分子生态学方法在微生物肥料质量监测中的应用*

应用PCR-DGGE技术对某微生物肥料的质量进行了跟踪监测,并结合分离培养和克隆文库分析对其菌种组成进行了检测。结果表明,同一生产批次3个不同包装样品的细菌和真菌DGGE(denaturing grad ient gel electrophoresis)图谱相似性为80%~100%,3个不同生产批次之间DGGE图谱相似性为80%~88%,表明该微生物肥料的菌种组成的稳定性较好。但分离培养和克隆文库分析结果显示样品的菌种组成与产品标签说明之间存在较大差异。对于产品标注的6种微生物组成,只有Lactob     

DNA指纹图技术分析微生物肥料菌种组成稳定性

目的 分析2种市售微生物肥料在不同生产批次中微生物菌种组成的稳定性。方法 利用ERIC-PCR基因组DNA指纹图技术和16S rDNA V3扩增一温度梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-TGGE）指纹图技术。结果 这2种微生物肥料在同一个生产批次不同包装之间的2种DNA指纹图谱相似性较高,分别在78%～95%和96%～100%,表明同一个批次内的菌种组成比较一致,但其在不同的生产批次之间菌种组成差异存在显著性,反映在2种DNA指纹图谱上,不同生产批次样品间ERIC-PCR指纹图相似性最低只有10%,PCR-TGGE指纹图相似性最低为46%。结论 通过ERIC-PCR和PCR-TGGE DNA指纹图技术可以对微生物肥料中菌种组成的稳定性进行快速、准确的分析,如何保持菌种组成在批次之间的稳定一致,是复合菌种微生物肥料质量控制中面临的难题。     

PCR-DGGE方法分析原油储层微生物群落结构及种群多样性

使用基于 16 S r DNA的 PCR- DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳 )图谱分析结合条带割胶回收 DNA进行序列分析 ,对新疆克拉玛依油田一中区注水井 (12 # 9- 11)和与该注水井相应的两个采油井 (12 # 9- 9S、13# 11- 8)井口样品微生物群落的多样性进行了比较并鉴定了部分群落成员。 DGGE图谱聚类分析表明注水井与两油井微生物群落的相似性分别为 30 %和 2 0 % ,而两油井间微生物群落结构的相似性为 5 4 %。DGGE图谱中优势条带序列分析表明注水井样品和油井样品中的优势菌群为未培养的环境微生物 ,它们与数据库中 α、γ、δ、ε变形杆菌 (Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌 (Bacteroidetes)有很近的亲缘关系。 DGGE与分子克隆相结合的分子生物学方法在研究微生物提高原油采收率 (MEOR)机理 ,以及指导 MEOR在油田生产中的应用有着重要的意义     

DGGE和RFLP方法分析桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道微生物多样性

昆虫是一个复杂的微生态系统,这些微生物对宿主发育,营养物质的消化吸收和防御方面起着重要的作用。利用DGGE和RFLP指纹图谱的方法初步研究桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道微生态系统。对肠道微生物16S rDNA V3区进行DGGE分离,得到24个不同位置的条带。DGGE图谱亦显示了肠道微生物的季节变化,夏季较冬季菌群丰富。各月DNA样品混合并扩增16S rDNA全长序列,构建16S rDNA克隆文库。用Msp I、Rsa I对文库中175个随机阳性克隆的质粒DNA进行限制性酶切。酶切图谱聚类分析结果显示175个克隆被归为60个不同的类群,这一结果显示桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道微生物非常丰富。因此,这2种方法都能有效的反应肠道微生物多样性状况,且RFLP比DGGE具有更好的分辨率。结合使用这2种方法,初步反应了桑天牛肠道微生物多样性信息。     

对降解喹啉的厌氧生物反应器中重要功能菌群的鉴定

通过把微生物区系组成的分子水平的动态变化情况与微生物群落的整体功能变化相关联,鉴定重要的功能类群是微生物分子生态学研究的一个重要的策略.应用分子生物学的方法,对一个实验室规模的用于降解喹啉的厌氧反应器生物膜样品的微生物区系组成变化进行解析,找出可能的主要功能菌.通过DGGE对反应器的种子污泥和运行稳定的厌氧生物膜反应器的微生物区系组成进行了对比分析,并对主要的优势条带进行了分子鉴定.同时对以上两个样品构建16S rDNA克隆文库,通过统计学分析对克隆文库的有效性进行验证,并对文库进行测序分析.DGGE条带及克隆文库的序列分析均表明,在驯化过程中,Gamma Proteobacteria亚纲与Desulfobacter postgatei种的微生物显著增加,这种动态变化表明这些细菌可能是在厌氧条件下对喹啉的降解起关键作用的微生物.     

昆明盐矿古老岩盐沉积中的原核生物多样性

应用PCR-DGGE和rRNA分析法研究了昆明盐矿古老岩盐沉积中的原核生物多样性。样品的细菌DGGE分析得到27条带,古菌得到18条带。样品与纯培养得到的19个属菌株的DGGE图谱对比分析发现,细菌18个属菌株,只有1个属菌株与样品中的1条带迁移位置都不一致;古菌1个属的菌株不与样品中任何条带迁移位置一致。表明纯培养所得菌株并非该环境中的优势类群。同时,建立了样品细菌和古菌的16S rDNA克隆文库,从中分别挑取36个细菌克隆和20个古菌克隆进行ARDRA分析。细菌可分为10个OTUs,其中3个OTUs是优势类群,分别占38.9%,25.0%,16.7%,其余7个OTUs各含有1个克隆。古菌分为8个OTUs,没有明显的优势类群。每个OTU的代表克隆16S rDNA序列分析表明,细菌分属3大类群:α-Proteobacteria,γ-Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria,以Pseudomonas属菌为优势,含有其它岩盐沉积中没有发现的Actinobacteria。古菌主要是Halorubrum属、Haloterrigena属菌和未培养古菌。本研究表明,昆明盐矿古老岩盐沉积具有较丰富的原核生物多样性,含有大量未知的、未培养或不可培养的原核生物,但在原核生物物种组成和丰度上,免培养与此前的纯培养研究结果存在一定差异。因此,结合使用两类方法才能较全面地认识高盐极端环境微生物的多样性。     

新疆一号冰川土壤细菌多样性的研究

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术分离PCR扩增的16SrDNA来研究土壤微生物的多样性。直接从新疆一号冰川不同海拔高度的土壤样品中提取总DNA。用两套细菌通用引物分别扩增16SrDNA的V3和V6／V9高变区的特异性片段,PCR产物进行DGGE分析。PCR—DGGE图谱表明,PCR产物经DGGE检测到的条带清晰且分离效果好。结果表明,PCR—DGGE是一种快速研究微生物群落结构的有效方法。     

应用rpoB和16S rDNA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳技术对山羊瘤胃细菌多样性的研究

采用免培养的rpoB和16S rDNA基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)对3种山羊(波尔山羊,内蒙古绒山羊,四川南江黄羊)瘤胃细菌优势菌群结构进行了比较分析。研究结果显示rpoBDGGE图谱中条带数目少于16S rDNA图谱,并且条带分离效果明显,更有利于分析瘤胃细菌群落组成。从两种DGGE图谱中均可以发现3种山羊瘤胃细菌具有一定的相似性,种内个体间相似性明显高于种间相似性,这说明寄主品种是影响瘤胃细菌种群构成的一个重要因素。同时进行了部分优势细菌16S rDNA基因V6-V8区序列的系统发育分析。基因序列分析表明,DGGE图谱中优势条带的16S rDNA基因序列中有4条克隆的序列与基因库最相似菌的相似性大于97%,余下的克隆序列相似性在89%～96%之间,其中13条序列的与之相似性最高的序列均来自于未被鉴定的瘤胃细菌。     

摄食不同饵料草鱼肠道菌群PCR-DGGE指纹图谱构建及分子鉴定

采用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)对摄食不同饵料(非膨化饲料组、膨化饲料组和蚕豆组)的草鱼肠道内容物细菌分析建立指纹图谱,并对主要优势条带进行了切胶克隆和测序。PCR-DGGE指纹图谱初步分析发现,非膨化饲料组、膨化饲料组和蚕豆组分别产生了19条、16条和15条可以鉴别的条带,且均有2-3条优势菌条带;非膨化饲料组样品和蚕豆组样品的DGGE指纹图谱的相似性系数为53.6%,非膨化饲料组菌群和膨化饲料组的相似性为39.4%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序,结果共得到25条序列,将所得到的序列在NCBI数据库中同源性分析,发现草鱼肠道内容物细菌群落主要为弧菌科、肠杆菌科和气单胞菌属细菌,其中包括14条不可培养细菌。     

新疆一号冰川土壤细菌多样性的研究*

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分离PCR扩增的16S rDNA来研究土壤微生物的多样性。直接从新疆一号冰川不同海拔高度的土壤样品中提取总DNA。用两套细菌通用引物分别扩增16S rDNA的V3和V6/V9高变区的特异性片段,PCR产物进行DGGE分析。PCR-DGGE图谱表明,PCR产物经DGGE检测到的条带清晰且分离效果好。结果表明,PCR-DGGE是一种快速研究微生物群落结构的有效方法。     

Comparison of microbial community compositions of injection and production well samples in a long-term water-flooded petroleum reservoir

Water flooding plays an important role in recovering oil from depleted petroleum reservoirs. Exactly how the microbial communities of production wells are affected by microorganisms introduced with injected water has previously not been adequately studied. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, the comparison of microbial communities is carried out between one injection water and two production waters collected from a working block of the water-flooded Gudao petroleum reservoir located in the Yellow River Delta. DGGE fingerprints showed that the similarities of the bacterial communities between the injection water and production waters were lower than between the two production waters. It was also observed that the archaeal composition among these three samples showed no significant difference. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries showed that the dominant groups within the injection water were Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia, while the dominant groups in the production waters were Gammaproteobacteria and Methanobacteria. Only 2 out of 54 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 5 out of 17 archaeal OTUs in the injection water were detected in the production waters, indicating that most of the microorganisms introduced by the injection water may not survive to be detected in the production waters. Additionally, there were 55.6% and 82.6% unique OTUs in the two production waters respectively, suggesting that each production well has its specific microbial composition, despite both wells being flooded with the same injection water.     

Molecular insight into activated sludge producing polyhydroxyalkanoates under aerobic–anaerobic conditions

One of the options enabling more economic production of polyhydroxyalkanoates compared to pure cultures is the application of mixed cultures. The use of a microbial community in a sequencing batch reactor has a few advantages: a simple process control, no necessity for sterile processing, and possibilities of using cheap substrates as a source of carbon. Nevertheless, while cultivation methods to achieve high PHAs biomass concentration and high productivity in wild and recombinant strains are defined, knowledge about the cultivation strategy for PHAs production by mixed culture and species composition of bacterial communities is still very limited. The main object of this study was to characterize on the molecular level the composition and activity of PHAs producing microorganism in activated sludge cultivated under oxygen limitation conditions. PHAs producers were detected using a PCR technique and the created PHA synthase gene library was analyzed by DNA sequencing. The obtained results indicate that PHAs-producers belonged to Pseudomonas sp., and possessed genes coding for mcl-PHA synthase. The kinetics of mcl-PHA synthase expression was relatively estimated using real-time PCR technology at several timepoints. Performed quantitative and qualitative analysis of total bacterial activity showed that there were differences in total activity during the process but differential expression of various groups of microorganisms examined by using DGGE was not observed.     

新疆冷泉沉积物葡萄糖利用细菌群落多样性的稳定同位素标记分析

新疆沙湾冷泉低盐且不含硫化物,为了解其沉积物细菌群落的碳源利用,以13C稳定同位素标记的葡萄糖作为底物培养沉积物中的细菌,通过提取和分离带有13C标记的总DNA,结合16S rDNA-PCR克隆文库法以及限制性片段长度多态性方法,对冷泉沉积物中葡萄糖利用细菌群落多样性进行分析.随机挑取417个阳性克隆,HaeⅢ酶切分型,共获得27个OTUs.经测序、序列同源性对比和系统发育学分析,归为细菌域中的9个门,即厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),其中,厚壁菌门和变形杆菌门为优势类群,分别占克隆文库的28.3％和38.6％.与前期研究比较,以葡萄糖为碳源的细菌OTUs仅占总菌群的31％,表明该环境中可能存在其它碳源利用方式的细菌群落.     

Application of clone library analysis and real-time PCR for comparison of microbial communities in a low-grade copper sulfide ore bioheap leachate

The microbial communities of leachate from a bioleaching heap located in China were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene clone library and real-time quantitative PCR. Both methods showed that Leptospirillum spp. were the dominant bacteria, and Ferroplasma acidiphilum were the only archaea detected in the leachate. Clone library results indicated that nine operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained, which fell into four divisions, the Nitrospirae (74%), the γ-Proteobacteria (14%), the Actinobacteria (6%) and the Euryarchaeota (6%). The results obtained by real-time PCR in some ways were the same as clone library analysis. Furthermore, Sulfobacillus spp., detected only by real-time PCR, suggests that real-time PCR was a reliable technology to study the microbial communities in bioleaching environments. It is a useful tool to assist clone library analysis, to further understand microbial consortia and to have comprehensive and exact microbiological information about bioleaching environments. Finally, the interactions among the microorganisms detected in the leachate were summarized according to the characteristics of these species.     

Comparison of bacterial composition between human saliva and dental unit water system

The bacterial compositions between the dental unit water system and human saliva were characterized and compared by direct sequence analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries. Based on the species richness estimation, bacterial diversity in the dental unit water system (DUW) was more diverse than that of the human saliva (HS). The Chao1 estimates of species richness in HS and DUW samples were 12.0 and 72.4, respectively. The total numbers of OTUs observed in the combined libraries accounted for 83% (HS) and 59% (DUW) of the Chao1 diversity estimate as defined at the 80% similarity threshold. Based on the sequence analysis, the phylum Proteobacteria was the major group in both clone libraries at phylum level. DUW clone library contained 80.0% Proteobacteria, 8.0% Bacteroides, 4.0% Nitrospira, 4.0% Firmicutes, 2.0% Planctomycetes and 2.0% Acidobacteria. On the other hand, human saliva (HS) clone library contained 55.5% Proteobacteria, 36.1% Firmicutes and 8.4% Bacteroides. The majority of bacteria identified belonged to phylum Proteobacteria in both samples. In dental unit water system (DUW), Alphaproteobacteria was detected as the major group. There was no evidence of the bacterial contamination due to a dental treatment. Most sequences were related to microorganisms derived from biofilm in oligotrophic environments.     

Impact of an indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery field trial on microbial community structure in a high pour-point oil reservoir

Based on preliminary investigation of microbial populations in a high pour-point oil reservoir, an indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) field trial was carried out. The purpose of the study is to reveal the impact of the indigenous MEOR process on microbial community structure in the oil reservoir using 16Sr DNA clone library technique. The detailed monitoring results showed significant response of microbial communities during the field trial and large discrepancies of stimulated microorganisms in the laboratory and in the natural oil reservoir. More specifically, after nutrients injection, the original dominant populations of Petrobacter and Alishewanella in the production wells almost disappeared. The expected desirable population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, determined by enrichment experiments in laboratory, was stimulated successfully in two wells of the five monitored wells. Unexpectedly, another potential population of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes which were not detected in the enrichment culture in laboratory was stimulated in the other three monitored production wells. In this study, monitoring of microbial community displayed a comprehensive alteration of microbial populations during the field trial to remedy the deficiency of culture-dependent monitoring methods. The results would help to develop and apply more MEOR processes.     

Phylogeny and in situ identification of a novel gammaproteobacterium in activated sludge

Failure of a continuously aerated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) pilot plant-enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process, designed to remove phosphorus from the clarified effluent from a conventional non-EBPR wastewater treatment plant, was associated with the dominance ( c . 50% of the biovolume) of gammaproteobacterial coccobacilli. Flow cytometry and subsequent clone library generation from an enriched population of these Gammaproteobacteria showed that their 16S rRNA genes were most similar to partial clone sequences obtained from an actively denitrifying SBR community, and from anaerobic : aerobic EBPR communities. Under the SBR operating conditions used here, these cells stained for poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, but never polyphosphate. Applying FISH probes designed against them in combination with microautoradiography showed that they could also assimilate acetate 'aerobically'. FISH analyses of biomass samples from the full-scale treatment plant providing the pilot plant feed showed that they were present there in high numbers. However, they were not detected by FISH in laboratory-scale communities of the same aerated laboratory-scale EBPR process even when EBPR had failed, or from several full-scale EBPR plants or other activated sludge processes.     

ICR小鼠肠道中乳酸菌组成的克隆文库研究

目的对健康雄性ICR小鼠肠道内乳酸菌的组成结构进行研究。方法收集10只健康雄性ICR小鼠的新鲜粪便样品,提取粪便样品中微生物的总DNA,采用乳酸菌类群特异性引物（Lac1）和细菌通用性引物（1391r）的组合扩增16SrRNA基因并构建乳酸菌特异性克隆文库,研究小鼠肠道内各种乳酸菌的组成和比例。结果克隆文库的分析结果表明罗伊乳杆菌（Lactobacillus reuteri）和约氏乳杆菌（Lactobacillus johnsonii）为ICR小鼠肠道内的优势种,其他还包括鼠乳杆菌（Lactobacillus murinus）、阴道乳杆菌（Lactobacillus vaginalis）、肠乳杆菌（Lacto-bacillus intestinalis）等乳酸菌以及一个潜在的乳酸菌新种。结论健康ICR小鼠肠道内乳酸菌的多样性较高;L.re-uteri种可能具有较高的菌株水平多样性。     

Microbiota dynamics and diversity at different stages of industrial processing of cocoa beans into cocoa powder

We sampled a cocoa powder production line to investigate the impact of processing on the microbial community size and diversity at different stages. Classical microbiological methods were combined with 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, coupled with clone library construction, to analyze the samples. Aerobic thermoresistant spores (ThrS) (100°C; 10 min) were also isolated and characterized (identity, genetic diversity, and spore heat resistance), in view of their relevance to the quality of downstream heat-treated cocoa-flavored drinks. In the nibs (broken, shelled cocoa beans), average levels of total aerobic microorganisms (TAM) (4.4 to 5.6 log CFU/g) and aerobic total spores (TS) (80°C; 10 min; 4.3 to 5.5 log CFU/g) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) as a result of alkalizing, while fungi (4.2 to 4.4 log CFU/g) and Enterobacteriaceae (1.7 to 2.8 log CFU/g) were inactivated to levels below the detection limit, remaining undetectable throughout processing. Roasting further decreased the levels of TAM and TS, but they increased slightly during subsequent processing. Molecular characterization of bacterial communities based on enriched cocoa samples revealed a predominance of members of the Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Enterococcaceae. Eleven species of ThrS were found, but Bacillus licheniformis and the Bacillus subtilis complex were prominent and revealed great genetic heterogeneity. We concluded that the microbiota of cocoa powder resulted from microorganisms that could have been initially present in the nibs, as well as microorganisms that originated during processing. B. subtilis complex members, particularly B. subtilis subsp. subtilis, formed the most heat-resistant spores. Their occurrence in cocoa powder needs to be considered to ensure the stability of derived products, such as ultrahigh-temperature-treated chocolate drinks.     

胜利油藏不同时间细菌群落结构的比较

利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库2种方法,对孤岛油田两口井(注水井G和采油井L)在相距9个月的2个时间点(A和B)所采集样品的细菌群落结构进行了比较。DGGE图谱聚类分析表明注水井在2个时间点的微生物群落结构相似性为48.1%,而采油井的相似性只有28.7%。16S rRNA基因克隆文库结果表明,A时间点样品G中的优势菌群为Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria,还有Deferribacteres、Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes等;而样品L中,Gammaproteobacteria中的Moraxellaceae含量达到97%。B时间点G中除了优势菌Betaproteobacteria之外,Deferribacteres的数量显著增加,成为优势菌;而L在B时间点优势菌除Gammaproteobacteria外,还有Betaproteobacteria和Firmicutes。采油井中的微生物群落结构随时间发生了显著改变,而注水井变化不显著。这一结果部分揭示了微生物采油过程中地层微生物群落的变化规律,有助于进一步阐明微生物驱油的机理。