人乳头状瘤病毒感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、PCNA的关系

目的:研究人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、细胞增殖抗原(PCNA)的相关性,从而为临床宫颈癌的诊治提供参考依据。方法:选取2016年3月～2018年6月于我院接受手术治疗的宫颈病变患者130例为研究对象。其中宫颈癌患者30例记为宫颈癌组,宫颈上皮内瘤变患者68例记为宫颈上皮内瘤变组,慢性宫颈炎患者32例记为对照组。采用免疫组织化学法检测各组宫颈组织中HPV感染、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性表达情况,并分析HPV与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系及其与Ki-67、PCNA的相关性。结果:宫颈癌组、宫颈上皮内瘤变组患者HPV、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性率均高于对照组,宫颈癌组高于宫颈上皮内瘤变组(均P0.05)。临床分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期以及淋巴结转移宫颈癌患者HPV感染率均明显高于临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ期与无淋巴结转移患者(均P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析可得:宫颈癌患者HPV感染与Ki-67、PCNA表达均呈正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论:宫颈癌患者存在明显的HPV感染,且HPV感染与宫颈癌患者临床分期、淋巴结转移、Ki-67、PCNA表达存在一定相关性,临床可通过对HPV、Ki-67、PCNA进行联合检测,从而有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断。     

Survivin、bFGF、VEGF在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系研究

目的:研究存活素(Survivin)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法:选择2015年1月-2017年12月期间武汉大学人民医院收治的宫颈癌患者95例为宫颈癌组,宫颈上皮内瘤变患者70例为宫颈上皮内瘤变组,取同期在我院进行治疗的宫颈炎患者50例纳入对照组。采集三组患者的宫颈组织标本,采用免疫组化SP法对各组织标本中的Survivin、bFGF、VEGF的阳性率、表达水平进行检测,并分析Survivin、bFGF、VEGF与宫颈癌临床病理特征的关系以及各指标表达水平的相关性。结果:宫颈癌组、宫颈上皮内瘤变组的Survivin、bFGF、VEGF的阳性表达率、表达水平均高于对照组,且宫颈癌组高于宫颈上皮内瘤变组(P0.05)。Survivin、bFGF、VEGF的表达与宫颈癌患者的年龄、病理类型、分化程度无关(P0.05),而与宫颈癌肿瘤的分期、淋巴结转移有关(P0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,Survivin、bFGF、VEGF三者间的表达水平两两呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:Survivin、bFGF、VEGF的表达水平与宫颈癌的发生、发展有密切关联,并且三种指标间呈明显的正相关性,可能对于宫颈癌肿瘤组织的浸润、转移、分期发挥协同作用。     

超声对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值及肾动脉血流阻力指数与血清hs-CRP、VEGF的关系分析

目的:研究彩色多普勒超声对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值及肾动脉血流阻力指数与血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的关系。方法:选取从2017年2月～2018年2月兰州大学第二医院收治的早期糖尿病肾病患者50例记为病变组,另取同期于该院进行体检的健康人员50例记为对照组。分别对两组人员进行彩色多普勒超声检查,比较肾血流参数。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组人员血清hs-CRP、VEGF水平,并作指标间的相关性分析。结果:病变组肾主动脉、肾锥体两侧叶间动脉、肾段动脉的收缩期峰值速度、舒张期最低速度较对照组降低,病变组肾主动脉、肾锥体两侧叶间动脉、肾段动脉的阻力指数较对照组升高(均P0.05)。病变组血清hs-CRP、VEGF水平较对照组升高(均P0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析显示:早期糖尿病肾病患者肾主动脉、肾锥体两侧叶间动脉、肾段动脉的血流阻力指数与血清hs-CRP、VEGF均呈正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声应用于早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值较高,且肾动脉血流阻力指数与血清hs-CRP、VEGF密切相关,临床工作中通过联合检测血清hs-CRP、VEGF,从而有助于早期糖尿病肾病的诊断。     

宫颈上皮内瘤变与宫颈微生物群落结构的相关性

目的分析宫颈上皮内瘤变与宫颈微生物群落结构的相关性。方法选取2017年1月至2018年10月于我院就诊的253例女性进行回顾性分析,根据是否患有宫颈上皮内瘤变分为CIN组(86例)及对照组(167例)。采集纳入对象的宫颈菌群并提取细菌基因组DNA,对细菌16S rRNA V3、V4区片段进行PCR扩增,并采用Illuminate Miseq测序平台对PCR产物进行测序,分析两组对象宫颈微生物群落结构,并分析患者宫颈微生物群落结构与宫颈上皮内瘤变的相关性。结果两组对象宫颈微生物群落的Simpson指数及Shannon指数比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.474、1.636,P0.05),而CIN组的Chao指数及ACE指数均高于对照组(t=9.213、10.420,P0.05)。16S rRNA分析显示放线菌是宫颈部位的主要菌群。CIN组女性宫颈微生物群落中放线菌、奇异菌属、放线菌门、阴道奇异菌及奇异变形菌占主要优势(LDA4log10),对照组中杆菌、厚壁菌门等占主要优势。Spearman相关分析示卷曲乳杆菌、惰性乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、詹氏乳杆菌与宫颈上皮内瘤变呈负相关,而加特纳菌、阴道奇异菌、普雷沃氏菌、粪球菌与宫颈上皮内瘤变呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论 CIN女性宫颈菌群与健康女性存在明显差异,其中卷曲乳杆菌、惰性乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、詹氏乳杆菌与宫颈上皮内瘤变呈负相关,而加特纳菌、阴道奇异菌、普雷沃氏菌、粪球菌与宫颈上皮内瘤变呈正相关。     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒、P16和ki67在宫颈上皮内瘤变临床意义及相互关系

目的:探究P16、ki67和高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)在宫颈上皮内瘤变中诊断临床意义,并就上述指标的相关性进行分析。方法:选择2019年1月至2019年12月于我院接受治疗的31例宫颈炎患者、45例上皮内瘤变患者(其中25例为低级别上皮内瘤变,20例为高级别上皮内瘤变)为研究对象,分别对上述患者采用免疫组化法检测P16和ki67的表达,并采用PCR法对高危型人乳头瘤病毒的表达进行检测,而后实施组间比对。结果:高级别人乳头瘤变组和低级别人乳头瘤变高于宫颈炎组(P<0.05),高级别人乳头瘤病变组感染率高于低级别人乳头瘤变组,但是对比无统计学意义(P>0.05);P16表达阳性率由高至低为高级别内瘤变组、低级别内瘤变组和宫颈炎组,各组间表达阳性率比对差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);ki67表达阳性率由高至低为高级别内瘤变组、低级别内瘤变组和宫颈炎组,各组间表达阳性率比对差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);P16和ki67表达阳性率与HPV16/18感染率呈正相关联系(P<0.05)。结论:高危型人乳头瘤病毒、P16以及ki67对宫颈上皮内瘤变具有较好的诊断鉴别价值,可依据上述指标判断患者病程进展程度,对临床治疗具有一定指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声对青少年椎动脉型颈椎病的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对青少年椎动脉型颈椎病的诊断价值。方法:选择我院2012年2月-2016年1月收治的80例青少年椎动脉型颈椎病患者作为研究组,选择同期100例门诊体检同龄健康者作为对照组,使用Acuson Sequoia 512以及HDI5000彩色多普勒超声仪进行检查,观察两组椎动脉和颈外动脉血流指标,记录椎间段血流参数:包括舒张末流速(EVD)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、血流量(Q)和阻力指数(RI)。结果:实验组椎动脉内径、EDV、PSV和血流量(Q)比对照组低(P0.05),实验组阻力指数(RI)比对照组高(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声对青少年椎动脉型颈椎病患者的血流相关指数检查对该病的诊断具有明显作用,适合在临床上推广应用。     

甲状腺癌中彩色多普勒超声诊断价值探析

目的探讨甲状腺癌中彩色多普勒超声的诊断价值。方法选择2015年8月~2016年8月我院收治的甲状腺癌患者50例为观察组,并选择同期收治的甲状腺良性疾病患者50例为对照组,分析两组患者彩色多普勒超声检查图像特征,并比较其血流动力学参数。结果观察组的影像学特征多为边缘不清晰,形态不规整,呈低回声,内部微小钙化,血流分布杂乱,血流阻力指数高于0.7;对照组的影像学特征多为边缘清晰,形态规整,呈低回声和中等偏高回声,血流分布规则,血流阻力指数低于0.7。相较于对照组,观察组患者的血流速度和血流阻力指数均明显升高(均P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌诊断中能显示较为典型的声像图特征和血流动力学成像特点,可为临床早期诊断和治疗提供可靠的依据和指导,具有较高临床应用价值。     

瘦素及其受体在宫颈癌中的表达和意义

目的探讨瘦素(leptin)及其受体(OB-R)在宫颈癌中的表达与临床病理参数的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测10例慢性宫颈炎、12例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变、50例宫颈癌中leptin和OB-R的表达,利用CD34标记宫颈癌血管内皮细胞并计算微血管密度(MVD)。结果leptin和OB-R仅在10例慢性宫颈炎、12例上皮内瘤样病变的鳞状上皮层中呈弱阳性表达;50例宫颈癌中Leptin染色( )39例,OB-R染色( )33例;宫颈癌中leptin表达、MVD与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度和是否远处转移呈正相关(P<0.05),与患者年龄和肿瘤组织学分型无关(P>0.05);OB-R表达与浸润深度和是否远处转移呈正相关(P<0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤分化程度和组织学分型无关(P>0.05);leptin或OB-R染色( )MVD明显高于染色(-)者。结论Leptin是宫颈癌重要的血管生长因子,瘦素及其受体和MVD与肿瘤的恶性程度密切相关。     

壮药金回合剂治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变、HPV 感染合并宫颈炎症 的疗效分析

目的:探讨壮药金回合剂治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变、HPV感染合并宫颈炎症的疗效。方法:将符合纳入标准的宫颈上皮内瘤变、HPV感染合并宫颈炎症患者,随机分为2组,各35例。观察组:壮药金回合剂宫颈上药,qod;对照组:安达芬拴宫颈上药,qod,比较两组临床疗效。结果:CINⅠ,观察组有效率为89.29%,对照组为65.38%,差异有显著性(P<0.05);而CINⅡ差异无显著性。HPV转阴,观察组转阴率为68.57%,对照组为45.71%,差异有显著性(P<0.05);宫颈炎改善情况比较,观察组有效率为94.29%,对照组为77.14%,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。全部患者在治疗过程中均未发现需要注意的不良反应。结论:壮药金回合剂治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变、HPV感染合并宫颈炎症,可恢复宫颈屏障功能,HPV转阴率高,疗效好。     

HPV感染结合负荷量检测对宫颈癌及上皮内瘤变的诊断价值

目的探讨HPV感染(尤其是高危型HPV)及其病毒负荷量在宫颈癌及上皮内瘤变诊断中的价值,以期对临床工作有所借鉴。方法采取回顾性研究宫颈癌、上皮内瘤变及正常妇女387例,对比分析宫颈癌、上皮内瘤变I、II、III级及正常妇女的HPV感染率及负荷情况。结果 (1)CIN I、II、III级和宫颈癌HPV感染率明显高于正常组(70.45%,55.56%,66.33%,84.62%vs 13.19%,P0.05),以高危型HPV为主(各占47.73%,41.67%,59.18%,83.08%),并且单一感染多见(63.64%,47.22%,53.06%,67.69%):(2)CIN I级HPV-DNA负荷量较低,CIN II、III级和宫颈癌组负荷量逐渐增加,尤其是病毒负荷量达500~1000及以上的比例逐步增高(P0.05):(3)Pearson相关分析可见HPV负荷量与宫颈病变严重程度密切相关(P0.01)。结论宫颈癌和CIN多伴有高危型HPV感染,其病变严重程度与HPV负荷量密切相关,HPV结合负荷量检测能更精确判断宫颈病变。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.