiration and yields in batch and chemostat cultures ofKlebsiella aerogenes

The effect was studied of oxygen supply on the changes in total and specific rate of oxygen consumption by the cells, oxygen transfer rate, saturation concentrations of dissolved oxygen and the yields of batch and continuous cultivations. Experiments were done on the microorganismKlebsiella aerogenes CCM 2318 growing on synthetic glucose medium. Continuous cultivations were carried out at dilution rates of 0.96 and 0.178 h⁻¹. The rate of oxygen transfer was determined by the sulphite method and the coefficient K_La was assessed using the dynamic method with a correction for changes in the saturations of dissolved oxygen. A lowered oxygen supply in batch cultivations caused deformations in the course of cell respiration. Comparison of results of batch and continuous cultivations showed that the highest yields Y_x/s and Y_x/o are attained at low dilution rates without oxygen limitation. Batch cultivations, on the other hand, exhibit the lowest yields and the highest cell respiration levels. In both types of cultivations, a respiration peak was ascertained under the conditions of growth limitation by oxygen.     

Ontogeny of energetics in leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtle hatchlings

Changes in activity related oxygen consumption were measured in leatherback and olive ridley sea turtle hatchlings over their first month after emergence from the nest. Leatherbacks emerged with 75-90 KJ of energy in the residual yolk for growth and activity whereas olive ridleys emerged with 45 KJ. In leatherbacks (n=8), resting mass-specific oxygen consumption rates decreased by 53% over the first post-hatching month (0.34+0.03 mL O(2) h(-1) g(-1) to 0.16+0.01 mL O(2) h(-1) g(-1), respectively), while for ridleys (n=8) the fall was 35% (0.20+0.03 mL O(2) h(-1) g(-1) to 0.13+0.01 mL O(2) h(-1) g(-1), respectively). Olive ridley factorial aerobic scope doubled (1.93+0.30 to 3.97+0.51) over the first month but there was no significant increase in leatherback factorial aerobic scope (1.39+0.21 to 1.60+0.13). Leatherback hatchlings gained on average 20% initial body mass (7.68+1.66 g) over the first week, with 70 to 80% of this increase due to water accumulation. Olive ridleys gained 14% (1.83+0.16 g) in initial mass over the first week of age. We propose that the differences in aerobic scope and energy reserves are related to differences in early life ecological stratagems of these species.