1株高产多糖红曲霉菌株的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

从市售红曲米和红腐乳中分离纯化得到56株红曲霉菌株,通过摇瓶发酵试验筛选出1株胞外多糖产量为4.73 g/L的红曲霉菌株M-6;依据形态特征、生理生化特征和ITS序列将菌株M-6鉴定为红色红曲霉（Monascus rubber）。并对其部分生物学特性进行了研究。     

1株产生洛伐他汀杂色曲霉的筛选、鉴定和发酵优化条件

从不同生境收集的自然发酵样品中分离纯化获86株曲霉纯菌株;用薄层层析法(TLC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定曲霉各菌株发酵液中洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)含量进行筛选;获1株较高产Lovastatin的编号为A-8曲霉菌株,产量为58 g/L。根据形态特征和ITS基因序列,鉴定A-8菌株为杂色曲霉。单因素实验初步优化了A-8曲霉菌株发酵条件和培养基配方,结果表明A-8菌株产生Lovastatin较适宜的发酵条件为:温度28℃、初始pH 5.2、摇床转速180 r/min、接种量为10%;培养基配方为:乳糖为碳源、含量为100 g/L,蛋白胨为氮源、含量为12 g/L,碳源/氮源为15∶1.5;在该条件下A-8曲霉菌株发酵产生Lovastatin的水平最高,可达130.04μg/mL,比优化前提高了约2.24倍。A-8曲霉菌株是较有潜力的工业菌株。     

高产洛伐他汀棒曲霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

从不同生境(食品、土壤、空气、有机质等)收集到的自然发酵样品中分离得到150株曲霉属菌株.用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测发酵液中洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)含量,筛选获得1株稳定高产Lovastatin的曲霉菌株(编号:Ac-32).根据菌落形态特征并结合18 S rDNA测序,鉴定其为棒曲霉(Aspergillus clavatus).通过摇瓶发酵单因素实验优化了碳氮源种类、碳氮源含量、碳氮比(C/N)、发酵温度、初始pH、转速、种龄和接种量,确定了棒曲霉菌株Ac-32摇瓶发酵产Lovastatin的适宜条件为:乳糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、碳源含量为100 g/L、氮源含量为12 g/L、碳氮比(C/N)为15:1.8、温度28℃、转速180 r/min、初始pH 5.2、种龄4 d、接种量6%.采用Minitab 17软件的P-B实验设计法,筛选对Lovastatin产量有显著影响的因素为:温度、pH、碳源含量和氮源含量.根据P-B实验结果,运用响应面法分析,确定棒曲霉菌株Ac-32产Lovastatin的最优条件为:碳源含量100 g/L,氮源含量11.8 g/L,温度28℃,pH 5.2.在此条件下,Lovastatin最高产量为236.221μg/mL.     

一株产石杉碱甲的蛇足石杉内生真菌的分离和鉴定

从药用蕨类植物蛇足石杉叶中分离得到53株内生真菌,在马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基（PDB）中发酵后对内生真菌发酵提取物液进行TLC、HPLC 和ESI-MS检测,结果表明菌株LF40为产石杉碱甲内生菌株,含量达80.1μg/gdcw,并具有体外乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性;运用形态学及ITS-rDNA序列分析方法对菌株LF40进行鉴定,确定为黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus LF40。     

一株银杏内生真菌代谢产物的初步研究

从银杏树皮内侧分离纯化获得6种类27株内生真菌。使用TLC、HPLC、HPLC/ESI-MSn方法对上述真菌胞内代谢产物进行研究,最终发现1株真菌菌株G3B经发酵后产生银杏内酯B等成分。经形态学初步鉴定该菌株为镰孢菌属(Fusarium)真菌。     

高产γ-氨基丁酸低产桔霉素红曲霉(Monascus ruber)突变子1047筛选与发酵特性研究

以红曲米中筛选到的红色红曲霉菌株G为原始菌株,通过农杆菌介导T-DNA插入突变技术,成功构建了含有1 483株红曲霉突变子的T-DNA插入突变库。用HPLC等方法从突变库中筛选出10株γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)产量稳定高于原始菌株G的突变子,薄层层析结合HPLC技术分析了10株突变子发酵液中桔霉素的含量;其中突变子1047的GABA产量较高,为1.169g/L,是原始菌株G(GABA产量0.472g/L)的247.67%,桔霉素含量稳定低于原始菌株G。以红曲霉菌株G和突变子1047为实验材料,通过5 L发酵罐发酵并定时取样,HPLC等方法精确分析发酵液各种活性物质的含量;结果显示,突变子1047生长速度稍快于原始菌株G;GABA、莫纳可林K(Monacolin K)、红曲色素色价分别为2.201 g/L、83.892 mg/L、21.984 U/mL,是原始菌株G的279.67%、108.01%和182.35%;而桔霉素产量为1.976 mg/L,是原始菌株G的41.71%。因此,利用TDNA插入的方法对红曲霉进行育种,能产生稳定的遗传变化,在红曲霉资源的保护和利用上有一定潜力。     

一株产紫杉醇菌的分离及其代谢产物对HeLa细胞抑制作用的研究

从东北红豆杉Taxus cuspidata的主干和侧枝树皮及皮下分离筛选得到181株纯化的内生菌株。经过摇瓶发酵培养,再用甲醇、乙酸乙酯萃取抽提,抽提产物经以标准紫杉醇为对照的薄层层析(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)分析,发现有1株菌株HD181-23能够产生紫杉醇,其紫杉醇产量为206.34μg/L。对菌株HD181-23菌落、菌丝体和孢子形态和产孢特征进行了研究,表明菌株HD181-23为葡萄孢属的种,暂定为Botrytissp.。该菌株的发酵提取纯化产物经HeLa细胞毒实验,结果显示对HeLa细胞具有较强的抑制作用。     

一株病原拮抗野生菌株的筛选、鉴定及其发酵工艺优化

为获得广谱抗菌功能野生菌株并提高其发酵产物中抗菌物质的含量。采用管碟法和菌丝生长速率法筛选功能菌株,ITS序列分析鉴定功能菌株,通过响应面法和正交设计优化发酵生产抗菌物质的工艺。筛选到一株强效、广谱抗菌功能菌株,鉴定为Cerrena sp.,其发酵产物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和水稻纹枯病菌有显著拮抗作用。该菌株的摇甁发酵配方及培养条件为：马铃薯13.99 g/L,蔗糖 41.58 g/L,VB1 0.027 g/L,麸皮7 g/L,KH₂PO₄ 2 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 2 g/L;摇床温度28 ℃、发酵周期10 d、种龄4 d、接种量8%、初始pH为5.0、装液量110 ml/250 ml。该菌株有明显抑菌活性,发酵工艺优化后抗菌活性提高了30.37%,为该菌株今后的应用、抗菌剂的分离提纯和产业化提供了实验依据。     

一株高产Monacolin K紫红曲霉菌株筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为从天然发酵红曲米中分离的30株红曲霉菌株中筛选高产MonacolinK的菌株,并对其产MonacolinK的发酵条件进行优化。实验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)筛选到9株具有产MonacolinK能力的红曲霉菌株,其中以编号ZX26的菌株产MonacolinK能力最高,发酵液中Monacolin K产量达到107.6mg/L,并且产MonacolinK能力具有良好的稳定性。微生物形态学结合ITS基因同源性分析结果表明,编号ZX26菌株为紫红曲霉。进一步采用单因素试验和正交试验法优化紫红曲霉ZX26产MonacolinK的发酵条件,结果表明在培养基组分为葡萄糖70g/L,牛肉膏15g/L,NaNO32g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.5g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L时,其最优发酵条件为:发酵初始pH4.0,接种量为7%,培养温度30℃,发酵10天,在此条件下,紫红曲霉ZX26发酵液中MonacolinK产量达到271.36mg/L,相对于培养条件优化前MonacolinK产量提高152.19%,经验证此培养条件下MonacolinK产量最佳。     

放线菌Streptomyces sp．FJ3的核糖体工程改良与活性产物的分离

[目的]利用核糖体工程抗性筛选技术,获得有抗菌活性突变株,并对突变株新产生活性物质进行研究.[方法]以三峡库区筛选出的无抗菌活性放线菌野生株为出发菌,通过单菌落挑选与平板划线培养,分离筛选具有链霉素和利福平抗性突变株;通过摇瓶发酵和对发酵液进行纸片法活性测定,获得抗金葡菌活性突变株;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析其发酵液组分,通过LC-MS对变化峰进行分析;进行16S rDNA及形态学鉴定.[结果]链霉素和利福平对放线菌菌株FJ3的MIC分别为0.5μg/mL和110μg/mL;在FJ3突变菌株中,共获得24株链霉素突变菌株和20株利福平突变菌株,抗菌活性筛选显示6株具有抗菌活性,其中2株链霉素突变菌株对金葡菌有强抑菌活性,采用Doskochilova溶剂系统纸层析结果表明,该活性物质为一种核酸类抗生素,HPLC和LC-MS显示该活性物质可能为硫藤黄菌素.[结论]利用核糖体工程技术可以改变放线菌的次级代谢,获得具有生物活性的突变株,拓展药源放线菌活性菌株新资源.     

The presence and the content of Monacolins in Red Yeast rice prepared from Thai glutinous rice

Red yeast rice which is a product of solid fermentation was prepared from several kinds of Thai glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Korkor 6 (RD6), Kam (Kam), and Sanpatong1 (SPT1). Monascus purpureus CMU001 isolated from available Chinese red yeast rice was used as the fermentation starter. The analysis for the presence and the content of monacolins, the cholesterol-lowering compounds, were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of the monacolins was confirmed by the retention time of the reference compounds and LC-MS. The results were compared to those obtained from the Chinese red yeast rice and Thai non-glutinous rice (O. sativa L. cv. Mali105). The chromatograms show the presence of monacolin K acid form (MKA), compactin (P1), monacolin M acid form (MMA), monacolin K (MK), monacolin M (MM), and dehydromonacolin K (DMK). A large peak of a compound with the molecular weight of 358 was also detected but could not be identified. The amount of two important monacolins, compactin, and monacolin K, were determined. It was found that the highest amount of compactin and monacolin K were 21.98 and 33.79 mg/g, respectively, when using Thai rice varity O. sativa L. cv. RD6 which was fermented without adding soybean milk.     

一株高产洛伐他汀红曲霉的筛选与液态发酵条件优化

【背景】洛伐他汀(lovastatin)是红曲霉的次生代谢产物,是重要的临床用降血脂药物。在液态发酵条件下,红曲霉的洛伐他汀产量较低,难以满足工业化生产的要求。【目的】筛选获得一株高产洛伐他汀的红曲霉株,并通过优化液态发酵条件提高洛伐他汀的产量。【方法】从红曲米中筛选获得一株高产洛伐他汀的红曲霉株,依据形态学特征、生理生化特性及18S rRNA基因序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定;通过响应面法对其产洛伐他汀的液态发酵条件进行优化。【结果】获得一株产洛伐他汀的紫红曲霉(Monascus purpureus M4),该菌在甘油57.80g/L、酵母浸粉5.52 g/L、接种量为6.90%条件下,洛伐他汀产量(173.60 mg/L)较优化前提高了4.8倍。【结论】菌株M4产洛伐他汀最优液态发酵条件的建立,为洛伐他汀的大规模生产及该菌株的工业化应用提供了技术支撑。     

Evaluation of Epicoccum nigrum for growth, morphology and production of natural colorants in liquid media and on a solid rice medium

Four nonpathogenic and nontoxigenic Epicoccum nigrum strains were evaluated for their growth, morphology and pigment producing ability in three complex and one defined liquid media. Epicoccum nigrum IBT 41028 produced pigments in all the four media tested with a maximum pigment of 3.68 AU at 410 nm in M1 medium (unoptimized) containing 5 g/l yeast autolysate. The color hue of the crude pigment extracts ranged from 74 to 102 exhibiting dark orange to green-yellow color. Pelleted morphology was shown to have a positive influence on the pigment production by E. nigrum strain IBT 41028 in the liquid media, and the use of Bis-tris buffer was found to diminish or reduce the pellet formation. Since Monascus is a well known pigment producer on rice. Pigment producing ability of E. nigrum IBT 41028 was tested on rice and compared to liquid media with Monascus ruber IBT 7904 as control. Though, both genera preferred rice but E. nigrum produced 4.6 folds higher pigment in the liquid unoptimized fermentation medium compared to M. ruber. Solid phase extraction and subsequently HPLC-DAD analysis of the crude pigment extracts showed qualitative as well as quantitative variation in the pigment composition under solid and liquid cultivations.     

Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects of long-term Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice,red yeast rice) in cholesterol fed rabbits

Long-term effects of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) on serum lipids and severity of atherosclerosis were examined in rabbits fed for 200 days on a semi-purified diet containing 0.25% cholesterol. Serum total cholesterol was 25 and 40% lower, respectively, in rabbits fed 0.4 or 1.35 g/kg/day of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) compared to controls. This treatment also lowered serum LDL cholesterol. This 200-day treatment significantly reduced serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic index (ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol). Although similar reductions of total, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, a parallel group of rabbits fed lovastatin (0.0024 g/kg/day) failed to reduce the index significantly. Apolipoprotein A(1) was increased and apolipoprotein B was reduced in all treatment groups. Severity of atherosclerosis was reduced significantly in all treatment groups. The sudanophilic area of involvement was 80.6% in controls, and reduced significantly; to 30.1% on the low dose of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice), and 17.2% on the high dose. Lovastatin reduced severity of lesions by 89% (sudanophilia) and 84% (visual). Visual grading of lesion severity showed reduction by 38% and 68%.     

高产Monacolin K红曲菌株的复合诱变选育

利用紫外线和氯化锂对一株紫红曲Monascus purpureus菌株进行复合诱变试验。在最佳紫外照射时间为45s和最佳氯化锂浓度为1.0‰的情况下,获得了一株MonacolinK高产突变菌株Monascus purpureus ZT32且连续传接5代产量稳定,用紫外分光光度法检测其MonacolinK的含量为219.9μg/mL,较原始菌株高出2倍多,然后将其用于固态发酵,结果表明:红曲米中的MonacolinK的含量达到8.33mg/g,是原始菌株的3.3倍。     

Isolation and structural analysis of bamylocin A, novel lipopeptide from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LP03 having antagonistic and crude oil-emulsifying activity

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain LP03 isolated from soil, produced an antagonistic compound that strongly inhibited the growth of plant-pathogenic fungi and a lipopeptide biosurfactant. Also, isolated strain LP03 had a marked crude oil-emulsifying activity as it developed a clear zone around the colony after incubation for 24 h at 37°C. LP03 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by analysis of partial 16 S rRNA gene and partial gyrA gene sequence. The lipopeptide was purified by acid precipitation of cell-free culture broth, extraction of the precipitates with methanol, silica gel column chromatography, and reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography. The purified biosurfactant was analyzed biochemical structure by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The masses of the two peaks were observed by HPLC chromatography. Their masses were determined to be 1,044 and 1,058 m/z with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. As constituents of the peptide and lipophilic part of the m/z 1,022.6, seven amino acids (Glu-Leu-Met-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu) and β-hydroxy-C13 fatty acid were determined by ESI-MS/MS. The lipopeptide of 1,022.6 Da differed from surfactins in the substitution of leucine, valine and aspartic acid in positions 3, 4, and 5 by methionine, leucine, and proline, respectively. Novel lipopeptide was designated as bamylocin A.     

QTL mapping of resistance to gray leaf spot in ryegrass

Gray leaf spot (GLS) is a serious fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea, recently reported on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), an important turfgrass and forage species. This fungus also causes rice blast and many other grass diseases. Rice blast is usually controlled by host resistance, but durability of resistance is a problem. Little GLS resistance has been reported in perennial ryegrass. However, greenhouse inoculations in our lab using one ryegrass isolate and one rice-infecting lab strain suggest presence of partial resistance. A high density linkage map of a three generation Italian × perennial ryegrass mapping population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GLS resistance. Potential QTL of varying effect were detected on four linkage groups, and resistance to the ryegrass isolate and the lab strain appeared to be controlled by different QTL. Of three potential QTL detected using the ryegrass isolate, the one with strongest effect for resistance was located on linkage group 3 of the MFB parent, explaining between 20% and 37% of the phenotypic variance depending on experiment. Another QTL was detected on linkage group 6 of the MFA parent, explaining between 5% and 10% of the phenotypic variance. The two QTL with strongest effect for resistance to the lab strain were located on linkage groups MFA 2 and MFB 4, each explaining about 10% of the phenotypic variance. Further, the QTL on linkage groups 3 and 4 appear syntenic to blast resistance loci in rice. This work will likely benefit users and growers of perennial ryegrass, by setting the stage for improvement of GLS resistance in perennial ryegrass through marker-assisted selection.     

Characterization of marine microalga, Scenedesmus sp. strain JPCC GA0024 toward biofuel production

A marine microalga, strain JPCC GA0024 was selected as high amount of neutral lipid producers from marine microalgal culture collection toward biofuel production. The strain was tentatively identified as Scenedesmus rubescens by 18S rDNA analysis. The growth of strain JPCC GA0024 was influenced by artificial seawater concentrations. The optimum growth of 0.79 g/l was obtained at 100% artificial seawater. The lipid accumulation reached 73.0% of dry cell weight at 100% artificial seawater without additional nutrients for 11 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicates that lipid fraction mainly contained hydrocarbons including mainly hexadecane (C₁₆ H₃₄) and 1-docosene (C₂₂ H₄₄). Furthermore, calorimetric analysis revealed that the energy content of strain JPCC GA0024 was 6,160 kcal/kg (25.8 MJ/kg) of calorific value, which was equivalent to the coal engery. The strain JPCC GA0024, S. rubescens, will become a promising resource that can grow as a dominant species in the seawater for the production of both liquid and solid biofuels.     

红曲色素的两种新结构

从中国科学院微生物研究所保藏红曲菌中,筛选得到一株高产红色素的红曲菌菌株(AS.3.4617)。经鉴定属于红色红曲菌(Monascus anka Sato).通过有机溶剂的萃取和两次硅胶柱层析,从该菌株中分离得到两种色素样品,高压液相色谱测定为纯色素样品。通过元素组成分析,核磁共振谱,快离子轰击,质谱和高分辨质谱分析确定,这两种色素与已知的六种红曲菌色素不同,为新发现的红曲菌色素,它们可能的分子式为:C_(25)H_(31)O_5N和C_(23)H_(27)O_5N。