妊娠中期1641例产前筛查及95例产前诊断结果分析

目的:通过检测孕中期孕妇血清学甲胎蛋白(APF)、游离β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(Freeβ-hCG)、非结合雌三醇(uE3),进行唐氏综合征(Down's syndrome,DS)、18三体综合征和神经管缺陷(neural tube defect,NTD)的无创性产前筛查.方法:采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法,对1641例16～20+6周孕妇进行血清AFP、Frees-hCG、uE3检测,结合孕妇年龄、孕周及体重等因素,经专用软件进行分析校正,计算风险率,对唐氏综合征和18三体综合征高风险孕妇,进行羊水细胞染色体核型分析.结果:1641例孕妇中筛查出高危孕妇98例,其中唐氏高风险孕妇73例,18三体综合征高风险孕妇4例,神经管畸形高风险孕妇21例;95例选择羊水细胞染色体分析的产前诊断,确诊唐氏综合征1例,18三体综合征1例.结论:孕中期血清三联筛查是可靠、有效的产前筛查方案,结合产前诊断可以有效降低缺陷儿出生,提高出生人口素质.     

50例孕中期唐氏筛查产前诊断的临床应用价值

目的:评价孕中期唐氏筛查产前诊断的临床应用价值。方法:对50例孕中期孕妇进行产前诊断,以孕中期三联血清生化指标检测联合计算机风险预测,划分高风险人群,选择性应用超声、羊水与脐带血染色体核型检查。结果:三联结果阳性3例,唐氏筛查高风险2例、开放性神经管畸形高风险1例;均行羊水或脐血穿刺,1例胎儿染色体异常;年龄39岁,孕18周,异常核型为47,XY,21,唐氏综合症风险1:180,超声见脑积水、先天性腹壁缺损,合并羊水过多,行羊水染色体检查确诊,中期引产。结论:孕中期唐氏筛查产前诊断可有效筛查高风险人群,为选择性应用羊水或脐血染色体检查提供依据,提高筛查唐氏综合症等先天缺陷效用,且该法创伤小,更易被大众接受。     

1200例孕中期产前筛查结果的回顾性分析

目的：评价孕妇血清标记物（甲胎蛋白AFP、β-绒毛膜促性腺激素β-hCG和雌三醇uE3）的孕中期三联筛查在临床中的应用价值。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对1200例孕中期（14～22周）孕妇进行血清标记物AFP、β-hCG和uE3的检测,结合孕龄、孕周、体重等因素,经专门的筛查分析软件,计算唐氏综合征,18三体及神经管缺陷（NTD）的风险率。如孕妇为高风险,则进行胎儿的超声检查和染色体核型分析的产前诊断。结果：在1200例孕妇中,筛查高风险的孕妇有73例,其中唐氏综合征,18三体,NTD高风险孕妇分别为65例,5例和3例,假阳性率为6.08%（73/1200）。其中59例接受了产前诊断,占高风险孕妇的80.8%（59/73）。共检出1例唐氏综合征儿和1例无脑儿,未发现18三体,检出率为100%（2/2）,未有漏诊的情况。妊娠不良结局在筛查高风险组和低风险组的比率分别为17.1%和1.32%,两组有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：利用孕妇血清标记物（AFP、β-hCG和uE3）的孕中期无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,对减少出生缺陷儿的出生,具有重要意义,并且高风险的筛查结果对胎儿的预后有一定的提示作用。     

1200 例孕中期产前筛查结果的回顾性分析

目的:评价孕妇血清标记物(甲胎蛋白AFP、β-绒毛膜促性腺激素β-hCG和雌三醇uE3)的孕中期三联筛查在临床中的应用价值。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对1200例孕中期(14～22周)孕妇进行血清标记物AFP、β-hCG和uE3的检测,结合孕龄、孕周、体重等因素,经专门的筛查分析软件,计算唐氏综合征,18三体及神经管缺陷(NTD)的风险率。如孕妇为高风险,则进行胎儿的超声检查和染色体核型分析的产前诊断。结果:在1200例孕妇中,筛查高风险的孕妇有73例,其中唐氏综合征,18三体,NTD高风险孕妇分别为65例,5例和3例,假阳性率为6.08%(73/1200)。其中59例接受了产前诊断,占高风险孕妇的80.8%(59/73)。共检出1例唐氏综合征儿和1例无脑儿,未发现18三体,检出率为100%(2/2),未有漏诊的情况。妊娠不良结局在筛查高风险组和低风险组的比率分别为17.1%和1.32%,两组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:利用孕妇血清标记物(AFP、β-hCG和uE3)的孕中期无创伤性产前筛查,结合产前诊断,对减少出生缺陷儿的出生,具有重要意义,并且高风险的筛查结果对胎儿的预后有一定的提示作用。     

一种改进的异硫氰酸胍法结合硅胶膜离心吸附柱提取孕妇外周血微量胎儿RNA的方法

孕妇外周血中存在胎儿RNA为无创性产前诊断提供了基础.但血液中富含RNA酶和微量胎儿RNA的特点,对从孕妇血浆中提取胎儿RNA带来困难. 我们以ε血红蛋白基因和胎盘特异表达基因4（PLAC4）mRNA作为研究对象,用改进的异硫氰酸胍法结合硅胶膜离心吸附柱法探索孕妇外周血中胎儿微量RNA的提取方法,获得满意效果. 30例孕妇和9例非孕妇外周血样品中总RNA经凝胶电泳测定显示3条带,分别为28S, 18S和 5.8S. 其28S条带亮度为18S亮度的2倍.总RNA质量浓度（A260／A280）为1.97 g/L,光密度比值(A260-A320）/（A280- A 320）为1.86. 30例孕妇外周血样本有7例提取到ε血红蛋白基因mRNA,ε血红蛋白基因 mRNA 的最小浓度为0.537 μg/mL,最大浓度为1.79 μg/mL,ε血红蛋白基因mRNA的浓度中位数为124 μg/mL. 30例孕妇外周血样本提取到PLAC4 基因mRNA,浓度最小值为2.105×103 copies/mL,最大值为12.760×103 copies/mL,而9例非孕妇中均未提取到（P＜0.01）,浓度中位数为6.612×103 copies/mL. 因此,改进的异硫氰酸胍法与硅胶膜离心吸附柱纯化法相结合,可有效抑制RNA降解,用于提取、纯化孕妇血液中微量胎儿RNA.     

无创DNA检测在唐氏综合征产前筛查中的作用

目的:通过比较无创DNA检测和孕中期血清学筛查两种方法的筛查阳性率,从而肯定无创DNA检测在唐氏综合征产前筛查中的实用价值.方法:对500例单胎孕妇进行血清标记物(AFP+β-HCG)-联指标检测,应用配套软件计算唐氏综合征风险;对496例孕妇外周血中的游离DNA片段(含胎儿游离DNA)进行高通量测序,并将测序结果进行生物信息学分析,得出胎儿发生染色体非整倍体的风险率,并追踪胎儿和孕妇的情况.结果:唐氏综合征血清筛查组高危孕妇22例、阳性率为4.4％,假阳性率4.2％;无创DNA检测组筛查阳性孕妇3例,阳性率为0.6％,唐氏综合征检出率为100％.两种方法用于唐氏综合征产前筛查的差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:无创DNA检测适用范围广、准确率高,是产前筛查是唐氏综合征的有效方法.     

无创产前DNA检测可有效筛查唐氏综合症降低出生缺陷

为了探究无创产前DNA检测筛查唐氏综合症降低出生缺陷的效果,本研究选择2012年4月至2017年12月我院收治的孕期产检6 192例孕妇作为研究对象,应用DNA测序方法对孕妇血浆中胎儿游离DNA进行染色体非整倍体检测,并检测其灵敏度和特异性,同时采用羊水核型分析两种结果。研究显示,阳性共73例,69例做了进一步检查,显示40例胎儿染色体检查核型正常继续妊娠,29例染色体异常。比较不同年龄组的孕妇血清学筛查唐氏综合征高风险情况,研究表明随着孕妇年龄的增加,DS阳性率逐渐降低(p0.05);血清学筛查后胎儿游离DNA (cffDNA)检测与染色体核型分析的阳性例数基本一致(p0.05)。本研究表明,采用产前无创检测胎儿游离DNA操作方便,检测灵敏度和特异性高,不会对胎儿的正常发育造成不良影响,且阳性检测率与羊水核染色体核型结果基本相同,是无创产前诊断唐氏综合征的重要方法,值得在临床上推广使用。     

妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查情况及相关影响因素分析

摘要 目的：了解妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查情况及相关影响因素。方法：以2016年1月~2017年1月在我院接受产前检查的400例孕妇为研究对象,其中早期妊娠78例、中期妊娠146例、晚期妊娠176例,同期健康体检合格妇女120例为对照组。比较妊娠妇女和对照组促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离T3（FT3）及游离T4（FT4）水平,并分析妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常者妊娠不良结局发生情况,并分析妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常的影响因素。结果：400例孕妇中,亚临床甲减62例、临床甲减5例、亚临床甲亢16例、临床甲亢2例,甲状腺疾病合计85例。孕早期TSH低于孕中期及孕晚期,FT3浓度高于孕中期及孕晚期,FT4浓度高于孕中期及孕晚期,孕中期及孕晚期TSH水平高于对照组,孕中期及孕晚期FT3、FT4浓度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同年龄、流产次数、碘摄入量、吸烟组妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常率差异比较有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析,年龄≥30岁、流产次数≥2次、碘摄入量≥150 μg/d为妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常发生的独立危险因素。妊娠合并甲状腺功能异常组妊娠不良结局合计率高于妊娠合并甲状腺功能正常组（P<0.05）。结论：加强对妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的筛查和高危因素的管理能够预防不良妊娠结局,达到优生优育。     

孕中期双胎妊娠与单胎妊娠孕妇血清AFP与F-β-Hcg水平的比较

目的：检测双胎妊娠孕中期孕妇血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）和人绒毛膜促性腺激素游离B亚基（F-β-hCG）的水平,探索双胎妊娠时孕妇血清学筛查用于Down＇s胎儿高风险评估的AFP、F-β-hCG界定值。方法：收集双胎妊娠129例,孕中期（15～2l周）采集孕妇静脉血,用时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术测定血清AFP和F-β-hCG的浓度,并于分娩后随访,确定胎儿有无异常。另选2603例胎儿无异常的单胎妊娠作对照组。结果：129例双胎妊娠孕妇血清AFP浓度的中位教为98.98ng／ml,F-β-hCG浓度的中位数为32.20ng／mt;2603例单胎妊娠孕妇血清AFP和F-β-hCG浓度的中位数分别为52.15ng／ml和13.00ng／mt。双胎妊娠孕妇血清AFP和F-β-hCG的水平均明显高于对照组（P均〈0.01）。结论：鉴于双胎妊娠孕妇血清AFP和F-β-hCG水平明显升高,双胎妊娠的产前唐氏筛查风险评估时应引入正常双胎妊娠的AFP、F-β-hCG值。     

胚胎附植期GRB7基因在绵羊子宫内膜中的mRNA表达

旨在探讨生长因子受体结合蛋白7(growth factor receptor bound 7,GRB7)在绵羊胚胎附植期子宫内膜中m RNA的表达模式。应用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量RT-PCR分别检测21 d怀孕母羊全身组织和妊娠第9、13、17、21及25天的怀孕与未孕母羊子宫内膜组织GRB7基因的表达。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,GRB7基因在心脏、皱胃、大肠、小肠、瘤胃、下丘脑、大脑、小脑等组织均未检测出表达,在脾脏、垂体、肾脏、输卵管、卵巢、膀胱及子宫体等组织出现表达,其中在子宫体、输卵管及肾脏中呈现较高表达;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,从绵羊妊娠第9-25天阶段,GRB7基因在母羊子宫内膜组织的表达量呈逐渐上升趋势,孕羊GRB7的表达量均显著高于同一时间点同期发情的未孕母羊。结果表明GRB7的m RNA表达具有组织特异性,在胚胎附植期绵羊子宫内膜中的m RNA表达显著升高,表明GRB7可能在早期胚胎附植中发挥一定作用。     

Risk assessment adjusted for gestational age in maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relation between errors in calculation of gestational age and assessment of risk of Down''s syndrome and to analyse the implications for screening programmes. DESIGN--Retrospective analysis of dating of gestational age by menstrual history v ultrasound scan. Computer program with maternal age and concentrations of alpha fetoprotein and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin to calculate risk for a range of expected dates of delivery. Computer simulated prospective application of new screening programme. SETTING--Teaching hospitals in Nottingham. SUBJECTS--31,561 women with singleton pregnancies with gestational age based on routine ultrasound scan. Computer simulation of 20,000 women in three age ranges (up to 37; up to 40; all). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Distribution of error between gestational age based on ultrasound scan v menstrual history. Proportion of women in the population who require precise dating of pregnancy; proportion of women who require amniocentesis. RESULTS--With gestational age derived from ultrasound scan as reference the 95% confidence interval for gestational age by menstrual history was -27 to +9 days. A screening programme for Down''s syndrome for women up to age 40 would yield a low risk (< 1:250) for this range of days in 86.0% of cases. The 14.0% of women remaining would have one or more high risk values in their report and would thus require an ultrasound scan for precise dating of the pregnancy; 30% of these--that is, 3.7% of the screened population--would be identified as high risk and require consideration for amniocentesis. CONCLUSIONS--Screening programmes for Down''s syndrome require the facility for precise dating of pregnancy to improve the accuracy of risk assessment. This can be achieved without introducing additional scans for early dating in the whole population but by selecting only those cases (about 14%) when an error in dates is likely to affect the risk of Down''s syndrome.     

Association of cytokines in hepatitis E with pregnancy outcome

AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in hepatitis E infection during pregnancy and its relation with pregnancy outcome.MethodsA total of 272 pregnant and 219 non-pregnant women with hepatitis and 262 age and gestational age matched healthy pregnant women and 208 age matched, healthy non-pregnant women were evaluated on the basis of history, clinical examination, liver function profile. Serological tests of hepatitis A, B, C and E and cytokines using commercially available (ELISA) kits. The patients with hepatitis E were further evaluated for viral load by Real Time PCR. All these were followed till delivery for pregnancy outcome.ResultsHEV viral load in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) of pregnant women were comparatively higher than non-pregnant women. Significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 were present in HEV infected pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women and controls. TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ had significant positive correlation with viral load, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time in pregnant women. Higher levels of all four cytokines were found in pregnant women with HEV infection having adverse pregnancy outcome compared to that of pregnant women with non-HEV infection and controls.ConclusionIn conclusion, severity of HEV infection and associated adverse pregnancy outcome might be mediated by cytokine in pregnancy.     

Preventing the birth of infants with Down's syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis.

The costs and economical benefits of providing routine prenatal diagnosis of Down''s syndrome with termination of affected pregnancies in older pregnant women in the west of Scotland were examined. The potential economic benefits would be greater than the costs for women aged 40 and over, probably about equal to costs for those aged 35 and over, but less than costs if the service were extended to women under 35.     

孕中期超声联合无创产前基因筛查在检出染色体异常胎儿中的应用价值

摘要 目的：孕中期超声联合无创产前基因筛查（NIPT）在染色体异常胎儿检出中的应用价值。方法：选取2019年8月～2021年12月在石家庄市妇幼保健院产前检查的2000例孕中期孕妇,均接受超声检查和NIPT筛查。以羊水穿刺或引产后高通量测序结果为金标准,四格表法分析孕中期超声联合NIPT在染色体异常胎儿检出中的应用价值。结果：2000例孕中期孕妇中,超声检查共检出软指标异常37例,结构指标异常30例。NIPT筛查检出高风险孕妇17例,其中21-三体综合征11例、18-三体综合征6例。超声软指标和结构指标联合NIPT诊断胎儿染色体异常的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、漏诊率、误诊率、准确率分别为95.00%、99.95%、95.00%、99.95%、5.00%、0.05%、99.90%。结论：联合孕中期超声和NIPT可提高检出高风险染色体异常胎儿的灵敏度,降低漏诊率,对于早发现染色体异常胎儿具有重要价值,进而提高生育质量。     

Retrospective audit of different antenatal screening policies for Down's syndrome in eight district general hospitals in one health region

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of different screening policies for the antenatal detection of Down''s syndrome.DesignRetrospective six year survey.SettingMaternity units of eight districts.ParticipantsWomen who completed their pregnancies between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1999 (155 501 deliveries).Results335 cases of Down''s syndrome were identified, 323 in continuing pregnancies or liveborn children. Of these, 171 were identified antenatally. Seven different screening policies were used, in three principal groups: serum screening offered to all mothers, maternal age with serum screening or nuchal translucency available to limited groups, and maternal age combined with anomaly scans. The districts that used serum screening detected 57%, those using maternal age plus serum or nuchal translucency screening 52%, and those using a maternal age of ⩾35 and anomaly scans detected 54%. The least successful district, which offered amniocentesis only to women aged over 37 years, detected only 31%. If amniocentesis had been offered from 35 years, as in all other districts, the detection rate would have risen to 54%. Across the region 15% (range 12-20%) of pregnant women were 35 years or more at delivery, and 58% (33-69%) of infants with Down''s syndrome were born to women in this age range.ConclusionsCurrent additional serum or nuchal translucency screening techniques for antenatal detection of Down''s syndrome are less advantageous than previously supposed. More pregnant women were aged over 35 than has been presumed in statistical models used in demonstration projects of serum screening and, as a result, the proportion of affected fetuses in this age group is much greater than predicted.

What is already known on this topic

Serum screening for Down''s syndrome has been presumed to be more effective than screening by maternal ageThere have been no controlled studies comparing serum screening with screening by maternal age, and its greater efficacy has been presumed from mathematical modelling, which assumed that only 5% of pregnant women were aged over 35 yearsThe modelling predicted that only 20-30% of cases of Down''s syndrome would arise in women aged over 35 and made no allowance for the effects of routine anomaly scanning

What this study adds

15% of pregnant women were aged over 35 years, more than double the 5-7% presumed in statistical models of screening58% of babies with Down''s syndrome were born to women aged 35 years or moreSerum screening and nuchal scanning did not achieve significantly higher antenatal detection rates of Down''s syndrome than the use of maternal age and routine anomaly scanning     

Management of Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia During Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo review the diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy, in the preconception period, and in the postpartum period.MethodsA literature review of English-language papers published between 1982 and 2022, focusing on the most recent literature.ResultsDuring pregnancy, thyroid function laboratory tests need to be interpreted with regard to gestational age. Overt hypothyroidism, regardless of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, should always be promptly treated when it is diagnosed before conception or during pregnancy or lactation. Most women with pre-existing treated hypothyroidism require an increase in levothyroxine (LT4) dosing to maintain euthyroidism during gestation. LT4-treated pregnant patients need close monitoring of their serum TSH levels to avoid overtreatment or undertreatment. There is no consensus about whether to initiate LT4 in women with mild forms of gestational thyroid hypofunction. However, in light of current evidence, it is reasonable to treat women with subclinical hypothyroidism with LT4, particularly if the TSH level is >10 mIU/L or thyroperoxidase antibodies are present. Women who are not treated need to be followed up to ensure that treatment is initiated promptly if thyroid failure progresses. Additional studies are needed to better understand the effects of the initiation of LT4 in early gestation in women with subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia and determine optimal strategies for thyroid function screening in the preconception period and during pregnancy.ConclusionThe diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism in the peripregnancy period present specific challenges. While making management decisions, it is essential to weigh the risks and benefits of treatments for not just the mother but also the fetus.     

Normal early pregnancy: A transient state of epigenetic change favoring hypomethylation

The objective of this study was to analyze genome-wide differential methylation patterns in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnant and non-pregnant states. This is an age and body mass index matched case-control study comparing the methylation patterns of 27,578 cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites in 14,495 genes in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnancy (n = 14), in the same women postpartum (n = 14), and in nulligravid women (n = 14) on a BeadChip platform. Transient widespread hypomethylation was found in early pregnancy as compared with the non-pregnant states. Methylation of nine genes was significantly different in early pregnancy compared with both postpartum and nulligravid states (< 10% False Discovery Rate). Early pregnancy may be characterized by widespread hypomethylation compared with non-pregnant states; there is no apparent permanent methylation imprint after a normal term gestation. Nine potential candidate genes were identified as differentially methylated in early pregnancy and may play a role in the maternal adaptation to pregnancy.     

Normal early pregnancy

The objective of this study was to analyze genome-wide differential methylation patterns in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnant and non-pregnant states. This is an age and body mass index matched case-control study comparing the methylation patterns of 27,578 cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites in 14,495 genes in maternal leukocyte DNA in early pregnancy (n = 14), in the same women postpartum (n = 14), and in nulligravid women (n = 14) on a BeadChip platform. Transient widespread hypomethylation was found in early pregnancy as compared with the non-pregnant states. Methylation of nine genes was significantly different in early pregnancy compared with both postpartum and nulligravid states (< 10% False Discovery Rate). Early pregnancy may be characterized by widespread hypomethylation compared with non-pregnant states; there is no apparent permanent methylation imprint after a normal term gestation. Nine potential candidate genes were identified as differentially methylated in early pregnancy and may play a role in the maternal adaptation to pregnancy.