非编码RNA参与调控哮喘T细胞功能的研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是一种以气道炎性反应、高反应性及气道重塑为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,T细胞在其中发挥着至关重要的作用。非编码RNA (non-coding RNA, ncRNA)是转录组中不编码蛋白质的RNA分子,主要包括微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)、环状RNA (circular RNA, circRNA)等,广泛存在于真核生物基因组中,参与调控多种生物学过程。已有研究表明,ncRNA在哮喘T细胞的活化及转换等过程中起着重要作用,其具体作用机制及临床应用值得深入探讨。本文综合分析了近年来miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA在哮喘T细胞功能调控中的研究进展,为更好地理解哮喘发病机制和提高诊断水平提供新思路,同时也为利用ncRNA的调节潜能开发治疗策略提供理论依据。     

综述: 新型长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)的生物信息学研究进展

非编码RNA (noncoding RNA,ncRNA)是指不被翻译成蛋白质的一类RNA,近几年来关于它们的功能研究越来越引起人们的重视．现在已经发现了一些中小型ncRNA,比如microRNA、snoRNA、tRNA等,但是关于长ncRNA(lncRNA)的研究还不够完善．本篇综述回顾了 ncRNA特别是 lncRNA的生物信息学研究进展,包括它们的研究历程、基本特点、与疾病的关系,以及对已有的预测非编码RNA的计算机方法进行了分析和比较,并且介绍了利用机器学习模型整合新一代高通量测序数据的方法．     

长非编码RNA

人类基因组序列的约5%～10%被稳定转录,蛋白质编码基因仅约占1%,其余4%～9%的序列虽能转录,但转录物功能尚不明确。尽管如此,已确证在非蛋白质编码转录物中,含有具备调节功能的非编码RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA)。与具有调节功能的短链非编码RNA[如微RNA(microRNA)、小干扰RNA(siRNA),、Piwi-RNA]相比,长非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)在数量上占大多数。lncRNA通过多种方式产生,以多种途径调节靶基因表达,参与调控生物体生长、发育、衰老、死亡等过程;lncRNA功能异常往往导致疾病发生。本文综述了lncRNA的起源、分类、作用分子机制及lncRNA异常与疾病的相关性等内容,旨在充分了解这一重要新型调控分子。     

长链非编码RNA研究进展

基因组计划研究表明, 在组成人类基因组的30亿个碱基对中, 仅有1.5%的核酸序列用于蛋白质编码, 其余98.5%的基因组为非蛋白质编码序列。这些序列曾被认为是在进化过程中累积的“垃圾序列”而未予以关注, 但在随后启动的ENCODE研究计划中却发现, 75%的基因组序列能够被转录成RNA, 其中近74%的转录产物为非编码RNA(Non-coding RNA, ncRNA)。在非编码RNA中, 绝大多数转录本的长度大于200个碱基, 这些“长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)”能够在转录及转录后水平上调节蛋白编码基因的表达, 从而广泛地参与包括细胞分化、个体发育在内的重要生命过程, 其异常表达还与多种人类重大疾病的发生密切相关。文章综述了长链非编码RNA的发现、分类、表达、作用机制以及其在个体发育和人类疾病中的作用。     

MicroRNA，lncRNA与神经退行性疾病

综述了microRNA和lncRNA在一些神经退行性疾病病理生理中的作用机制．随着社会生产的发展,人类文明的进步,人口日益老年化,神经退行性疾病正在全球范围内流行,严重地危害着人类的健康．尽管长期的研究使人们对神经退行性疾病有了比较全面和深入的了解,但是其背后隐藏的发病机制仍然是个谜．人类基因组约98%的转录产物为非编码RNA(ncRNA),在生命活动中有着许多鲜为人知的广泛而多样性的生物功能．小分子RNA(microRNA)是研究得相对比较深入的一类小ncRNA,最近2～3年,长非编码RNA(lncRNA)受到人们的重视,已积累了一些相关研究成果．     

microRNA和长链非编码RNA在呼吸系统疾病中的表达

非编码RNA包括microRNA(miRNA)和长链非编码RNA(1ncRNA),广泛存在于真核生物的基因组中,通过调控转译过程影响各种生物学效应,在多种生物体的重要生命过程中具有不可替代的作用。研究已证实呼吸系统疾病中miRNA存在差异性表达,而lncRNA可调节分子表型,两者的相互作用机制仍需大量实验进行研究。非编码RNA作为一种新型治疗途径的靶点,其具体作用机制及如何更好地应用于临床值得深入探讨。     

长链非编码RNA作为潜在药物靶点的研究进展

随着生命科学的不断发展,2012年DNA元件百科全书（ENCODE）项目进一步丰富了人类基因组功能元件的相关信息。该项目 发现人类基因组超过80%的序列会被转录,其中大部分转录本是非编码RNA（ncRNA）。目前,在这些非编码RNA中,小RNA的研究 相对深入,而长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）的研究相对较少。越来越多研究表明,很多lncRNA参与到人类重大疾病的发生、发展过程之 中,并且一些动物实验证实lncRNA可作为药物靶点。因此,从lncRNA角度筛选新的药物靶点也越来越受到研究者的关注。重点总结了 lncRNA的生物学功能及作为潜在药物靶点的研究进展。     

非编码RNA在肿瘤细胞糖代谢中的调控作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是一类不具有蛋白质编码潜能的RNA,可分为管家ncRNA和调控性ncRNA。微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是研究得比较清楚的一类调控性ncRNA,不仅可调控细胞分化、增殖和凋亡,还可通过调节糖酵解途径中的限速酶［如己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase, PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)］来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)是另一类近年来引起重视的调控性ncRNA,它们可通过调节癌基因c Myc、葡糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT)、HK和缺氧诱导因子等来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。深入了解miRNA和lncRNA等调控性ncRNA调控肿瘤细胞糖代谢的机制不仅可以使我们更加深入地了解肿瘤的发生机制,而且可能为肿瘤的预防、诊断和治疗提供新方向。     

肿瘤发生过程中miRNA与lncRNA的相互作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是生物体内普遍存在,且对生命活动具有重要调控作用的生物分子.以微RNA（microRNA,miRNA）和长链非编码RNA（long non coding RNA,lncRNA）为代表的ncRNA分子在肿瘤发生和发展过程中都有重要的作用.越来越多研究发现,miRNA和lncRNA之间的关系是非常密切的,某些lncRNA(如H19和BIC)可以作为miRNA的前体,通过加工成miRNA而发挥作用.有些miRNA通过作用于lncRNA影响肿瘤的发生(如：miR-129与MEG3,let-7与H19);同样地,有些lncRNA通过作用于miRNA影响肿瘤的发生(如：HULC与miR-372,PTCSC3与miR-574-5p,ciRS-7与miR-7,Sry与miR-138).miRNA与lncRNA之间既可以直接相互作用,也可以通过其它分子（特别是蛋白质或蛋白质复合物）间接地影响着肿瘤的发生和发展.揭示miRNA和lncRNA相互作用在肿瘤发生中的作用可以为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新思路.     

非编码RNA(ncRNA)在前列腺癌发生发展中的作用机制

人类基因组计划的研究结果显示,仅有2.5万~3万个蛋白质编码基因,占总基因组序列不到3%,其余基因组序列转录产生的RNA都是非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA).ncRNA与恶性肿瘤发生发展关系密切.近年来,关于ncRNA中的长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)以及环状RNA(circRNA)的研究进展迅速.本文就lncRNA以及circRNA在前列腺癌中作用机制的研究进展作一综述.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细