双歧三联活菌胶囊对结肠造口术后腹泻患者肠道菌群及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的探讨双歧三联活菌胶囊对结肠造口术后腹泻患者肠道菌群及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法选取外科门诊就诊结肠造口术后腹泻患者82例,随机分为观察组和对照组各41例。两组患者均予以口服补液盐、止泻药等常规治疗。观察组加用双歧三联活菌胶囊温水口服,630mg/次,2次/d,连用4周。于治疗前后观察两组患者肠道菌群数量及肠黏膜屏障功能指标的变化,并比较其临床效果。结果治疗4周后,两组患者双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量及B/E比值上升,大肠埃希菌和肠球菌数量下降(P0.05),且观察组变化幅度更大;两组患者血清D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平降低(P0.05或P0.01),且观察组下降幅度更大(P0.05);在总有效率上观察组较对照组更佳(P0.05)。结论双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗结肠造口术后腹泻患者效果较佳,机制与其能调节肠道微生态平衡紊乱,重建肠道微生态平衡,并能保护与修复肠黏膜屏障,减少其通透性,改善肠道功能密切相关。     

螺旋藻对慢性应激大鼠结肠菌群和体重的影响

目的观察螺旋藻对慢性应激大鼠结肠菌群和体重的保健作用。方法采用SD大鼠慢性应激模型,实验期为7周。用平板计数法检测大鼠肠道菌群。结果慢性应激大鼠粪便中发生明显的以双歧杆菌数量下降为特征的菌群失调现象,进食含5%螺旋藻饲料的大鼠粪便中双歧杆菌数量显著增加,肠杆菌相应减少,体重相应增加。结论在慢性应激条件下,饲喂螺旋藻能够有效维持大鼠肠道微生态平衡,促进大鼠生长。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗烧伤腹泻的临床观察与分析

本研究采用双歧杆菌活菌制剂治疗烧伤后腹泻病人２６例,发现腹泻时患者肠道菌群发生明显变化：总菌量下降,厌氧菌中的双歧杆菌、类杆菌的数量明显减少,念珠菌的数量明显升高,厌氧菌与需氧菌比例下降,发生菌群失调。喂服双歧杆菌活菌制剂后,双歧杆菌数量增加,需氧、厌氧菌比例下降,患者失调的肠道菌群趋向正常,腹泻停止。双歧杆菌的服用重建了肠道菌群微生态平衡,达到治疗腹泻的目的     

益生芽胞杆菌肠道微生态学研究进展

芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂的一种重要来源细菌,在维护人和动物肠道健康、促进微生态平衡方面起着重要的作用。但是对于益生芽胞杆菌的作用机制却知之甚少。近年来,人们对芽胞杆菌在肠道微生物调控方面做了大量的基础研究,随着芽胞杆菌肠道分子微生态学研究的不断深入,人们发现芽胞杆菌的芽孢能够在体内迅速萌发增殖,从而起到免疫促进、改善肠道菌群以及相关的代谢酶活性等生理作用。本文从芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的分布与定植、芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的增殖以及芽胞杆菌与肠道菌群之间的关系等三个方面综述了益生芽胞杆菌对肠道微生态的调控作用的最新研究进展,为指导芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂机制研究和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

水溶性壳聚糖对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究水溶性壳聚糖对正常小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法使用SPF级昆明小鼠18只,随机分为3组,每组6只,依次为正常对照组(NC)、水溶性壳聚糖高(WSC-H)和低浓度组(WSC-L),灌服对应药物30d后收取鼠便,细菌基因组DNA提取,PCR-DGGE电泳得到肠道菌群图谱,计算菌群结构多样性指数,聚类分析相似性并鉴定优势条带序列。结果水溶性壳聚糖处理后小鼠肠道菌群结构发生改变,多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度较低,乳杆菌成为肠道中的优势菌型。结论水溶性壳聚糖能够增加肠道中乳杆菌的种类和数量,起到益生元的作用来调节肠道微生态平衡。     

马铃薯馒头摄入对女性青少年肠道菌群结构影响分析

选取某高中和职高青少年群体为研究对象,以班级为整体随机分为马铃薯馒头（马铃薯全粉占比30%）组、小麦馒头（小麦面粉占比100%）组和普通膳食组3组,开展为期8w的干预研究。随机抽取小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组及普通膳食组女性研究对象各5名,分析马铃薯馒头摄入对人体肠道菌群结构的影响。结果表明：与干预前相比,干预后小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组和普通膳食组肠道菌群OTU数量变化幅度分别为-12.9%、+3.3%、-5.1%。在门水平上的4种主要菌群（拟杆菌门、硬壁菌门、蛋白菌门、放线菌门）和属水平上的8种共有主要菌群（普氏菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属、罗氏菌属、双歧杆菌属、萨特氏菌属和瘤胃球菌属）丰度均呈现马铃薯馒头组变化幅度最小;Alpha多样性指数和Beta多样性指数同样呈现干预前后变化幅度马铃薯馒头组要小于小麦馒头组和普通膳食组。基于以上分析认为,长期连续摄入30%的马铃薯馒头,并不会引起人体肠道菌群结构的显著变化。     

肠道菌群调整对肝硬化病人临床症状及实验室指标的观察

目的研究肝硬化与肠道菌群的关系。方法应用常规保肝治疗和加用回春胶囊两组共６８例进行观察。结果治疗组与对照组在临床症状、生化指标及肠道菌群方面相比较均有明显改善。结论双歧杆菌活菌制剂有利于维护肝硬化患者的肠道微生态平衡,减少内毒素的产生、吸收,使病情稳定并向好的趋势转化。     

褐藻膳食纤维对机体代谢及其肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

褐藻膳食纤维（海藻酸盐,Alg）是存在于海洋食用藻类中的一种酸性多糖,具有多种生物活性作用。研究表明,褐藻膳食纤维可有效地改善肠道菌群的组成结构,通过菌群代谢膳食纤维发酵产物调节宿主机体的代谢水平,从而改善肥胖、糖尿病等代谢相关性疾病。从作为食品添加剂的角度出发,对褐藻膳食纤维作用于人和动物模型体重、血糖、脂代谢以及肠道菌群的效果加以综述,并探讨其潜在机制,为海洋功能性产品的开发和应用提供科学依据。     

施普瑞螺旋藻对尾吊模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用研究

目的：研究模拟失重条件下,施普瑞螺旋藻对大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用。方法：将基础饲料中加入5%的螺旋藻作为处理组饲喂大鼠,用选择性培养基分别对肠球菌、肠杆菌、类杆菌、乳杆菌以及双歧杆菌定量测定,扫描电镜观察大鼠盲肠上皮细胞的组织变化,结果：螺旋藻处理组过路菌群中肠杆菌和肠球菌数量变化并不明显;原籍菌群中双歧杆菌较对照组显著增多,类杆菌和乳杆菌的数量差异没有显著性,模拟失重条件下SD大鼠盲肠上皮有肿胀细胞出现,并且肠道上皮绒毛排列紊乱、稀疏、而螺旋藻处理组中只发现有少量的肿胀细胞,上皮绒毛致密,排列较整齐。结论：旋普瑞螺旋藻具有纠正在模拟失重条件下大鼠肠道微生态平衡失调的作用。     

几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果的研究

目的探讨几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果。方法通过体外实验和体内试验。结果低聚果糖、水苏糖、低聚木糖、低聚异麦芽糖均能促进双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的增殖,并能够酸化肠道的pH;能够显著提高肠道的B／E值（肠道内双歧杆菌和肠杆菌数量log值的比值）,增加肠道中有益菌的比例,有益于稳定肠道的微生态平衡。结论这几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群有较好的调节作用。     

Expression of conditioned preference for low-quality food in sheep is modulated by foraging costs

Past positive experiences can increase herbivores’ motivation to eat low-quality foods. However, this is not always translated into a higher preference for low-quality foods in choice tests among foods of higher nutritional quality. Foraging behavior is also affected by properties of the feeding context because the quality and abundance of foods in nature change in time and space. We hypothesized that in a choice situation, the expression of a past positive experience with a low-quality food is modulated by the costs associated with selecting a high-quality food option. A total of 24 sheep were randomly assigned into two groups (n=12). During conditioning phase, one group (CS+; i.e., conditioned group) was fed with oat hay (a low-quality food) for 20 min and immediately after a ration of soybean meal (a nutritious food), whereas the other group was also fed with oat hay but the offer of soybean meal was delayed 5 h (CS−; i.e., control group). After conditioning, we assessed sheep motivation to eat the oat hay in an experimental arena in which accessibility to alfalfa hay (a high-quality food) was increasingly restricted. When alfalfa hay was readily accessible, CS+ and CS− sheep almost exclusively selected this food, showing a small and similar preference for oat hay. However, when accessibility to alfalfa hay decreased, intake and selection of oat hay was greater in the CS+ sheep than in the CS− sheep. The latter was a consequence of differential changes in behavior between groups; for example, sheep in CS+ spent more time foraging oat hay and were more likely to switch to oat hay if they had previously been eating alfalfa hay than sheep in CS−. Our results show that behavioral expression of the conditioned preference for a low-quality food depends on parameters of the feeding context (e.g., availability). We suggest that this can be the link between learning models and optimal foraging models of diet selection.     

Selective action of inhibitors used in different culture media on the competitive microflora of Salmonella

The action of 12 inhibitors employed in the culture media used to detect the presence of Salmonella in food on 24 bacterial strains including contaminating Gram-positive bacteria common in water and food, Gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae, which are components of the competitive microflora, and six Salmonella serotypes was tested. Two liquid culture media (AR 5 and AE 1) were used. Series of tubes containing increasing concentrations of each inhibitor were inoculated with the test strains and incubated at 37°C until growth was verified spectrophotometrically (24–48 h). The results showed that the inhibitors were effective against the Gram-positive contaminating microflora. They did not preferentially inhibit the competitive microflora of Salmonella , chiefly Enterobacteriaceae, and were ineffective against the Pseudomonas strains, which can tolerate concentrations higher than those customarily employed in culture media.     

Social models fail to induce diet and feeding site avoidance in naïve yearling steers

Social learning can be of critical importance to cattle grazing rangeland environments with high variability of food resources across space and time. Experienced individuals can greatly facilitate foraging decisions (what to eat and where to eat) of na?ve peers in such settings. We conducted an experiment with cattle to investigate strength and persistence of socially induced food and feeding site avoidance behaviours. Sixteen na?ve yearling steers were paired with 16 social models that had either not been trained (control) or been trained with an emetic (LiCl), electrical shock or both to avoid: (a) an unsafe high-quality food (LiCl); (b) an unsafe high-quality feeding site (shock); or (c) both the unsafe high-quality food and the unsafe high-quality feeding site (LiCl + shock). Ten-minute trials were conducted in an experimental arena containing three artificial feeding sites each consisting of groups of bowls with either high- (HQ) or moderate-quality (MQ) foods (HQ = barley and oat grain; MQ = Bermuda grass hay). Unsafe high-quality (UHQ, surrounded by traffic cones) and safe moderate-quality (SMQ) feeding sites consisted of nine rubber bowls containing either HQ or MQ foods. The safe high-quality (SHQ) feeding site consisted of two groups of eight bowls containing HQ food, which surrounded the UHQ and SMQ feeding sites. Social models did not induce diet and feeding site avoidance behaviours in na?ve steers; they exerted small and transient changes in the feeding behaviour of their na?ve counterparts. Consequences to the individual outweighed social influences; when na?ve animals experienced the same punishment contingencies as their social models, their behavioural patterns closely resembled those of their social model. Conditioned food and location aversions via LiCl were apparently influenced by prior exposure to target foods and the experimental arena. Conversely, conditioned feeding site avoidance via shock was apparently not influenced by prior exposure to target foods or the experimental arena.     

不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征

【背景】绝大多数海洋微生物不可培养,为挖掘海洋生态系统中可培养的微生物资源,研究者尝试寡营养培养等方法。【目的】比较不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌数量、群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征差异。【方法】采用原2216E培养液(Y)、稀释10倍(Y-10)和稀释50倍(Y-50)的2216E培养液培养南海海水样品,用荧光定量PCR法和16S rRNA基因检测细菌数量和菌群结构;利用平板计数法计数异养细菌的数量,纯化鉴定可培养细菌;采用Biolog EcoPlateTM微板法分析不同培养基中细菌群落对碳源的利用特征。【结果】Y组细菌总数高于Y-10组和Y-50组,差异不显著(P0.05),但异养细菌数量显著高于Y-10组和Y-50组(P0.05)。16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,不同稀释倍数下的细菌群落结构差异明显,Y组检测出10门193属,优势类群为Proteobacteria(56.44%)和Bacteroides (37.27%);Y-10组检测出15门220属,优势类群为Proteobacteria (40.30%)、Bacteroides(36.91%)和Firmicutes (17.30%);Y-50组检测出14门226属,优势类群为Proteobacteria (45.19%)、Bacteroides(25.29%)、Planctomycetes (13.58%)和Firmicutes(11.21%)。通过平板培养,Y组和Y-10组均分离到6属14株优势菌,Y-50组分离到7属13株优势菌,其中,Bacillus为其共有的优势菌属,稀释10倍培养液筛得的Microbacterium(1株)、Vibro(1株)、Idiomarina(1株)、Halobacillus(1株)共4株优势菌和稀释50倍培养液筛得的Alcanivorax(1株)、Sulfitobacter(1株)、Alteromonas(1株)、Pseudomonas (1株)、Exiguobacterium (2株)、Vibro (3株)共9株优势菌不同于原培养液。通过寡营养培养,可培养细菌群落的代谢活性和McIntosh指数显著增加(P0.05),其对聚合物、羧酸、氨基酸、糖类的利用率也显著提高(P0.05)。【结论】通过寡营养培养能增加细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,提高可培养细菌的代谢活性和对碳源尤其是聚合物、羧酸、氨基酸和糖类的利用率,分离纯化可获得原培养基未筛选得到的细菌。因此,在南海远洋海域可培养细菌样品的采集及复苏时,可通过寡营养培养法获得更丰富的南海可培养微生物资源。     

Detection of Bioactive Exometabolites Produced by the Filamentous Marine Cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp.

Marine cyanobacteria are noted for their ability to excrete metabolites with biotic properties. This paper focuses on such exometabolites obtained from the culture of the marine filamentous cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. strain, their purification and subsequent analyses. By this means the recoveries of the active compounds, a prerequisite for properly determining their concentration, are quantified here for the first time. We demonstrate a new procedure using Amberlite XAD-1180 resin in combination with the eluent isopropanol for extraction of the culture media and gas chromatography as simplified chemical analysis. This procedure reduced necessary bacteria cultivation time (from 150 to 21?days) at low volumes of culture media (300?mL) required for identification of two selected bioactive compounds: 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and harmane.     

The influence of yeast on thermophilic composting of food waste

The microbial changes during thermophilic composting of food waste were investigated at 50 °C using a laboratory-scale composter. The results showed that an early increase in the growth of yeast was followed by the growth of thermophilic bacteria, and that subsequently, the yeast declined rapidly. The growth interactions of selected strains of yeast and bacteria were studied in culture media containing organic acids. The results demonstrated that the acidity of the media was reduced during the growth of the yeast. Therefore, it is concluded that in the early stages of composting, the growth of thermophilic bacteria is inhibited by organic acids, and that the growth of yeast enables subsequent bacterial growth by removing organic acids from food waste.     

Behavioural contributions to the regulated intake of plant secondary metabolites in koalas

In a given period of time, herbivores often eat less as dietary plant secondary metabolite (PSM) concentrations increase. This reduction in total food intake is interpreted as a need for the herbivore to regulate PSM ingestion in order to avoid toxication. However, regulation of PSM ingestion involves more than the reduction of total intake; it involves an alteration of meal patterns, through a reduction in the number and/or the size of the meals eaten. Despite this, studies of how herbivores alter their meal patterns when offered varying concentrations of PSMs are rare. We investigated whether koalas adjust the number and/or the size of their meals when offered eucalypt foliage varying naturally in concentrations of formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs), a group of PSMs that have previously been shown to inhibit total food intake. High FPC concentrations caused koalas to eat more slowly, eat shorter meals and eat less per meal, which resulted in a reduced total intake. Because increasing FPC concentrations did not cause koalas to alter the number of meals that they ate, clear individual differences between koalas were observed, where some consistently ate fewer larger meals and others ate many smaller meals. Thus, different feeding strategies may still achieve the same outcome of a regulated intake of PSMs. The changes observed match the meal patterns of other herbivores ingesting PSMs known to stimulate nausea and emetic pathways, supporting the idea that feedback signals from nausea are an important way that koalas avoid toxication when eating eucalypt foliage.     

Measurement of, and some reasons for, differences in eating habits between night and day workers

A questionnaire was designed to assess the following: why working people chose to eat or not to eat at a particular time of day; the factors that influenced the type of food eaten; and subjective responses to the meal (hunger before, enjoyment during, satiety afterward). Self-assessments were done every 3 h during a typical week containing work and rest days, by one group of 50 day workers and another group of 43 night workers. During the night work hours compared to rest days, night workers evidenced a significantly altered food intake, with a greater frequency of cold rather than hot food (p < 0.001). The type and frequency of meals were influenced significantly more (p < 0.05) by habit and time availability and less by appetite. This pattern continued into the hours immediately after the night shift had ended. In day workers food intake during work hours, compared to rest days, was also influenced significantly more often (p < 0.05) by time availability than hunger, but less so than with night workers. Moreover, day workers were less dependent than night workers upon snacks (p = 0.01), and any significant differences from rest days did not continue beyond work hours. Not only did night workers change their eating habits during work days more than did day workers but also they looked forward to their meals significantly less (p < 0.001) and felt more bloated after consuming them (p < 0.05), such effects being present to some extent during their rest days also. These findings have clear implications for measures designed to ease eating problems that are commonly problematic in night workers.     

Calidad de la alimentación de adultos mayores de Santiago de Chile

IntroductionWith the increase in the elderly population of Chile, it is very important to evaluate the quality of food of this age group using simple and quick tools.ObjectiveTo compare the food quality of the elderly, according to gender and age.Material and methodsA cross sectional study was conducted on 458 elderly subjects ≥ 60 years-old of Santiago de Chile. Each one of them were interviewed in their home using the Food Quality Survey for Elderly (FQSE). The objective of this survey is to measure the quality of the food and preparations considered healthy and/or unhealthy for elderly. Weight and height, was obtained from the control document of the elderly.ResultsMen consume a higher number of unhealthy foods compared to women (P = .01). On comparing ages, those over 80 years-old consumed less unhealthy foods (P = .01). The elderly obese showed a lower score in unhealthy eating habits and total intake score.ConclusionWomen eat healthier compared to men, and better eating habits are observed at an older age, especially in men. Finally, on comparing nutritional status, the elderly obese are those who eat in the most inadequate form.     

Changes in bacterial abundance and community structure in cage fish-culture caused by water turbulence during feeding

Water and sediment quality conditions in and around a cage culture unit located in Wismar Bay (Western Baltic Sea, Germany) were investigated during summer 1994 using bacterial group indicators (Enterobacteriaceae, saprophytic bacteria and Vibrio , determined on selective media). Fish were fed once daily with extruded commercial pellets. Over a period of 8 days samples were taken before and after feeding at different sampling points close to or at the cages. The results showed that a drastic (up to 10 times) increase in different bacterial groups occurred inside the cages 10 min after feeding as well as occasionally in the surrounding water. Additional electron-microscopic observations of the bacterial biofilm on the cage nets revealed that a decrease (in comparison with the original number) in total bacteria on the net materials of 9.5 up to 42.8% occurred after feeding. It was concluded that water mixing caused by frenzied swimming just before and during feeding caused a release of bacteria which were growing vigorously on the surfaces of the cage system. Since the pathogenity and hydrophobicity of bacteria are closely related, this process of redistribution of bacteria into the water column could constitute an important stress factor for fish, which could probably also have a negative effect on fish production.