杜仲橡胶合成相关酶基因HMGR的克隆与表达分析

为解析HMGR基因在杜仲橡胶生物合成中的作用,本研究以杜仲良种华仲6号叶片和果皮为材料,参考杜仲基因组和转录组数据,克隆了杜仲HMGR基因,命名为Eu HMGR,全长1770 bp,编码590个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR测定结果显示,EuHMGR基因在果皮中的表达量于5月中旬达到最大值,而在叶片中的最大值出现在7月中旬。通过索氏提取测定相应时期果皮和叶片的含胶量表明,果皮中的含胶量从4月中旬到5月下旬迅速增加,而叶片中的含胶量一直平稳增长。分析不同发育时期果皮和叶片Eu HMGR基因表达量和含胶增长速率相关性发现,果皮Eu HMGR基因在不同发育时期的相对表达量和含胶增长速率呈显著正相关,而二者在叶片中无明显相关性。因此,推测Eu HMGR基因的表达与杜仲果皮中橡胶生物合成相关。     

双孢蘑菇子实体不同发育时期的转录组分析

双孢蘑菇是世界第一大宗栽培食用菌,具有重要经济价值。为探讨双孢蘑菇子实体不同发育时期基因表达变化,利用高通量测序技术对双孢蘑菇原基期、采收期和开伞后期等不同发育时期进行RNA‐Seq分析,共筛选到6 328个差异表达基因,其中3 941个上调基因,2 387个下调基因。Gene Ontology(GO)功能聚类分析表明,差异表达基因主要富集在结合、催化分子功能组和代谢过程生物学通路中,且发育过程和有性繁殖相关的基因全部为上调表达,以利于细胞分化发育形成成熟子实体进入生殖生长阶段。KEGG功能富集分析结果表明,差异基因参与了氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、核苷酸代谢、脂类代谢和能量代谢这五大代谢通路,其中差异基因主要富集在氨基酸代谢通路中,氨基酸合成相关的多数基因上调表达,表明双孢蘑菇子实体发育形成需要一系列代谢反应协同调控,氨基酸代谢相关基因可能在双孢蘑菇子实体发育过程中起重要作用。本文通过全面分析双孢蘑菇子实体发育时期基因表达变化,获得了大量转录本信息,为深入了解双孢蘑菇子实体发育调控分子机理和相关功能基因提供了重要的基因数据资源。     

杜仲雄花芽2个发育时期转录组分析

杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）雄花富含多种活性成分和营养成分,具有重要的药用和营养价值。为了揭示杜仲雄蕊原基发育相关基因的表达情况,为杜仲雄花芽发育分子调控机制研究提供理论参考。本文以杜仲良种"华仲11号"（ "Huazhong No.11" ）为材料,采用lllumina高通量测序技术,分别对苞叶原基分化期和雄蕊原基分化期的花芽进行转录组测序,通过生物信息学对2个发育时期的转录组进行比较分析,筛选出与雄花芽形态发育相关的差异基因。结果显示,转录组测序共获得40.48 Gb过滤数据,各样品的clean reads与杜仲基因组进行序列比对,比对效率为90.56%~93.01%。在2个发育时期筛选出583个差异表达基因,其中在雄蕊原基发育期上调基因315个,下调基因267个。差异基因GO和KEGG功能分析显示,差异基因富集在与生长发育、光周期途径、激素合成和信号传导、碳代谢等相关的生物过程和代谢通路。结果显示光周期途径是杜仲成花诱导的重要途径,同时雄花芽在形态分化过程中受碳水化合物、植物激素和其他代谢物质调控。此外,MADS-box家族成员FLC、SOC1、AGL3和AGL8参与杜仲雄蕊器官发育。本研究为杜仲花发育基因调控提供了基础数据,也为雄花用杜仲的分子育种提供了参考。     

参与胡杨异形叶发生的发育相关基因表达模式及作用

为了阐明胡杨异形叶发生的分子机制,本研究以胡杨披针形叶和宽卵形叶为材料,通过RNA-seq分析了上述两种叶形的基因表达谱,发现在胡杨异形中发生的4个时期中,共有3 991个基因在两种叶形中差异表达,利用权重基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)发现一个含有583个基因的模块与叶形指数高度相关(r=0.93,p=0.004)。然后我们用Gene Ontology对这些基因的功能进行了注释和富集,发现其中有40个基因与发育密切相关。这40个基因的表达模式和功能分析表明,这些基因可以通过参与极性建成、细胞增殖、细胞生长、信号传导和代谢等生物学过程在胡杨异形叶发生中起重要作用。因此,我们的研究有助于进一步完善叶形发育的调控机制。     

大豆籽粒发育过程中异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关分析

利用高效液相色谱法和实时定量PCR方法,分别测定了2个异黄酮含量显著差异的大豆品种鲁黑豆2号(LHD2)和南汇早黑豆(NHZ)在子粒发育过程中的异黄酮含量变化以及异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达模式变化,试图分析异黄酮积累与各基因表达量变化的相关关系。结果表明在大豆子粒发育过程中,异黄酮含量逐渐升高,而不同异黄酮合成相关酶基因的表达趋势不同,CHS7、CHS8、CHR、CHI1A和IFS2的表达趋势与异黄酮积累模式基本一致,而IFS1和CHI1B1的表达趋势与异黄酮积累模式相反。IFR的表达模式在2个大豆品种中存在相反的趋势,在LHD2中与异黄酮组分积累趋势相反,而在NHZ中与异黄酮组分积累趋势相同。结果还表明,同一基因家族中不同基因在子粒发育过程中的表达量也存在差异。查尔酮合酶基因家族中CHS7和CHS8以及查尔酮异构酶基因家族的CHI1A的表达水平相对其他成员较高,异黄酮合酶基因家族中IFS2的表达量显著高于IFS1的表达量,预示这些基因家族在大豆子粒异黄酮积累过程中存在功能分化。此外,各基因表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关分析结果表明,不同基因表达模式与异黄酮积累的相关性在2个品种中也不尽相同。LHD2中CHS7、CHS8和IFS2在子粒发育过程中的表达量变化与不同异黄酮组分呈显著正相关,CHI1B1基因的表达量变化与不同异黄酮组分呈显著负相关。而在NHZ中,IFR在子粒发育过程中的表达量变化与多个异黄酮组分呈显著正相关。这预示了不同大豆品种异黄酮含量差异的潜在遗传基础。各异黄酮合成相关酶基因表达量变化的相关分析表明,在2个品种中,苯丙氨酸水解酶PAL1与4CL,4CL与CHS2以及CHS1与IFS2基因的表达量均呈现显著正相关。表明这些基因可能通过协同作用共同调控异黄酮的合成与积累。这些结果为今后利用基因工程提高大豆异黄酮含量奠定了基础。     

多组学大数据整合分析揭示早期胚胎发育过程中基因表达调控信息的变化规律

摘要 目的：探究哺乳动物早期胚胎发育过程中基因表达调控信息的变化规律。方法：收集小鼠早期胚胎发育各时期的RNA-seq,ATAC-seq,MethylC-Seq和H3K4me3 ChIP-seq数据进行整合分析,观察小鼠早期胚胎发育各时期转录因子表达量的变化,计算各时期基因表达量与转录因子结合位点数量及染色质可及性的相关性,筛选各时期表达量前10%的基因,统计其表达量和转录因子占比,并进行启动子可及性分析。根据前期报道的转录因子三节点调控网络,对早期胚胎各时期转录因子调控网络的富集模式进行分析。根据多组学数据分析结果,推测早期胚胎发育调控过程中转录因子和表观遗传修饰信息的共调控模型。结果：转录因子数量和调控关系变化以及染色质可及性、DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白修饰等表观遗传修饰共同调控早期胚胎发育各时期的基因表达,这些因素在不同时期发挥不同程度的调控作用。结论：转录因子和表观遗传修饰在早期胚胎发育过程中动态调控基因表达。     

CREB5在大肠癌转移中的调控机制

大肠癌转移过程中所涉及的细胞信号调控网络非常复杂, 寻找调控网络中的关键调控点对阐明大肠癌转移机制以及寻找药物治疗靶点均具有重要意义。研究表明, CREB5 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 5)可能为大肠癌转移相关信号调控网络中的关键基因。文章基于大肠癌表达谱数据, 根据CREB5基因表达值的大小对大肠癌的相关分子事件进行了富集分析, 发现这些分子事件与肿瘤转移密切相关。根据CREB5能够和c-Jun结合成为异二聚体的特点, 联合分析转录因子AP-1结合位点的富集情况, 筛选出在CREB5基因高表达组中表达上调、具有AP-1结合位点、且属于癌症通路的基因16个, 这些基因所构成的分子网络与细胞迁移功能类相关度最高。细胞迁移功能类主要由5个基因——CSF1R、MMP9、PDGFRB、FIGF和IL6所构成, 因此CREB5可能是通过调控这5个关键基因进而促进大肠癌的转移。     

黄花大苞姜花药发育qRT-PCR内参基因筛选

qRT-PCR技术具有定量准确、灵敏度高、重复性好等特点,被广泛用于基因表达分析。内参基因的稳定性对于准确分析实验结果非常重要。该研究以黄花大苞姜(Caulokaempferia coenobialis)花粉母细胞时期(PMC)、四分体时期(TET)、成熟花粉时期(MP)的花药组织为材料,基于3个阶段花药转录组表达谱数据以及常用传统内参基因,筛选出Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)、Malate dehydrogenase(MDH)、α-tubulin3(TUA3)、β-tubulin7(TUB7)和Actin6(ACT6)作为候选内参基因,进行qRT-PCR分析;并运用BestKeeper、geNorm和Normfinder软件综合分析5个候选内参基因在黄花大苞姜花药发育过程中的表达稳定性。结果表明:MDH和TUB7的表达最稳定,ACT6的稳定性最差;分别以MDH和TUB7作为内参,分析GBE1在黄花大苞姜花药发育中的表达模式,并与该基因在花药转录组中的表达模式做相关系数分析,3种表达模式结果一致,进一步验证了MDH和TUB7的表达稳定性。这说明MDH和TUB7适合作为qRTPCR分析黄花大苞姜花药发育过程中相关基因表达模式的内参基因。该研究结果为黄花大苞姜花药发育分子机制相关研究奠定了基础,也为姜科花药发育相关内参基因的选择提供了参考。     

肺形侧耳低温胁迫时期的转录组分析

本文以肺形侧耳栽培菌株X57为研究对象,利用高通量RNA测序技术对4℃低温处理0h、6h和12h后的肺形侧耳进行基因表达分析来探讨肺形侧耳低温应答机制。分析结果筛选出低温处理6h差异表达基因742个,其中上调表达基因374个,下调表达基因368个;低温处理12h差异表达基因1 489个,其中上调表达基因占53%,下调表达基因占47%。Gene Ontology（GO）功能聚类分析表明,差异表达基因主要富集在结合、催化分子功能组和代谢过程、细胞过程生物学过程中。KEGG功能富集分析结果显示,差异基因主要富集在氨基酸、核糖体和类固醇生物合成,及氮类物质代谢的通路上,富集到与低温胁迫相关通路MAPK signaling pathway-yeast上的基因表达随低温处理时间的增加呈上调趋势。已报道HOG-MAPK通路是MAPK途径研究较为明确、信号传递单一的真菌低温胁迫中重要的通路,本文运用生物信息学软件构建肺形侧耳的HOG-MAPK通路,并利用荧光定量PCR对相关基因表达进行验证,结果显示以低温处理0h为参照,随着低温胁迫时间增加通路上大部分基因的表达量持续上升,且差异显著,与RNA‐Seq分析结果一致。本文通过全面分析肺形侧耳低温胁迫时期基因表达情况,为进一步研究肺形侧耳低温胁迫相关重要基因的功能鉴定与信号通路调控机理提供基础。     

具不同蛋白质含量水稻品种中天冬酰胺合成酶基因的表达

为研究水稻中氮同化与籽粒蛋白质合成可能的关系,本实验通过Northern杂交分析比较了氮同化关键酶一天冬酰胺合成酶基因(OsAS)在不同水稻品种中的表达特性.结果显示,OsAS基因在水稻不同组织及其不同发育时期中的表达水平不同,以发育种子中的表达量最高,叶鞘和叶片中相对较弱;在籽粒发育过程中OsAS基因的表达呈先升高后下降的趋势.具不同种子蛋白质含量水稻品种叶片中OsAS基因的表达水平存在显著差异,相关性分析显示在籼亚种或粳亚种不同品种内OsAS基因表达量与籽粒蛋白质含量可能存在一定的关联.     

Down-regulation of phytochrome mRNA abundance by red light and benzyladenine in etiolated cucumber cotyledons

Northern blot analysis revealed that a single 4.2 kb phytochrome mRNA species was detectable in cotyledons excised from five-day-old etiolated cucumber seedlings. Intact etiolated five-day-old cucumber seedlings were given a red light or benzyladenine treatment, and cotyledons were harvested at various times following treatment. The abundance of phytochrome mRNA in the cotyledons was quantitated using ³²P-labeled RNA probes and slot blot analysis. By 2 h after irradiation the phytochrome mRNA level was reduced to 40% of the initial abundance and reaccumulation began by 3 h after irradiation. Reaccumulation of phytochrome mRNA to the time-zero dark control level was achieved by 10 h after treatment. A decrease in phytochrome mRNA abundance was evident by 2 h after benzyladenine treatment, and a maximal reduction to 45% of the time-zero dark control was attained by 4 h after treatment. No recovery of the phytochrome mRNA level was evident by 8 h after benzyladenine treatment. The abundance of actin mRNA was unaffected by benzyladenine treatment.     

Two distinct blue-light responses regulate the levels of transcripts of specific nuclear-coded genes in pea

Fluence-response characteristics for bluelight(BL)-mediated changes in the steady-state levels ofCab-, pEA215 and pEA207-RNA in red-light(RL) grown pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings indicate the existence of two BL responses: a blue-lowfluence (BLF) response, causing an increase inCab- and pEA215-RNA, and a blue-high-fluence (BHF) response, causing a return to control levels forCab- and pEA215-RNA and a decrease in pEA207-RNA levels (Warpeha and Kaufman, 1989, Plant Physiol.,91, 1030–1035). We now show that under dark growth conditions, only the BLF response is apparent;Cab- and pEA215-RNA increase at all fluences tested, whereas pEA207-RNA levels are unaltered over the range of BL fluence tested. The treatment of dark-grown seedlings with RL immediately prior to BHF irradiation does not elicit the BHF response forCab-, pEA215 and pEA207-RNA, indicating that the role of growth in RL is to enable the seedling to reach a particular developmental state, rather than ensuring the presence of active phytochrome at the time of BL-irradiation. The apical bud of RL-grown seedlings has only the BLF response;Cab-RNA levels increase while pEA207-RNA exhibits no change at any of the fluences tested. The developing leaves of the fourth node show the BHF response; bothCab- and pEA207-RNA decrease following treatment with high-fluence BL. These data also indicate the necessity for reaching a specific developmental state before the BHF response can be activated. This research was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Competitive Grants Office, grant No. 86CRCR12228 to L.S.K. K.M.F.W. gratefully acknowledges a University of Illinois at Chicago Laboratory for Molecular Biology Fellowship.     

Gene expression in the soybean seed axis during germination and early seedling growth

Copy-DNA clones have been obtained that distinguish eight messenger mRNAs, moderately abundant in the axes of the germinating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedling. These clones have been used to characterize the size of the mRNAs and to anlyze the accumulation of the mRNAs at different time points and in different parts of the axis during germination and early seedling growth. Three of the mRNAs accumulate to a substantial level by 9 h, a time point before either the beginning of growth or the accumulation of polyribosomes. Four other mRNAs reach a substantial level only at 24 h, a period when rapid seedling growth is occurring. Those mRNAs whose accumulation begins at 24 h were found only in the top (hypocotyl) half of the 24-h seedlings, while the remaining mRNAs were present also in the bottom half of the seedlings in different amounts. By 44 h, the bottom 0.5 cm of the seedlings, i.e., the region of meristematic growth, had little or none of the mRNAs, with the exception of one mRNA. These temporal and spatial observations indicate that many of the mRNAs are not involved simply in the general maintenance of ongoing cell proliferation, but that they may be related to differentiation during early seedling formation. Further, the early accumulating mRNAs may be functioning in regulating the onset of seedling growth.Abbreviations cDNA copy DNA - poly(A)⁺RNA polyadenylated RNA     

Molecular cloning of two tandemly arranged peroxidase genes from Populus kitakamiensis and their differential regulation in the stem

A genomic library was prepared from Populus kitakamiensis and screened with the cDNA for an anionic peroxidase from P. kitakamiensis. One genomic clone was isolated that contained two tandemly oriented genes for anionic peroxidases, prxA3a and prxA4a. Both genes consisted of four exons and three introns; the introns had consensus nucleotides, namely, GT and AG, at their 5 and 3 ends, respectively. The prxA3a and prxA4a genes encoded 347 and 343 amino acid residues, respectively, including putative signal sequences at the amino-termini. Putative promoters and polyadenylation signals were found in the flanking regions of both genes. The sequence of the coding region of prxA3a was completely identical to that of the cDNA clone pA3, whereas the sequence of the coding region of prxA4a was only 73% identical to that of the cDNA clone pA3. Northern blot analysis showed that the patterns of expression of the mRNAs that corresponded to prxA3a and prxA4a differed in stems of P. kitakamiensis.     

牛樟芝倍半萜合酶基因克隆及在不同培养基中的表达

牛樟芝(Antrodia camphorata)是一种珍稀食药用菌,能产生具有抗癌活性的倍半萜类化合物。对牛樟芝基因组进行分析,获得倍半萜合酶基因序列并设计特异引物,提取在Glu培养基(麦芽浸粉6 g/L,酵母提取物3 g/L,葡萄糖40 g/L)上生长的牛樟芝菌丝体的RNA,利用RT-PCR技术克隆得到倍半萜合酶基因AcTPS1。AcTPS1基因c DNA全长为969 bp,编码323个氨基酸,根据系统进化树可知AcTPS1氨基酸序列与其他9种真菌倍半萜合酶聚为一类。AcTPS1拥有典型倍半萜合酶的结构域(RRSRSATAEAYACFIW),之后检测AcTPS1在不同培养基上的菌丝中的表达结果显示不同碳源中,只有葡萄糖作为碳源时该基因表达,不同氮源中,以番茄浸粉和酪蛋白胨为氮源时该基因表达。说明AcTPS1是一类诱导型表达的基因。为利用发酵培养以及异源表达手段获得牛樟芝活性化合物提供参考。     

芒果MSOC1基因的克隆与表达分析

MADS-box转录因子在多种植物的发育过程、特别是花器官的发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。为研究MADS-box转录因子在芒果花器官发育中的作用,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术分离到1个芒果的SOC1基因,命名为MSOC1(GenBank登录号为KP404094)。MSOC1编码区为733bp,编码223个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为25.6kD,理论等电点为8.96。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,MSOC1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区,属于MADS-box家族SOC1/TM3亚家族。组织特异性表达分析表明,MSOC1基因在芒果各个组织部位均有表达,但在茎、叶和花芽中表达量高,而在根和花中表达量低。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) shoot apices: transformation patterns

Apical segments of embryonic axes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) embryos were submitted to co-culture experiments with a disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, harbouring a plasmid coding for the marker enzyme -glucuronidase. The expression patterns of this marker were analysed at different developmental stages of the regenerated shoots. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that transformed shoots originate from transformation events that have occurred within the existing meristems. Two of the resulting chimaeric plants have been analysed in detail, and some representative gene integration patterns are presented.     

Stable production of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator from culturedDrosophila cells

We have studied the expression of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator, FK2P, inDrosophila Schneider 2 cells. A number of promoters were tested, including theDrosophila metallothionein promoter (MTd), baculovirus immediate early promoter (IE),Drosophila copia promoter, mouse metallothionein promoter, cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter with or without intron, SV40 immediate early promoter, and human elongation factor 1 promoter. Two of these promoters drove significant expression of FK2P. The MTd promoter is tightly regulated and upon induction with copper or cadmium expression of FK2P increases as much as 180-fold, accumulating in the culture medium to about 7 g FK2P/10⁶ cells/day as determined by ELISA. The IE promoter can direct the constitutive expression to yield about 0.4 g FK2P/10⁶ cells/day. The production of FK2P in these cell lines remains at about the same level after repeated passages, even in the absence of selective pressure. The FK2P accumulated in the culture medium is fully active in an assay using a chromogenic substrate for serine proteases. Western immunoblot analysis shows that the product remains predominately as single-chain molecules in serum-free medium, while in serum-containing medium two-chain material occurs as expected due to the presence of plasmin in serum. Judged from the size in Western immunoblots, the FK2P produced is glycosylated.