我国几种典型棉纺织产品的工业水足迹评价

产品水足迹评价能够揭示人类活动在产品全生命周期中的水资源综合影响,可以为提高水资源利用与管理水平和引导绿色消费提供重要的科学依据和技术手段,是当前水资源评价与管理领域的热点研究方向。纺织品是日常生活最主要的消费品之一,其工业生产过程需要利用大量的水资源,同时排放出的工业废水还会对周围水环境造成严重影响。为了揭示纺织品生产过程的水资源综合影响,运用工业水足迹的概念与原理,探讨和明确了纺织品工业水足迹评价的系统边界与内容,建立了相应的核算方法,并选择了花灰布、漂白布、染色布、色织布等四种典型棉纺织产品进行了工业水足迹评价。结果显示,漂白布的工业水足迹较小为36.51L/lb,花灰布次之为37.84L/lb,染色布的平均工业水足迹为61.52L/lb,色织布水足迹最大,平均值为81.51L/lb。比较同种类型、不同颜色纺织品的工业水足迹,由大到小依次为深色中色浅色,即颜色越深对水资源的影响程度最大。从水足迹构成来看,棉纺织产品的工业水足迹主要来自于直接工业水足迹,间接工业水足迹占比较小;在直接工业水足迹的构成中,蓝水足迹的贡献较大。     

北京市水足迹及农业用水结构变化特征

运用水足迹的理论和方法计算评价了1990—2005年北京市水足迹及水资源利用的可持续性,在此基础上进一步分析了北京市农业用水结构的变化特征。结果表明:(1)北京市水足迹从1990年的81.5亿m3上升至2005年的168.6亿m3,人均水足迹由750.1m3上升为1096.0m3;(2)北京市水资源匮乏度不断升高,1995年以来水资源自给率呈下降趋势,与之相对应的水资源依赖度越来越高;(3)农业部门用水量在本地用水量中的比例平均每年为55.1%,虚拟水净输入量在虚拟水净输入总量中的比例平均每年达到89.1%;(4)高耗水型作物产品生产用水比例升高加大了农业用水压力,动物产品生产用水量呈增加趋势,2001—2005年动物产品生产引入的虚拟水占到其虚拟水总量的81.3%。北京市水资源利用呈不可持续状态,通过农业系统内部结构的优化调整,实现农业部门水资源的高效利用是缓解北京市水资源紧缺问题的关键。     

On the osmotically unresponsive water compartment in cells

Differences in colligative properties (freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure and osmotic behavior) between water in living cells and pure bulk water were investigated by re-evaluating reports of the osmotic behavior of mammalian cells. In five different animal cells, osmotically unresponsive water (OUW) values ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 g per g dry mass. Detailed analysis of human red blood cell (RBC) data indicates a major role for hemoglobin OUW-values, aggregation and packing in cell volume regulation that can be explained for the first time in relevant molecular terms.     

内陆河干旱区生态需水分析

根据水分驱动生态演变模型 ,以水分运动和补给条件 ,研究了内陆河平原生态系统的需水结构。生态需水分为过渡带生态需水 ,绿洲生态需水 ;绿洲生态需水又进一步分为天然绿洲生态需水和人工绿洲生态需水。通过流域水分平衡和地面观测资料确定了生态圈层结构的水分需求 ,以及降水与径流对水分需求的补给比例。生态需水的分析计算 ,类似于供需平衡分析。从植物生理角度分析生态需水 ,得到天然植被的总腾发量 Et,作为植被生态需水总量。各典型天然植被的 Et通过实验资料获得。将植被和水面的总生态需水量扣除有效降水补充的部分 ,即为径流性生态需水量 GE。另一方面 ,以流域为单元进行降水和径流统一考虑的水分综合平衡 ,进行生态可利用水量分析。得到生态系统可能实际利用的径流性水资源量 GR。　　将生态需水量 GE与生态系统可能实际利用的水资源量 GR进行平衡分析 ,计算实际生态耗水 ,并分析盐碱地无效耗水。根据 2 0 2 0年生态状态情景分析 ,作出了 2 0 2 0年生态需水与生态系统结构演变的预测     

Occurrence of moulds in drinking water

AIMS: In order to determine the occurrence of filamentous fungi in public drinking water systems in Norway, water from 14 water supply networks from all over the country was sampled and analysed. Networks with both ground and surface water sources were included in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: During a one-year period, 273 water samples were collected. Frequencies of fungi in samples from raw water, treated water and from home and hospital installations were determined on the basis of incubation of 100 ml membrane-filtered samples on dichloran 18% glycerol agar media. Filamentous fungi were recovered from 62% of all samples. In ground water 42.3% of the samples were positive for mould growth, while surface waters yielded 69.7% positive samples. CONCLUSIONS: The risk to recover moulds from surface water is three times higher compared with ground water. It is more likely to detect moulds in cold waters and showers than in hot waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: By analysing the water reaching the consumers, the results reported in present study indicate that filamentous fungi in drinking water is not negligible, and that moulds should be considered as part of the microbiological analysis parameters in drinking water.     

基于多源数据的黄土高原陆地水循环结构变化分析

近几十年间,黄土高原的水循环进程在人类活动与气候变化的影响下已产生了剧烈的变化。为加深对水循环结构变化的了解与认识,利用1982-2010年的降水、蒸散发、径流、土壤储水量和社会经济用水等数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和线性回归分析方法,对黄土高原的水量平衡进行评估,且细化了组成水循环的12种水文变量,并分析了水循环各分量的变化趋势及其结构的演化规律。由于网格化的社会经济用水数据（1982-2010年）对本研究产生了较大的时间限制,因此本文注重于探究这29年间黄土高原各水文变量的变化趋势及水循环结构的演化规律。结果表明：在自然系统中,蒸散发以1.97 mm/a的速率上升（P<0.01）,径流、降水和土壤储水量分别以1.01 mm/a（P<0.01）、0.77 mm/a和0.46 mm/a的速率下降。在社会系统中,社会经济用水以0.50 mm/a的速率上升,其中主要由于生活、制造业、发电和采矿用水分别以0.22、0.23、0.30 mm/a和0.01 mm/a的速率增加所导致。此外,灌溉和牲畜用水分别以0.25 mm/a（P<0.05）、0.01 mm/a（P<0.01）的速率减少。就水循环结构而言,多年平均蒸散发和社会经济用水占水循环的平均比例分别为80.95%、15.27%,并以每年0.16%、0.06%的速率逐渐升高。径流、土壤储水量的变化占水循环的平均比例分别为4.00%、-0.24%,并以每年0.24%（P<0.01）、0.02%的速率逐渐下降。随着社会经济的发展和人口的增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将进一步加剧,本研究对黄土高原水资源的科学调控与可持续利用有重要参考意义。     

Role of protein conformation and aggregation in pumping water in and out of a cell

Dialysis cassettes containing BSA solutions were used to simulate passive in vivo conditions to assess the effect of protein conformation and aggregation on cell water content. The cassettes were suspended in dextran solutions to provide a range of fixed osmotic stress values simulating blood plasma. The system was placed on a shaker for 24 h to attain equilibrium. Four manipulation methods; pH, cosolute salt concentration, e.g. NaCl, temperature annealing and urea concentration denaturant were varied to produce well-known manipulations of BSA conformation. It was observed that the cell water content varied from +14% to about -13% with changes in protein conformation and aggregation. The findings demonstrate that a change in protein conformation and aggregation, pumps water in and out of a cell to maintain equilibrium % water content matching the protein conformational hydration parameter. This concept supplements existing theories on cell volume regulation.     

基于灰水足迹的中国城市水资源可持续利用综合评价

随着城市化的快速发展，中国城市水资源面临着水资源短缺与水环境恶化等挑战，因此加强城市水资源可持续利用对于中国可持续发展具有重要意义。基于灰水足迹核算对2016年中国地级市水资源可持续利用情况进行综合评价。研究结果表明：（1）中国城市灰水足迹水平差异大，平均值为23.40×10⁸ m³，主要集中在20.00×10⁸ m³以下。中国城市农业源灰水足迹比例占比主要在70%以上，工业源比例占比主要在20%以下，而生活源比例占比在40%以下；（2）全国灰水经济生产率在12.45-857.31元/m³范围内，地区差异明显。33%城市灰水足迹荷载系数均大于1，全国地级市灰水足迹荷载系数平均值为1.16，城市水资源利用已对水环境产生污染压力，用水不可持续；（3）城市水资源开发率与灰水足迹荷载系数呈一定程度的正相关关系，说明了城市发展对水资源利用的"量"和"质"的压力作用具有一定的协同关系；（4）水资源可持续利用程度呈现大型城市 > 特大型城市 > 超大型城市 > 中小型城市，城市发展一定程度上有助于水资源的可持续利用，但发展规模过大可能会造成用水高产而护水低效的现象。因地制宜的实行水资源循环经济发展模式以及适时纳入灰水足迹核算与管理体系，是当前城市化大背景下实现水资源可持续利用的重要途径。     

工业水足迹评价与应用

大规模的工业生产不但消耗了大量的水资源,同时产生了大量的工业废水,这是造成和加剧全球或区域水资源危机和水环境问题最重要的原因之一。对工业生产过程的水资源综合影响进行科学有效评估是目前资源环境管理领域研究的重要问题之一,是采取有效措施、提升工业生产的水资源利用效率和管理水平的重要前提和基础。以发展和完善工业生产过程的水资源综合影响的评价系统和方法体系为目标,基于水足迹理论,提出了工业水足迹的概念,即用以测量由某一产品、工业企业、行业或区域的工业生产过程引发的水资源利用增量的一个多维指标。以此概念为理论基础,进而首先分析了工业水足迹的内涵,包括直接工业水足迹与间接工业水足迹两部分。另外,区别于全生命周期的水足迹,工业水足迹评价是针对工业生产过程中由于工业原料、辅料、能源和水的输入,以及废水、废物与产品的输出产生的水足迹,其系统边界不包括分销零售、消费使用与废物处理等环节。其次,在确定的系统边界内构建了工业水足迹的核算框架和基础方法体系,即从生产、公共及运输3个方面收集数据、处理并核算。最后,从产品、企业、行业和区域4个层面对工业水足迹的应用及其意义进行了展望。     

Presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies in northern Spain

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water supplies from the province of Alava, northern Spain, and to investigate possible associations among the presence of these pathogenic protozoa with microbiological, physicochemical and atmospheric parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 284 samples of drinking and recreational water supplies were analysed. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 63.5% of river samples, 33.3% of reservoirs samples, 15.4% and 22.6% of raw water samples from conventional and small water treatment facilities (respectively), 30.8% of treated water from small treatment facilities, and 26.8% of tap water from municipalities with chlorination treatment only. Giardia cysts were found in 92.3% of river samples, 55.5% of reservoirs samples, 26.9% and 45.2% of raw water samples from conventional and small water treatment facilities (respectively), 19.2% of treated water from small treatment facilities, and 26.8% of tap water from municipalities with chlorination treatment only. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia had significant Pearson's correlation coefficients (P < 0.01) with the turbidity levels of the samples, and a number of significant associations were also found with the count levels for total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The samples were positive for Cryptosporidium significantly (P < 0.05) more frequently during the autumn season than during the spring and winter seasons. No significant differences were found in the seasonal pattern of Giardia. A moderate association (r = 0.52) was found between rainfall and the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptosporidium and Giardia are consistently found at elevated concentrations in surface waters for human consumption from the province of Alava, northern Spain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Water treatments based on rapid filtration process and/or chlorination only are often unsatisfactory to provide safe drinking water, a situation that represents an important public health problem for the affected population because of the risk of waterborne outbreaks.     

宽甸县水中硼的背景浓度及污染现状分析

采集辽宁宽甸县各种水样51个,用ICP—MS分析硼含量。结果表明,宽甸县水中硼含量的背景值与世界水平相当,污染地区地表水和地下水硼含量的平均值分别是背景点的23．1和495．6倍。硼的开采和加工对水体产生了较严重的硼污染。     

Risk assessment of adenoviruses detected in treated drinking water and recreational water

AIMS: Human adenoviruses (HAds) have previously been detected in sewage and polluted river and dam water, as well as treated drinking water. The 51 serotypes of HAds cause a wide range of infections with clinical manifestations associated with the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts, and the eyes. Water may play a meaningful role in the transmission of many of these HAd serotypes, specifically the enteric HAds which are transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The presence of these viruses in water used for drinking and recreational purposes is considered to constitute a potential health risk. In this study, the risk of infection by the group of HAds previously detected over a period of 1 year in selected drinking water supplies, as well as river and dam water used for recreational purposes, was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adenoviruses were previously detected in nine of 204 (4.41%) samples of two drinking water supplies (A and B) treated and disinfected according to international specifications, in four of 51 (7.8%) samples of river water and nine of 51 (17.7%) samples of dam water. Application of these previously published results in an exponential risk assessment model indicated an annual risk of infection of 1.01 x 10(-1) and 1.7 x 10(-1) for drinking water supplies A and B, respectively, assuming a daily consumption of 2 l day(-1). The daily risk of infection constituted by HAds in the river water was calculated as 1.71 x 10(-4), and in the dam water as 3.12 x 10(-5), assuming a consumption of 30 ml of water per day. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of infection exceeded the tolerable risk of one infection per 10 000 consumers per year proposed for drinking water. However, the results for river and dam water used for recreational purposes were within the tolerable risk of one infection per 1000 bathers per day proposed for environmental waters used for recreational purposes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study showed that the risk of HAd infection calculated for the drinking water supplies and the recreational water may overestimate the actual risk of infection, as conservative values were assumed for some of the variables. For a more accurate assessment of the potential risk of infection research should at least include a thorough investigation of the water consumption of individuals in South Africa, and the efficiency of recovery of the glass wool adsorption-elution method.     

贵州水资源安全问题初探

随着社会经济的发展,丰水地区水资源的安全问题亦将影响到水资源的可持续利用,进而关系到国民经济的可持续发展。本文以贵州省为例,从水资源的水量安全、水质安全和水生态安全出发．在深入研究区域水资源概况和开发利用现状的基础上,初步探讨了贵州省的工程性缺水、水资源浪费、制度障碍等水资源安全问题。     

Predicting vegetation water content in wheat using normalized difference water indices derived from ground measurements

Vegetation water content (VWC) is an important variable for both agriculture and forest fire management. Remote sensing technology offers an instantaneous and non-destructive method for VWC assessment provided we can relate in situ measurements of VWC to spectral reflectance in a reliable way. In this paper, based on radiative transfer models, three new normalized difference water indices (NDWI) are proposed for VWC [fuel moisture content (FMC), and equivalent water thickness (EWT)] estimation, taking both leaf internal structure and dry matter content into account. Reflectance at 1,200, 1,450 and 1,940 nm were selected and normalized with reflectance at 860 nm to establish three water indices, NDWI₁₂₀₀, NDWI₁₄₅₀ and NDWI₁₉₄₀. Good correlations were observed between FMC (R ² = 0.65–0.80) and EWT (both at the leaf scale, R ² = 0.75–0.81 for EWT_L and at the canopy scale, R ² = 0.80–0.83 for EWT_C) at various stages of wheat crop development.     

吉林省西部草原区地下水水质研究

人类的日常生活中 ,水是不可缺少的物质。作为一种极好的溶媒 ,除可溶解的物质外 ,不溶解的悬浮物质、胶体物质和生物均可能混入水中。根据天然水的物理、化学成分决定该水适合那种用途 ,在选择水源时 ,还应按其质量指标 ,加以分析判断。吉林省长岭县东南厩村境内既无河流 ,也无湖泊 ,村民平日的所有用水都来源于地下水 ,即村民直接饮用水。因此 ,对东南厩村的地下水水质调查、评价就显得十分重要。1　研究地点和方法1.1　研究地点自然概况研究地点位于吉林省长岭县三十号乡东南厩村。该地区地理位置为东经 12 3°4 4′～ 12 3°4 7′ ,北纬…     

Methodological Challenges in Volumetric and Impact‐Oriented Water Footprints

This work identifies shortcomings in water footprinting and discusses whether the water footprint should be a volumetric or impact‐oriented index. A key challenge is the current definition of water consumption according to which evaporated water is regarded as lost for the originating watershed per se. Continental evaporation recycling rates of up to 100% within short time and length scales show that this definition is not generally valid. Also, the inclusion of land use effects on the hydrological balance is questionable, as land transformation often leads to higher water availability due to locally increased runoff. Unless potentially negative consequences, such as flooding or waterlogging, and adverse effects on the global water cycle are considered, water credits from land transformation seem unjustified. Most impact assessment methods use ratios of annual withdrawal or consumption to renewability rates to denote local water scarcity. As these ratios are influenced by two metrics—withdrawal and availability—arid regions can be regarded as uncritical if only small fractions of the limited renewable supplies are used. Besides neglecting sensitivities to additional water uses, such indicators consider neither ground nor surface water stocks, which can buffer water shortages temporally. Authors favoring volumetric indicators claim that global freshwater appropriation is more important than local impacts, easier to determine, and less error prone than putting complex ecological interaction into mathematical models. As shown in an example, volumetric water footprints can be misleading without additional interpretation because numerically smaller footprints can cause higher impacts.     

三江平原粮食作物生产水足迹时空特征及影响因素

水足迹是评价人类活动对水资源开采和水环境污染程度的重要方法,对农作物生长过程的绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹进行量化和分析,可以为农业用水综合评价和用水管理提供指导。以三江平原为研究区域量化粮食作物生产水足迹的时空特征,揭示粮食生产对区域水资源的占用情况,并分析水足迹的影响因素。结果表明:(1)三江平原粮食生产水足迹总量在2005-2018年间呈显著增加趋势,其中绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹在水足迹总量中的占比历年平均为28%、8%和64%;(2)粮食生产水足迹空间差异明显,在地市尺度,佳木斯市水足迹最高,占三江平原总量的47%,在县区尺度,富锦市、依兰县和桦南县是水足迹热点地区;(3)只考虑蓝水足迹,粮食生产给三江平原水资源造成轻度压力,而同时考虑蓝水和灰水足迹,粮食生产给三江平原水资源造成重度压力;各地市间水资源压力有较大差异,其中佳木斯市负担了该区域将近一半的粮食产量,水资源压力最高,鹤岗市则水资源压力最低;(4)降雨量、灌溉水利用效率、化肥施用量、粮食种植结构和作物单产水平等都会影响粮食作物生产水足迹,其中蓝水足迹响应种植结构的变化最敏感,灰水足迹响应化肥施用量的变化最敏感,而水足迹总量响应作物单产水平的变化最敏感。因此,建议减少化肥施用量、提高作物单产水平和优化作物种植结构纳入区域水资源可持续管理之中。     

Water Resources in Life-Cycle Impact Assessment: Considerations in Choosing Category Indicators

Water is one of many resources, wastes, and pollutants considered in life-cycle assessment (LCA). The widely used indicator for water resources, the total input of water used, is not adequate to assess water resources from a sustainability perspective. More detailed indicators are proposed for water resources in two areas essential to water sustainability: water quantity and water quality. The governing principles for a consideration of water quantity are that (1) the water sources or LCA inputs are renewable and sustainable and (2) the volume of water released or LCA outputs are returned to humans or ecosystems for further use downstream. The governing principle for a consideration of water quality is that the utility of the returned water is not impaired for either humans or ecosystems downstream. Water quantity indicators are defined for water use, consumption, and depletion to reveal the sustainable or nonsustainable nature of the sources. A flexible set of water quality indicators for various factors that may impair water quality are then discussed, including the LCA study choices, technical challenges, and trade-offs involved with such indicators. Indicator selection from this set involves the underlying concern or endpoint represented by the indicator and the level and accuracy of decision-making information that the indicator must provide. With significant differences in emissions among systems studied using LCA and different purposes of the LCA studies themselves, a single, default set of water quality indicators applicable to all systems studied with LCA is problematic. The proposed water quantity and quality indicators for LCA studies are also intended to be compatible with environmental management and reporting systems so that data needs are not duplicated and interpretation for one does not contradict or sow confusion for the other.