黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声的方向性和第三气门的功能

黑蝉鸣声的波形结构无明显的方向性.单音节的重复周期和调幅脉冲列的间隔(I_1和I_2)分别为9.787±0.813ms、2.286±0.093ms和1.874±0.063ms.幅值特性有明显的方向性.主峰频率(MPF=5.47±0.11kHz)的幅值,头向和背向分别比尾向下降5.9dB和3.9dB,侧向和腹向分别增高1.1dB和2.3dB.两侧第三气门受阻后鸣声的波形结构和音色都产生明显变化.I_1和I_2分别为0.912±0.156ms和1.099±0.113ms,约为正常值的40—59%.有三个谱带,MPF为5775Hz,两侧谱带的峰值频率为4575Hz和7025Hz,分别下降1.5dB和3.4dB.     

蟋蟀(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein)鸣声的特征和黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声对其的影响

本文由1741个叫声的分析,给出了蟋蟀的鸣声特征和黑蝉叫声的影响.雄蟋招引声的每个单次叫声(SC)平均含有7.6个节拍,每个含有2个脉冲列组,每组含有4个主要的调幅脉冲列.每个SC的声长、间隔和平均重复周期(?)及节拍速(?)分别为1.285-1.325s,0.755—0.746s和2.078s及每秒7.6个节拍.鸣声谱的主峰频率(MPF)和MPF下降20db的带宽分别为5223±79Hz和(4498±82)—(5656±68)Hz.正在歌唱的蟋蟀鸣声基本上不受黑蝉自鸣声的影响,但黑蝉的前置自鸣声对蟋蟀鸣声波形有一定的影响.黑蝉的惊叫声不仅对蟋蟀鸣声波形有明显影响,而且时间特性有一定影响,即(?)约缩短一半,(?)的变差明显扩大.但对频率特性都无影响.     

蟋蟀(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein)鸣声的特征和黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声对其的影响

本文由1741个叫声的分析,给出了蟋蟀的鸣声特征和黑蝉叫声的影响.雄蟋招引声的每个单次叫声(SC)平均含有7.6个节拍,每个含有2个脉冲列组,每组含有4个主要的调幅脉冲列.每个SC的声长、间隔和平均重复周期(?)及节拍速(?)分别为1.285-1.325s,0.755—0.746s和2.078s及每秒7.6个节拍.鸣声谱的主峰频率(MPF)和MPF下降20db的带宽分别为5223±79Hz和(4498±82)—(5656±68)Hz.正在歌唱的蟋蟀鸣声基本上不受黑蝉自鸣声的影响,但黑蝉的前置自鸣声对蟋蟀鸣声波形有一定的影响.黑蝉的惊叫声不仅对蟋蟀鸣声波形有明显影响,而且时间特性有一定影响,即(?)约缩短一半,(?)的变差明显扩大.但对频率特性都无影响.     

红蹼树蛙繁殖期鸣声特征及鸣叫节律

鸣叫是无尾两栖类声音通讯的重要环节之一。许多蛙类的鸣叫行为具有节律性,且受温度和湿度的影响。为研究红蹼树蛙(Rhacophorus rhodopus)的鸣声特征和鸣叫节律,2016年5—6月,采用录音机和指向性话筒,在野外录制了61只雄性红蹼树蛙的鸣声,并通过悬挂录音笔和自动温湿度记录仪研究其鸣叫节律(22 d)。结果发现:红蹼树蛙的鸣声分为单音节和多音节(音节数2~20;平均6.27±2.94)2种类型。与多音节鸣声的主频(2213.32±106.95 Hz)、音节时长(14.83±1.27 ms)和音节间隔(60.66±8.56 ms)相比,单音节鸣声的主频(2289.87±120.14 Hz)、音节时长(16.93±1.68 ms)和音节间隔(610.99±178.48ms)显著升高(P0.05),而2种鸣声的基频(单音节鸣声:212.51±21.63 Hz;多音节鸣声:225.39±26.80 Hz)无显著差异(P0.05)。红蹼树蛙每晚19:00至次日03:00具有鸣叫行为,22:00为高峰期。结果表明:红蹼树蛙主要通过改变鸣声的主频、音节时长、音节间隔以及音节数提高声音通讯效率。红蹼树蛙的鸣叫行为具有昼夜节律,且在一定程度上受温度和湿度的影响。     

鸣鸣蝉(Oncotympana maculaticollis Motschulsk)自鸣声信息及其频谱的双倍频特征

本文报道庐山鸣鸣蝉自鸣声信息的长码与短码结构及其部分频谱的双倍频特征。庐山鸣鸣蝉多次重复的“MUYING……MUYING MU A”叫声,仅由三种信息MU(简称M),YING(I)及“A”重复编排而成。M与A的特征类似:持续时间大于170ms,波形具有约为6ms的周期,频谱主峰频率(MPF)约为4kHz,谱能量主要分布在2—7kHz频带内。这是鸣鸣蝉自鸣声长码的近似不变特征。长码I与M,A的不同点是持续期多在300ms以上,MPF为变频特征,在2.7—7.2kHz之间变化,谱能量较均匀地分布在0—14kHz频带内。约为6ms的准周期内含有几个频率不同的脉冲串(PT),这些不同频率的PT称为短码。这表明鸣鸣蝉自鸣声中长码是由变频短码组成的。M与A部分频谱具有双倍频特征,即构成频谱的子谱峰频率为两个倍频序列,其中一序列的共振峰为主峰,另一序列的共振峰为次峰。     

白颊噪鹛四川亚种繁殖期鸣声声谱分析

2008年3～10月,在四川省南充市郊通过声谱分析对白颊噪鹛四川亚种Garrulax sannio oblectans繁殖期的鸣声与行为做了初步研究.其鸣声类型具有占区、驱赶、雌雄应答、求偶、交配、乞食、召唤、报警、惊叫及集群觅食等鸣声.其鸣声大多由短的重复的单音节、双音节和多音节鸣声组成.鸣声音节中最常见为单音节鸣声,最少的为多音节鸣声.     

雄性西藏蟾蜍的鸣声特征及听觉敏感性

西藏蟾蜍(Bufo tibetanus)主要生活在海拔2 400～4 300 m的高海拔地区,本研究分析了这一高原两栖物种雄性个体的鸣声特征和听觉敏感性。采用录音机和指向性话筒,在野外记录西藏蟾蜍的广告鸣声,使用听觉脑干反应(ABR)检测听觉敏感性。采用Praat声音分析软件绘制广告鸣声的波形图和频谱图,鸣声特征参数通过Adobe Audition软件获取。广告鸣声由多个单音节鸣叫组成,鸣声主频为(1150±99)Hz。ABR对于刺激的响应以谷峰波形展示,听力图结果显示,听觉敏感区域在1.4～2.0 kHz,但在0.6～6.0 kHz范围的听觉阈值均高于70 dB,表明雄性西藏蟾蜍相较于其他物种听觉敏感性较差。尽管雄性西藏蟾蜍的最佳听觉敏感频率(1.6kHz)稍高于鸣声主频,但其鸣声能谱结构与听觉敏感性曲线在1.0～1.4 kHz存在一定程度重叠,符合"匹配过滤假说"。     

同一噪音环境下武夷湍蛙与凹耳蛙的求偶鸣声特征比较及其适应策略

为了解同域分布的两种无尾两栖类动物武夷湍蛙(Amolops wuyiensis)和凹耳蛙(Odorrana tormotus)在高噪音环境下的求偶鸣声特征及其适应策略,该研究利用超声录音设备录制并分析了繁殖季节武夷湍蛙和凹耳蛙雄性个体在同一噪音环境下的求偶鸣声。结果显示,繁殖期武夷湍蛙在不同时段均能发出3~6个音节数不等的单一鸣声,每个音节由2~10个声脉冲组成,鸣声平均持续时间为2198.20ms,主频为2231.90Hz,信噪声强差为33.00dB,且鸣声不含超声组分,不具备超声通讯的基础。凹耳蛙在每天的18:00—21:00有集中鸣叫行为,鸣声平均持续时间为331.80ms,主频为6665.50Hz,信噪声强差为37.00dB,且鸣声谐波包含超声组分,与前人描述一致。经进一步分析发现,武夷湍蛙和凹耳蛙的鸣声主频和声强均高于背景噪音,噪音不会对其鸣声产生掩蔽作用。通过比较分析得知,武夷湍蛙鸣声主频率<凹耳蛙,推测其声信号传播距离相对后者更远,该蛙在噪音环境下有可能通过调整自身的发声策略(即采用多音节鸣叫声、增加鸣叫时长和鸣叫频次等)来完成种内通讯,并通过改变鸣声时长来体现雄性自身的品质,以便提高对雌性的吸引力。而相同噪音环境下的凹耳蛙则可能采用较为节约能量的方式提高声信号频率的通讯策略,完成种内竞争和交流。     

云南景洪地区蝉鸣特点的分析

本文对云南景洪地区三种蝉:A.周氏尖瓣蝉Acutivalva chotti Yao,B.大狭瓣蝉Aola bindusara Distant,C.中华舌瓣蝉Linguvalva sinensis Chou et Yao的鸣声特点,及其晨鸣进行了分析。 蝉A和蝉B的鸣声都是由主峰频率为6.3 kHz的单次声群(SSG)和连续声群(CSG)组成的节律声。但是蝉A鸣声的节律平均周期、SSG中单次声的个数和CSG中调幅脉冲列的重复频率等都明显地与蝉B有区别。蝉C的鸣声是由重复频率约120Hz的调幅脉冲列组成的连续声,其主峰频率为5kHz。 蝉B的傍晚鸣声与午间鸣声相比较,其CSG中调幅脉冲列的重复频率和主峰频率等都是相同的,仅仅是节律的平均周期延长1.7秒,1/3倍频谱中低于1,000Hz的各个频率幅值明显下降。 这三种蝉晨间群鸣由前奏、高潮声和尾声组成。高潮声开始于6点(28±2)分,尾声终止于6点(43±2)分,是以24小时为周期的生物钟现象。 这些结果可能为蝉科分类和蝉的声通讯研究提供某些参考。     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

Responses to features of the calling song by ascending auditory interneurones in the cricket Gryllus campestris

ABSTRACT. In female Gryllus campestris L., three functional types of ascending auditory intemeurones have been studied by recording from them extracellularly in the split cervical connectives using suction electrodes. Type 1 neurones are characterized by an optimal sensitivity to the carrier frequency of the species calling song (4–5 kHz). They copy the syllable and pause structure of the call at all intensities. The patterned spike discharge is observable at least 8 dB above absolute threshold. With suprathreshold stimulation, the neurones exhibit maximal responses (number of spikes/chirp) around the carrier frequency. The intensity response curves are approximately linear in the range of 40–90 dB SPL. The envelope of each syllable is reflected by a corresponding change in the firing rate, and syllable periods of 24ms and longer are resolved. This type can be considered as a neural correlate for phonotactic behaviour of the female where the syllable period has been found to be the most important temporal parameter. Type 2 neurones are most sensitive in the range of 4–6 and 11–13 kHz. They copy the syllable and pause structure of the species calling song at low and moderate intensities. However, the spikes invade the intersyllable pauses, when stimulated with the calling song at higher intensities (above 85 dB). This is particularly apparent at the onset of a chirp series. The slope of the intensity—response curve mimics that of type 1 units. The neurones cannot follow syllable periods shorter than 32 ms. Type 3 neurones differ from types 1 and 2 by a rather broad-band sensitivity in the range of 3–16 kHz, and in copying the chirp as a whole. Even at low stimulus intensities, the intersyllable pauses are filled with spikes, and information about the syllable—pause structure is lost. Stimulation with suprathreshold intensities gives rise to a rather uniform, broad-band response without distinctive peaks. The intensity—response curve is characterized by a higher absolute threshold, and by the reduction in the response magnitude starting above 70–80 dB. These units are not suitable for copying the calling song temporal structure in detail, but would indicate the chirping rhythm. Their strong response in the range of the species courtship song carrier frequency make them suitable to copy the courtship song.     

Song pattern recognition and an auditory time window in the female bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae)

Mate finding in the phaneropterid bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata is achieved by a duet, where the female replies with a short sound to the male song. In experiments with artificial song models we analysed the parameters necessary for eliciting a female response. A verse of the male song consists of a group of 5–9 syllabes which after an interval of about 400 ms is followed by a final syllable. The female response was shown to depend on two processes: (i) recognition of the syllable group as belonging to a conspecific male and (ii) perception of the final syllable as a trigger. Critical parameters for the recognition process are the duration of syllables and syllable pauses, as well as the number of syllables in a group. However, even with an optimal syllable group, the response probability still depends on the interval between the syllable group and the final syllable. The female only responds when the final syllable of the male song occurs within a 250 ms long time window begining approximately 250 ms after the end of the male's syllable group. Her reply consists of a single tick, which follows the male's final syllable with a latency of only 25 ms.     

Sex-specific spectral tuning for the partner's song in the duetting bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae)

The song of the male bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata consists of a sequence of verses. Each verse comprises a syllable group, plus, after about 400 ms a single syllable serving as a trigger for the female response song. The carrier frequency of the male song spectrum peaks at around 15 kHz, while the female song peaks at around 27 kHz. The thresholds of female responses to models of male songs are lowest for song frequencies between 12 and 16 kHz and therefore correspond to the male song spectrum. The threshold curve of the female response to the trigger syllable at different frequencies has the same shape as the tuning for the syllable group. Phonotactic thresholds of male Ancistrura nigrovittata to synthetic female responses at different frequencies are lowest between 24 and 28 kHz and thereby correspond to the female song spectrum and clearly differ from female response thresholds. Activity of the tympanic fibre bundle of both sexes is most sensitive between 15 and 35 kHz and therefore not specifically tuned to the partner's song. Individual behavioural thresholds have their minimum within 10 dB of the values of tympanic thresholds.     

Temperature coupling in cricket acoustic communication

Summary Temperature effects on calling song production and recognition were investigated in the North American field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Temporal parameters of field-recorded G. firmus calling song are strongly affected by temperature. Chirp rate and syllable rate increase, by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, as linear functions of temperature over the range in which these animals sing in the field (12°–30 °C). Temperature affects syllable duration to a lesser extent, and does not influence calling song carrier frequency. Female phonotactic preference, measured on a spherical treadmill in the laboratory, also changes with temperature such that warmer females prefer songs with faster chirp and syllable rates. Best phonotaxis, measured as accuracy of orientation to the sound source, and highest walking velocity, occur in response to temperature-matched songs at 15°, 21°, and 30 °C. Experiments under semi-natural conditions in an outdoor arena revealed that females perform phonotaxis at temperatures as low as 13 °C. Taken together, the song and phonotaxis data demonstrate that this communication system is temperature coupled. A strategy is outlined by which temperature coupling may be exploited to test hypotheses about the organization of neural networks subserving song recognition.Abbreviations CP chirp period - SP syllable period - SD syllable duration     

Airflow and pressure during canary song: direct evidence for mini-breaths

Summary Male canaries (Serinus canaria) produce songs of long duration compared to the normal respiratory cycle. Each phrase in a song contains repetitions of a particular song syllable, with repetition rates for different syllables ranging from 3 to 35 notes/s. We measured tracheal airflow and air sac pressure in order to investigate respiratory dynamics during song.Song syllables (11–280 ms) are always accompanied by expiratory tracheal airflow. The silent intervals (15–90 ms) between successive syllables are accompanied by inspiration, except for a few phrases where airflow ceases instead of reversing. Thus, the mini-breath respiratory pattern is used most often by the five birds studied and pulsatile expiration is used only occasionally.Songs and phrases accompanied by minibreaths were of longer duration than those accompanied by pulsatile expiration, presumably because the animal's finite vital capacity is not a limiting factor when the volume of air expired for one note is replaced by inspiration prior to the next. Pulsatile expiration was used for only a few syllable types from one bird that were produced at higher repetition rates than syllables accompanied by mini-breaths. We suggest that male canaries switch to pulsatile expiration only when the syllable repetition rate is too high (greater than about 30 Hz) for them to achieve mini-breaths.Changes in syringeal configuration that may accompany song are discussed, based on the assumption that changes in the ratio of subsyringeal (air sac) pressure to tracheal flow rate reflect changes in syringeal resistance.     

Responses and song pattern copying of Omega-type I-neurons in the cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus,at different prothoracic temperatures

Summary Omega-type I-neurons (ON/1) (Fig. 1A) were recorded intracellularly with the prothoracic ganglion kept at temperatures of either 8–9°, or 20–22° or 30–33 °C and the forelegs with the tympanal organs kept at ambient temperature (20–22 °C). The neurons were stimulated with synthetic calling songs (5 kHz carrier frequency) with syllable periods (SP in ms) varying between 20 and 100, presented at sound intensities between 40 and 80 dB SPL. The amplitude and duration of spikes as well as response latency decreased at higher temperatures (Figs. 1 B, 2, 6). At lower prothoracic temperatures (8–9 °C) the neuron's responses to songs with short SP (20 ms) failed to copy single syllables, or with moderate SP (40 ms) copied the syllable with low signal to noise ratio (Fig. 3). The auditory threshold of the ON/1 type neuron, when tested with the song model, was temperature-dependent. At 9° and 20 °C it was between 40 and 50 dB SPL and at 33 °C it was less than 40 dB SPL (Fig. 4). For each SP, the slope of the intensity-response function was positively correlated with temperature, however, at low prothoracic temperatures the slope was lower for songs with shorter SPs (Fig. 5). The poor copying of the syllabic structure of the songs with short SPs at low prothoracic temperatures finds a behavioral correlate because females when tested for phonotaxis on a walking compensator responded best to songs with longer SPs at a similar temperature.Abbreviations epsps excitatory postsynaptic potentials - ON/1 omega-type I-neuron - SP syllable period - SPL sound pressure level     

楝星天牛胸部摩擦和鞘翅振动发声及其声学特性的研究*

楝星天牛Anoplophora horsfieldi(Hope)成虫可借两种不同的方式发声： 1.胸部摩擦发声;2.鞘翊振动发声。胸部摩擦发声可连续进行,具有抗拒敌害和种内通讯的生物学意义;鞘翅振动发声为断续产生,受外界刺激而诱发,主要与抗拒敌害有关。测定表明,胸部摩擦声由多个音组连续组成,每一音组的持续时间为1100-1 6000ms,依次由抬头声音节(持续384±22ms,含有250-350个脉冲列)、间隔1(270-600ms)、低头声音节(382±16ms,250-350个脉冲列)和间隔2(80-360ms)组成。 抬头声音节的功率谱由基本音及其分音组成,基本音为信号能量的主要部分,其主峰频率为742±30Hz(雄)和603±34HZ(雌)。鞘翅振动声由间隔不等的,7-9个脉冲列组成,脉冲列的振幅较大、频率较高,持续约7-10ms。功率谱图上虽然脉冲列的频率分布于0-3100Hz,但能量主要集中在850-1050Hz内。与胸部摩擦声相比,鞘翅振动声的能量更高、释放更突然,是一种更为有效的拒敌性行为。     

Attractiveness of the maleAcheta domestica calling song to females

Summary FemaleAcheta domestica did not discriminate between pairs of model calling songs (CSs) which differed only in syllable period (SP; Fig. 1). The females selected the louder CS (Fig. 2) or the CS with a faster chirp rate (CR; Fig. 3) when presented with pairs of otherwise identical CSs. A CS with an SP of 50 ms (modal for the male's CS) was preferred when it was 5 dB louder than one with a 60-ms SP while a CS with a 60-ms SP was only consistently chosen when it was 10 dB louder than a CS with a 50-ms SP (Fig. 4). A more intense CS was preferred by the females regardless of whether its CR was faster or slower than that of the CS produced at a lower intensity (Fig. 6). When CSs with SPs of 50 or 60 ms had several different CRs, the females that made a significant choice preferred a CS with a 50-ms SP regardless of whether it was produced at a faster or slower CR (Figs. 7, 8). No significant selection between CSs with 40- and 50-ms SPs resulted when they were produced at different intensities (Fig. 5) or CRs (Fig. 9). Females only significantly chose a CS with a 50-ms SP over those with 40 ms SPs when the 50-ms-SP CS was louder and produced at a different CR (Fig. 10). From these results, it was apparent that SP, intensity, and CR all influenced a female's choice of a CS, and thus the male producing it. However, our results indicate that SP was the most important feature influencing the female's choice and that intensity was more effective than CR.Abbreviations CR chirp rate - CS calling song - POD polar orientation diagram - SP syllable period