我国几种典型棉纺织产品的工业水足迹评价

产品水足迹评价能够揭示人类活动在产品全生命周期中的水资源综合影响,可以为提高水资源利用与管理水平和引导绿色消费提供重要的科学依据和技术手段,是当前水资源评价与管理领域的热点研究方向。纺织品是日常生活最主要的消费品之一,其工业生产过程需要利用大量的水资源,同时排放出的工业废水还会对周围水环境造成严重影响。为了揭示纺织品生产过程的水资源综合影响,运用工业水足迹的概念与原理,探讨和明确了纺织品工业水足迹评价的系统边界与内容,建立了相应的核算方法,并选择了花灰布、漂白布、染色布、色织布等四种典型棉纺织产品进行了工业水足迹评价。结果显示,漂白布的工业水足迹较小为36.51L/lb,花灰布次之为37.84L/lb,染色布的平均工业水足迹为61.52L/lb,色织布水足迹最大,平均值为81.51L/lb。比较同种类型、不同颜色纺织品的工业水足迹,由大到小依次为深色中色浅色,即颜色越深对水资源的影响程度最大。从水足迹构成来看,棉纺织产品的工业水足迹主要来自于直接工业水足迹,间接工业水足迹占比较小;在直接工业水足迹的构成中,蓝水足迹的贡献较大。

The industrial water footprint of several typical cotton textiles in China

Study of water footprint (WF) is one of the hottest topics in the sustainability assessment and management of water resources. As a new analytical tool, assessment of the WF of products can help to understand the comprehensive impacts of products on water resources scarcity and pollution, as well as pinpoint actions to ensure that products do not contribute to unsustainable use of water resources. Textile production is a important necessity with a great amount of production and consumption, and its production process is accompanied by considerable volumes of water consumption and sewage emission. China is the world''s largest textile producer and exporter. The large-scale textile industry places serious pressure on water resources and the water environment. In order to assess quantitatively the comprehensive impact of the industry stage of textile production on the water resources at the product level, this paper has applied the theory of the industrial water footprint (IWF). It has analyzed and determined the system boundary and content of the IWF of textile production and then constructed an accounting method for the IWF of textile. Based on survey and monitoring in many textile factories, the IWF of four typical cotton textiles (i.e., heather grey, bleached cloth, dyed fabric and yarn-dyed fabric) were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that: 1) The accounting methodology and associated parameters of the IWF of textiles proposed by this paper are operational and applicable, which meets the requirements of textile IWF assessment and reflects differences among different types of textile. 2) The IWF of yarn-dyed fabric is the largest (81.51L/lb), followed by dyed fabric (61.52L/lb), heather grey (37.84L/lb), and the IWF of bleached cloth is the smallest (36.51L/lb). 3) Comparing the IWF of products of the same type but in different colors, it was found that the darker the color is, the larger IWF it has. This is due to the fact that a dark colored textile needs to be washed more times, therefore leading to an increase in water, steam and energy consumption. 4) According to the IWF composition of the four textiles, the direct IWF has a larger share, and the indirect IWF is relatively small. This means that the comprehensive impact of the direct water consumption and pollution in textile production processes on the water resources is considerably larger than the impact of the industry production of materials. More importantly, the blue WF accounts for a major proportion of the direct IWF, while the grey WF occupies a smaller proportion, which means that the impact from water consumption is considerably larger than that of water pollution in textile production processes. 5) The indirect IWF is sourced mainly from the consumption of steam and electricity in the production department, and less from coal, gasoline and diesel consumption in the public department and transportation. These results implied that 1) For manufacturing enterprise, the key point to reducing the IWF of textiles is to curb water use in production process. 2) For consumers, choosing a lighter colored textile is the more environmentally friendly option.