酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的研究进展

生物乙醇作为一种可再生的清洁能源,正在引起人们的广泛关注.酿酒酵母是乙醇生产中最常用的发酵菌株,但是乙醇耐受性往往成为限制酿酒酵母菌乙醇产量的重要因素.选育耐受高浓度乙醇的酵母菌株对于提高乙醇产率具有重要意义.然而传统的菌株改良方法具有育种周期长,突变方向不定等缺点.主要综述了近年来国内外对酿酒酵母菌耐受乙醇的分子生物学机理方面的研究成果,进而总结了提高酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的基因工程、代谢工程.     

利用人工锌指文库选育高乙醇耐受性工业酵母菌株

选育高乙醇耐性的酿酒酵母菌株对提高燃料乙醇的发酵效率具有重要意义.锌指蛋白广泛存在于多种生物中,对基因的转录和翻译起重要的调节作用.利用人工设计的锌指蛋白可定向设计锌指序列及其排列顺序,实现对细胞内多个基因的全局调控.由于与环境胁迫反应相关的基因很多,因此可利用人工锌指蛋白技术获得耐受性提高的微生物重组菌.文中将人工锌指文库转入到酿酒酵母模式菌株S288c,选育了具有高乙醇耐受性的重组菌株M01,并分离了与乙醇耐受性提高相关的人工锌指蛋白表达载体pRS316ZFP-M01,转入工业酿酒酵母Sc4126,在含有不同浓度乙醇的平板上,工业酵母Sc4126的重组菌株表现出显著的耐受性提高.在高糖培养基(250 g/L)条件下进行乙醇发酵,发现重组菌的乙醇发酵效率明显快于野生型,发酵时间提前24 h,且发酵终点乙醇浓度提高6.3％.结果表明人工锌指文库能够提高酵母的乙醇耐受性,为构建发酵性能优良的酵母菌种奠定了基础.     

酿酒酵母对酚类抑制物耐受性研究

通过短期驯化策略提高酿酒酵母对木质纤维素预处理产生的酚类物质的耐受性。考察酚酸对酵母的抑制作用,比较驯化菌株在酚酸中生理指标,通过流式细胞仪分析酵母细胞膜完整性。单一酚酸低浓度对酿酒酵母生长和发酵没有明显抑制作用,而高浓度抑制强烈。混合酚酸具有更强的抑制作用,特别对乙醇发酵影响显著。相比原始菌株,短期驯化菌株在混合酚酸胁迫下的生长发酵动力学参数明显提高,细胞膜保持良好的完整性。酚酸对酿酒酵母生长有直接抑制作用,短期驯化能提高酵母酚酸耐受性,这与细胞膜应激反应保持其完整性有关。     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理研究进展

酿酒酵母(Sacchromyces cerevisiae)一直是主要的生物乙醇和酿酒业发酵菌株, 具有发酵速度快、乙醇产量高特性。然而, 产物乙醇积累造成的毒性效应是限制乙醇产量的主要因素之一, 研究酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性为解决这一工业难题奠定了理论基础。本文从乙醇对酵母细胞生理、细胞结构和组分的影响, 以及酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的遗传基础方面综述了酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理的研究进展。     

抑制剂耐受性酵母底盘细胞的设计与构建

纤维素乙醇是一种低碳清洁的绿色能源,可与传统石油基液体燃料混合使用,具备广阔的应用前景.纤维素乙醇的生产历经木质纤维素预处理、糖化和酿酒酵母发酵等工艺,而预处理过程会产生多种副产物,显著抑制酵母细胞的生长速率和发酵性能.因此,构建抑制剂耐受性酵母底盘细胞,有助于提高纤维素乙醇的生产效率,降低生产成本.针对抑制剂耐受性酵...     

纤维素乙醇生物加工过程中的抑制物对酿酒酵母的影响及应对措施

以木质纤维素为原料生产乙醇,预处理是必需的环节,这一过程中不可避免产生了多种对微生物有抑制作用的化合物,这些抑制物主要有3大类:弱酸、呋喃醛类和酚类化合物。这些化合物影响后续乙醇发酵微生物酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的生长及发酵性能,降低了乙醇的得率和产量,是木质纤维素原料大规模生产乙醇的一个主要障碍。以下介绍了3类抑制物的形成及作用机制,并介绍了应对抑制物作用、提高酵母发酵能力的措施及研究进展,包括发酵前预处理原料脱毒、通过进化工程驯化菌种或通过对抑制物耐受性相关基因的代谢工程操作提高酿酒酵母耐受性,及通过发酵过程控制减少抑制物影响等。     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的分子机制及基因工程改造

提高工业微生物对毒性代谢产物及高温等环境胁迫因素的耐受性对工业生产具有重要的意义。发酵过程中产生的乙醇对酵母细胞的生长和代谢都具有较强的抑制作用,是酿酒酵母的重要环境胁迫因素之一。对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的分子机制的研究可为选育具有较强乙醇耐受性的酵母菌种提供理论基础。近年来,通过细胞全局基因转录分析和基因功能分析,对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的分子机制有了更多新的认识,揭示了很多新的与乙醇耐性相关的基因,并在此基础上,通过对相关基因进行过量表达或敲除,成功提高了酵母菌的乙醇耐性。以下综述了近年来酵母菌乙醇耐性的生物化学与分子生物学机制的研究进展,以及构建具有较高乙醇耐性的酵母菌的基因工程操作。这些研究不仅加深了对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的机理认识,也可为高效进行生物转化生产生物质能源奠定理论基础。     

过表达tRNA基因tL(CAA)K提高酿酒酵母乙酸耐受性

乙酸是木质纤维素类生物质水解液中的常见毒性抑制物,选育乙酸耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株,有利于高效利用木质纤维素类生物质,发酵生产生物燃料和生物基化学品。目前对酿酒酵母抗逆性的研究多集中在转录水平,但对转运RNA (Transfer RNA,tRNA) 在耐受性中的作用研究较少。在对酿酒酵母抗逆性研究过程中发现,一些转运RNA基因在耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株中转录明显上调。本文深入分析了精氨酸tRNA基因tR(ACG)D和亮氨酸tRNA基因tL(CAA)K过表达对酿酒酵母耐受木质纤维素水解液的影响。结果表明,在4.2 g/L乙酸胁迫条件下进行乙醇发酵时,过表达tL(CAA)K的菌株生长和发酵性能均优于对照酵母菌株,乙醇生产强度比对照菌株提高了29.41%,但过表达tR(ACG)D基因的菌株生长和代谢能力较对照菌株明显降低,体现了不同tRNA的不同调控作用。进一步分析发现,过表达tL(CAA)K的重组酵母菌株乙酸耐受性调控相关基因HAA1、MSN2和MSN4等胁迫耐受性相关转录因子编码基因的转录水平上调。本文的研究为选育高效利用木质纤维素资源进行生物炼制的酵母菌株提供了新的改造策略,也为进一步揭示酿酒酵母tRNA基因表达调控对抗逆性的影响提供了基础。     

分别利用产甘油假丝酵母抗逆转录因子CgSTB5和CgSEF1对酿酒酵母菌株糠醛耐受改造

【背景】纤维素是生物转化解决能源问题的主要原料之一,其水解物中存在严重影响抑制菌株生长的糠醛,需脱毒才可应用于发酵,提高菌株耐受性是解决纤维素水解液实际生产应用的关键。【目的】酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是主要的纤维素水解液发酵工业菌株,但糠醛耐受性较低,通过分子改造获得具有高糠醛耐受性的菌株。【方法】利用新获得的产甘油假丝酵母(Candidaglycerinogenes)的相关抗逆转录因子CgSTB5、CgSEF1和CgCAS5,通过分子技术进行S.cerevisiae改造,考察其对酿酒酵母糠醛耐受性的影响,并尝试应用于未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵。【结果】单个表达CgSTB5和CgSEF1的酿酒酵母,通过菌株点板实验表明菌株的糠醛耐受性提高25%以上,并且摇瓶发酵结果显示糠醛降解性能明显提高,生长延滞期明显缩短,S.cerevisiae W303/p414-CgSTB5的未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵生产效率提高12.5%左右。【结论】转录因子CgSTB5和CgSEF1均能对提高酿酒酵母糠醛耐受性起到重要作用,并且有助于提高酿酒酵母菌株未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵性能。     

絮凝基因FLO1及FLO1c高表达提高工业酿酒酵母乙酸耐受性及发酵性能

乙酸是生物质乙醇发酵过程中酵母细胞面临的重要抑制剂之一,对细胞生长及发酵性能有强烈的抑制作用。增强酵母菌对乙酸胁迫的耐受性对提高乙醇产率具有重要意义。用分别带有完整絮凝基因FLO1及其重复序列单元C发生缺失的衍生基因FLO1c的重组表达质粒分别转化非絮凝型工业酿酒酵母CE6,获得絮凝型重组酵母菌株6-AF1和6-AF1c。同时以空载体p YCPGA1转化CE6的菌株CE6-V为对照菌株。与CE6-V相比,絮凝酵母明显提高了对乙酸胁迫的耐受性。在0.6%(V/V)乙酸胁迫下,6-AF1和6-AF1c的乙醇产率分别为对照菌株CE6-V的1.56倍和1.62倍;在1.0%(V/V)乙酸胁迫下,6-AF1和6-AF1c的乙醇产率分别为对照菌株CE6-V的1.21倍和1.78倍。可见絮凝能力改造能明显提高工业酿酒酵母的乙酸胁迫耐受性及发酵性能,而且FLO1内重复序列单元C缺失具有更加明显的效果。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.