黄杨绢野螟雌蛾性信息素的鉴定及诱蛾活性

【目的】研究旨在深入探讨中国黄杨绢野Diaphania perspectalis 的雌蛾性信息素组成及诱蛾活性。【方法】利用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄杨绢野螟正常型性成熟雌蛾的性腺体提取物和合成标样比较分析,并用反-11-十六碳烯醛(E11-16:Ald) 、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z-11-16:Ald）、顺-9-十六碳烯醛（Z-9-16:Ald)、顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z-11-16:OH)等物质进行触角的电生理测定,最后开展田间诱集比较试验以筛选出最佳性信息素混合物。【结果】Z-11-16:Ald为中国黄杨绢野螟正常型性信息素主要组分,E-11-16:Ald的含量极低,Z-11-16:OH未检测到。正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟触角对Z-11-16:Ald, E-11-16:Ald, Z-9-16:Ald和Z-11-16:OH产生强烈的EAG反应,并随着浓度的提高而显著增加;而对Z-11-16:Ac和E-11-16:Ac的嗅觉反应较弱,低于对植物绿叶气味顺3-己烯乙酸酯（Z-3-6:Ac）的反应。单一Z-1-16:Ald对正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟具有强烈的诱集效果,加入E-11-16:Ald有一定的增效作用,但在统计上则不显著。单一Z-11-16:Ald组分对黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟无引诱活性,必需加入一定比例的E-11-16:Ald才显示诱蛾活性。Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为250 μg:250 μg时诱集到的黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多,而Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为429 μg:71 μg时则诱集到的正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多。同时,单一Z-11-16:Ald也可引诱大量雄性粘虫Mythimna separata,但E-11-16:Ald抑制其活性。【结论】中国黄杨绢野螟的性信息素主成分是Z-11-16:Ald,单一组分即可在田间强烈引诱雄蛾,E-11-16:Ald的功能只起到微弱的增效作用,但也可能起种的专一性的作用。正常型与黑化型黄杨绢野螟对性信息素的嗅觉反应存在差异,黑化型黄杨绢野螟的性信息素接近日本种,即性信息素组成为Z-11-16:Ald和E-11-16:Ald 的混合物,其比例为1:1,且E-11-16:Ald为必需。     

烟青虫(Helicoverpa assulta Guenée)信息素的结构鉴定及田间试验(英语)

北京地区的烟青虫(Helicover Pa asslta Cucn(?)e)的性信息素腺体提取物经毛细管柱气相色谱分析及GC MS分析,鉴定了6种组分.这6种组分为:十六醛(16:Ald)、顺 9—十六烯醛(Z9—16:Ald)、顺11—十六烯醛(Zll 16:Ald)、顺9—十六烯醇(Z9-16:OH)、顺11—十六烯醇(Zll-16:OH)、顺9—十六烯基乙酸酯(Z9 16:OAc),比例为10.9:58.7:3.9:14.7:1.1:10.7.田间试验表明,只有16:Ald、Z9 16:Ald和Zll 16:Ald(比例为15.3:79.2:5.5)组成的三组分诱芯和Z9—16:Ald和Zll—16:Ald(比例为93.4:6.6)组成的两组分诱芯对于雄蛾有强烈的引诱活性.在3种醛为组分的诱芯中加入Z9 16:OH明显地降低引诱活性.     

Relative attractiveness of incomplete and complete blends of synthetic pheromone to male obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moths in a flight tunnel and in apple orchards: implications for sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption of this species

The relative attractiveness of synthetic Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) pheromone consisting of the major compound Z-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), or the major compound plus one, two, or all three of the minor compounds E-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc), Z-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH), and Z-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Ald), in amounts similar to those in the natural pheromone, was compared in a flight tunnel and in apple orchards. In the flight tunnel, there was an increase in the proportion of moths that were activated when E11-14:OAc was combined with the main compound, but no detectible additional increases in response with the addition of Z11-14:OH and Z11-14:Ald. The time required for activation was twice as long when using the major compound than when using the major compound and one or more of the minor compounds. There was a trend of increase in the proportion of males initiating the take-off, lock-on, close-in, and touchdown phases of upwind flight when progressively more complete blends were used. The time required for the initiation of these behavioral phases was statistically similar for each treatment. The proportion of moths landing at the pheromone source was 10 times greater when using the complete blend than when using the main compound alone. Similar results were obtained in apple orchards, where the four-compound blend was 17-55 times more attractive than the main compound. The superior attractiveness of the four-compound pheromone compared with the major compound, or to the major compound plus the minor compound E11-14:OAc, suggests that it would be the most effective synthetic pheromone if competitive attraction were an important mechanism of disruption in this species.     

SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE OREIENTAL TOBACCO BUDWORM, HELICOVERPA ASSULTA GUENÉE: IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD TRIALS

Abstract  The sex pheromone gland extracts of the Oriental tobacco budworm, Helicover assulta Guenée, collected from North China in Beijing area, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatograph(GC) and 6 components from the extracts were identified by capillary GC—MS as hexadecanal (16:Ald), (Z)9-hexadecenal (Z9–16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol (Z9–16:OH), Z11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11–16:OH), Z-9-hexadecenylacetate (Z9–16:OAc) at a ratio of 10. 9: 58. 7: 3. 9: 14. 7: 1.1: 10. 7. Field studies indicated that an optimum blend of Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald was 100: 7. Addition of 16: Ald or Z9–16:Ac to the two aldehyde blend showed no significant effect on attractiveness. However presence of Z9–16:OH in the blends significantly reduced male captures.     

大螟雄蛾触角对性外激素及其类似物的电生理反应

电生理试验显示出:大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)雄蛾触角对Z11-16:Ac(A)oZ11-16:OH(B)激起强烈的触角电位(EAG)反应,Z11-16:ALD?,E11-16:Ac(D),Z9-14:Ac(E)和Z7-12:Ac(F)四种化合物也能激起较强的EAG反应;A化合物的刺激阈比B高,此两种化合物5:5比例时,激起的反应最强烈。电生理的试验推测,雄蛾触角对A和B两种化合物的感受,是通过触角内两种不同类型的嗅觉感受器。A和B不同比例混合后,田间诱蛾试验证明:在9:1,8:2,5:5的比例时,其诱蛾量远远超过单独的A化合物;E加入A与B的混合物中,起抑制诱蛾的效果,上述试验表明,Z11-16:OH是大螟的性诱剂。     

Sex pheromone components ofMamestra suasa: chemical analysis, electrophysiological activity, wind tunnel activity and field tests in two European countries

(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z-11-16:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) and hexadecanyl acetate (16:Ac) were found in pheromone gland extracts of femaleMamestra suasa (Den. et Schiff.) in the relative amounts 100/2/10/5. All four compounds were also present in collections of aiiborne volatiles from calling females in a 100/7/5/5 ratio. No traces of 14 carbon aldehydes or acetates were detected. In gland extracts the presence of methyl hexadecanoate methyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate and methyl (Z)-11-hexadecenoate was demonstrated by base methanolysis. No methyl tetradecenoates were detected. In EAG tests Z-11-16:Ac gave the best responses, followed by (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-9-14:Ac) Z-11-16:Ald and Z-11-16:OH. In single sensillum recordings large spike amplitude cells in sensilla responded to Z-11-16:Ac, while small spike amplitude cells to both Z-11-16:OH and Z-9-14:Ac. Cells responding to Z-11-16:Ald were found in one out of 60 sensilla tested. In wind tunnel tests 0.1 g of a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald evoked the same responses and at a similar intensity as 3 isolated female pheromone glands did. In field tests a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald caught significant numbers of males in both Bulgaria and Hungary. The addition of 16:Ac to the binary blend did not have any effect, while more than 1% of Z-11-16:OH or 0.1% of Z-9-14:Ac dramatically decreased captures. In comparing different ratios of the, acetate/aldehyde blend at different dose levels, best catches were recorded at the 10:1 ratio and at the highest (1000 g) dose level.

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La composition de la phéromone sexuelle deMamestra suasa: analyse chimique, étude de l'effet par éléctrophysiologie et à la chambre de vol, et piégeages dans deux pays de l'Europe

Résumé On a trouvé l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene-11 Z (Z-11-16:Ac), le hexadécene-11 Z al-1 (Z-11-16:Ald), le hexadécene-11 Z ol-1 (Z-11-16:OH) et l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene (16:Ac) dans des extraits de glandes phéromona les des femelles deMamestra suasa. La proportion relative des composés était 100/2/10/5. Tous les quatre composés ont été présents aussi dans les collections d'émanations des femelles en stade d'appel, dans la proportion un peu différente de 100/7/5/5. On n'a détecté aucune trace des tétradécenes al-1 ou d'acetoxy-1 tétradécenes. On a démontré la présence de hexadécenoate-1 methyl, hexadécene-9 Z oate-1 methyl et héxadécene-11 Z oate-1 methyl dans des extraits des glandes, par la méthode de base methanolysis. On n'a trouvé pas des tétradéceneoates methyl.En éléctroantennographie, Z-11-16:Ac a donné les meilleurs réponses, suivis par l'acetoxy-1 tétradécene-9 Z (Z-9-14:Ac), Z-11-16:Ald et Z-11-16:OH. Dans des études de single sensillum les cellules à amplitude grande ont répondu à la stimulation avec de Z-11-16:Ac, cependant les cellules à amplitude petite ont répondu à la stimulation avec des deux composés Z-9-14:Ac et Z-11-16:OH. On a trouvé des cellules sensitives à Z-11-16:Ald dans 1 entre 60 sensilla étudiés.À la chambre de vol, le dose de 0.1 g d'un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald a provoqué les mêmes réponses et à l'intensité pareille comme 3 glandes phéromonales isolées des femelles.En piégeages sur le champs des males en quantité importante ont été capturé par un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-15:Ald en Bulgarie et Hongrie. L'addition de 16:Ac au mélange binaire n'avait aucun effet, cependant l'addition de plus de 1% de Z-11-16:OH ou 0.1% de Z-9-14:Ac a sérieusement diminué les captûres. En comparant des proportions différentes du mélange de l'acetoxy/aldéhyde dans des doses différentes, on a observé les meilleurs captûres avec de la proportion 10:1 et à la dose la plus haute (1 000 g).

     

Moth sex pheromones affect interspecific competition among sympatric species and possibly population distribution by modulating pre-mating behavior

Premating behaviors mediated by pheromones play pivotal roles in animal mating choices. In natural populations of the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis and the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in the rice field habitat, we discovered that Z11-16:Ald, a major component of the C. suppressalis pheromone, modulated the premating behavior of C. medinalis. Z11-16:Ald evoked a strong olfactory response in male antennae and strongly inhibited the sex pheromone trapping of male C. medinalis in the field. The functions of three C. medinalis sex pheromone receptor genes (CmedPR1–3) were verified through heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. CmedPR1 responded to Z11-18:OH and Z11-18:Ald, as well as the interspecific pheromone compound Z11-16:Ac of sympatric species; CmedPR2 responded to Z13-18:OH and Z13-18:Ald, as well as the sex pheromone compounds Z11-16:Ald and Z9-16:Ald of sympatric species; and CmedPR3 responded to Z11-18:OH and Z13-18:OH, as well as the interspecific pheromones Z11-16:OH, Z9-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac, and Z11-16:Ald of sympatric species. Thus, CmedPR2 and CmedPR3 share the ligand Z11-16:Ald, which is not a component of the C. medinalis sex pheromone. Therefore, the sex pheromones of interspecific species affected the input of neural signals by stimulating the sex pheromone receptors on the antennae of male C. medinalis moths, thereby inhibiting the olfactory responses of the male moths to the sex pheromones. Our results demonstrate chemical communication among sympatric species in the rice field habitat, the recognition of intra- and interspecific sex pheromones by olfactory receptors, and how insect premating behaviors are modulated to possibly affect resource partitioning.     

Species-specific pheromonal compounds induce distinct conformational changes of pheromone binding protein subtypes from Antheraea polyphemus

We have investigated the structural features of three pheromone binding protein (PBP) subtypes from Antheraea polyphemus and monitored possible changes induced upon interaction with the Antheraea pheromonal compounds 4E,9Z-14:Ac [(E4,Z9)-tetradecadienyl-1-acetate], 6E,11Z-16:Ac [(E6,Z11)-hexadecadienyl-1-acetate], and 6E,11Z-16:Al [(E6,Z11)-hexadecadienal]. Circular dichroism and second derivative UV-difference spectroscopy data demonstrate that the structure of subtype PBP1 significantly changes upon binding of 4E,9Z-14:Ac. The related 6E,11Z-16:Ac was less effective and 6E,11Z-16:Al showed only a small effect. In contrast, in subtype PBP2 pronounced structural changes were only induced by the 6E,11Z-16:Al, and the subtype PBP3 did not show any considerable changes in response to the pheromonal compounds. The UV-spectroscopic data suggest that histidine residues are likely to be involved in the ligand-induced structural changes of the proteins, and this notion was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. These results demonstrate that appropriate ligands induce structural changes in PBPs and provide evidence for ligand specificity of these proteins. Electronic Publication     

Bt毒素对棉铃虫雄蛾感受雌蛾性信息素EAG反应的影响

用含Bt毒素的人工饲料饲养棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫至成虫(死亡率为40%～50%),采用触角电位 (electroantennogram, EAG) 技术,测定了雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素2种组分顺9-十六碳烯醛(Z9-16:Ald)、顺11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16:Ald)及其混合物(Z11-16:Ald∶Z9-16:Ald=97∶3)的EAG反应。结果表明,Bt毒素对雄蛾感受性信息素单一组分和混合物的EAG反应均具促进作用;且随信息素剂量的增加,这种促进作用也随之增强。这一结果对于评价和实施延缓棉铃虫对Bt棉抗性的“庇护所"策略,具有一定的参考意义。     

棉铃虫性外激素成分的化学分析和田间试验

利用毛细柱的气相色谱和质谱对棉铃虫（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）雌蛾腺体提取物的分析,鉴定出了他和十六碳醛、顺－9－十六碳烯醛、顺－11－十六碳烯醛、饱和十六碳醇和顺－11－十六碳烯醇,其相对比例为6．1：4．5：100：3．5：8．8。在山东、山西省的田间试验中,2mg的顺－11－十六碳烯醛和顺－9－十六碳烯醛（97：3）置橡胶塞上能有效地引诱棉铃虫雄蛾。增加4％－7％他和十六碳醛到二元混合物中诱蛾量超过二元混合物。增加1％顺－11－十六碳烯醇到二元或三元混合物中减少诱蛾量,当增加5％顺－11－十六碳醇时诱蛾量大量减少。     

温度对二化螟性信息素通讯的影响

环境因素影响昆虫两性间的化学通讯,也影响性信息素技术的田间防治效果.本文探讨了温度对二化螟雌蛾性信息素产生以及雄蛾对性信息素触角电位反应的影响,以期为田间二化螟的性信息素防治提供指导.在二化螟蛹期和成虫期进行不同温度处理(15、20、25、30和35 ℃),然后利用气相色谱仪(GC)分析雌蛾性腺内各性信息素组分的含量及比例,同时利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定雄蛾对性信息素组分的电生理反应.结果表明: 25 ℃处理中雌蛾性腺内3个性信息素组分(Z9-16:Ald、Z11-16:Ald和Z13-18:Ald)的含量均显著高于其他温度处理(15、20和30 ℃),且25 ℃处理中Z13-18:Ald的相对比例也显著低于其他温度处理.就雄蛾对性信息素的敏感性而言,对3种性信息素单一组分及特定比例混合物的EAG反应在15～25 ℃间没有显著差异,但在25～35 ℃间(Z13-18:Ald在30～35 ℃间)随温度升高呈下降趋势,且30 ℃较25 ℃显著降低,35 ℃较30 ℃又显著降低.综合分析认为,二化螟性信息素通讯的适宜温度为20～25 ℃,温度过高或过低均不利于二化螟两性间的正常化学通讯.研究结果为二化螟性信息素防治技术的合理应用及极端温度条件下害虫种群发生的预测预报,提供了重要参考.     

Relative abundance and flight phenology of two pheromone types of Acrobasis nuxvorella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Two synthetic sex pheromones have been developed and are currently used to detect the flight of the pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig, the most damaging pest of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. One pheromone (referred to as standard) is attractive to moths in the southern United States, but not in Mexico. The other pheromone (referred to as Mexican) is attractive to moths in the southern United States and in Mexico. These two pheromones have been implemented by producers as an important tool in monitoring the activity of this pest and have allowed for more efficient pesticide use. In the future, these pheromones could be used as a means of population reduction through pheromone based control methods. Trapping data taken over a 3-yr period were used to determine if phenological differences exist between pheromone types of pecan nut casebearer. The relative abundance of each pheromone type at several locations in the United States also was evaluated. Results of this study indicate that no phenological differences exist between the two pheromone types studied in the United States and that significantly more males are attracted to field-deployed pheromone traps baited with the standard pheromone than to traps baited with the Mexican pheromone.     

Sex pheromone components of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in Indonesia

Field tests of three synthetic sex pheromone blends (Japanese blend: Z11–18:Ald (55 μg), Z13–18:Ald (500 μg), Z11–18:OH (120 μg) and Z13–18:OH (180 μg), Indian blend: Z11–16:Ac (50 μg) and Z13–18:Ac (500 μg) and Philippine blend: Z11–16:Ac (500 μg) and Z13–18:Ac (10 μg) based on geographic variations in sex pheromones) of the rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were conducted at Yogyakarta (Java), and at Sempidi and Penatih (Bali), Indonesia. Only the Japanese blend attracted significant numbers of male C. medinalis, while neither the Indian nor the Philippine blend showed any attractiveness to the males. In the GC–MS analysis of a crude extract from pheromone glands of female C. medinalis collected at Sanur, Bali. Indonesia, Z11–18:Ald, Z13–18:Ald, Z11–18:OH and Z13–18:OH were detected at a ratio of 10:100:26:37, and the total amount was approximately 0.8 ng/female. Neither Z11–16:Ac nor Z13–18:Ac were detected. These results suggest that C. medinalis that respond to the Japanese blend are widely distributed from Eastern Asia through Southeast Asia.     

雄性棉铃虫感受性信息素的分子和神经机制研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera主要借助于性信息素通讯完成雌雄识别,实现交配和种群繁衍。关于棉铃虫感受性信息素机制的研究一直是我国化学生态学领域的热点和重心,研究结果有助于开发和改进棉铃虫防治的性引诱剂。本文将对棉铃虫雄虫感受雌虫释放的性信息素的机制进行综述,以期为深入研究棉铃虫及其他相关昆虫的性信息素感受的分子和神经机理提供参考。棉铃虫雌虫性信息素腺体合成和释放多种长链、饱和或非饱和的脂肪醛和醇等化合物,其中Z11-16:Ald为主要性信息素成分,Z9-16∶Ald和Z9-14∶Ald为次要性信息素成分,不同组分按一定比例混合可明显增强对雄性棉铃虫的引诱效果,而化合物Z11-16∶OH和高剂量的Z9-14∶Ald对性信息素引诱活性具有明显的抑制效果。相应地,雄性棉铃虫触角上A, B和C 3种类型的毛形感器能够感受这些信息化合物。A类型毛形感器内表达受体OR13感受Z11-16∶Ald,B类型毛形感器内表达OR14b感受Z9-14∶Ald,C类型毛形感器内表达OR6和OR16感受Z9-16∶Ald, Z9-14∶Ald, Z11-16:Ac和Z11-16∶OH。受体的表达位置和功能与不同类型毛形感器的电生理反应特性相一致。钙离子成像证明在棉铃虫触角叶内的3个扩大型神经纤维球接受这些气味信息,其中神经纤维球云状体接受Z11-16∶Ald,背中间后侧纤维球接受Z9-16∶Ald,背中间前侧纤维球接受Z9-14∶Ald, Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH。这些研究成果在感器、受体和脑中枢水平上揭示了棉铃虫感受性信息素的机制,在这些研究基础上,我们认为需要深入开展以下方面的研究：(1)进一步鉴定相关性信息素受体的功能和定位;(2)深入研究脑内嗅觉高级中枢对性信息素信息的处理和整合神经机制;(3)明确棉铃虫性信息素感受受到寄主植物、光周期、温度、湿度等环境因素的影响及机制。     

SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA:CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND FIELD TESTS*

Abstract Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analyses were conducted on the pheromone gland extracts of female moth of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Saturated aldehyde (16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z-9–16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11–16:Ald), hexade-canol (16:OH) and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (2–11–16:OH) were found from gland extracts in the ratio of 6.1:4. 5 :100:3. 5 :8.8. In field tests of Shandong and Shanxi Provinces, 2 mg blends of Z -11–16:Ald and Z-9–16:Ald (97:3) applied on a rubber dispenser effectively attracted H. armigera males. The addition of 4%-7% 16 :Ald to the binary mixture caused increase over that of the binary mixture. The addition of 1%Z-11–16:OH to binary or trinary mixture may reduce catches, while addition of 5% Z-11–16:OH reduced catches singnificantly.     

Female sex pheromone components of Helicoverpa gelotopoeon: first heliothine pheromone without (Z)-11-hexadecenal

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Dyar is a very important pest of economic importance on cotton in Argentina. Analysis of female pheromone gland extracts prepared from 1‐ to 2‐day‐old virgin female moths demonstrated the presence of a 1 : 0.84 blend of hexadecanal (16:Ald) and (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal (Z9‐16:Ald), with trace quantities of tetradecanal in some samples, 2.4% of 16:Ald. The average quantity of Z9‐16:Ald extracted per female was estimated to be 33 ng, with a range of 18.9–46.4 ng per female when collected 2–3 h into the scotophase. In field trials conducted in both cotton and tomato crops in Santiago del Estero, Argentina 1 : 1 blends of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald caught significantly more male H. gelotopoeon than Z9‐16:Ald alone, although there was no significant difference between blends containing between a 0.2 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratio of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald. There was no analytical evidence for the presence of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald) in pheromone gland extracts, although this compound has been identified in all female sex pheromones of Heliothinae to date. In field trials, the addition of Z11‐16:Ald at the 1% level to either a 1 : 1 blend of 16:Ald and Z9‐16:Ald or Z9‐16:Ald alone significantly reduced the catch of male H. gelotopoeon. Sympatric Heliothis virescens were not caught in any of the blends tested for H. gelotopoeon, but were caught in low numbers in traps baited with a 4 : 100 blend of (Z)‐9‐tetradecenal and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal.     

Effect of (E4, Z6)-4,6-Hexadecadienal in attraction of Stathmopoda masinissa with its pheromone components of Korean population

Timely insecticidal application for Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), is important, for reducing damage to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), an important tree fruit cultivated in Korea. In this regard, the early and precise detection of adult S. masinissa is desirable. In this study, we report the effect of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) with sex pheromone components in attracting S. masinissa males. The sex pheromone of S. masinissa in the Korean population comprised two components, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienol (E4,Z6-16OH). It was shown that the E4,Z6-16Ald acts as a synergist of E4,Z6-16Ac for attracting S. masinissa in the Japanese population. To test whether E4,Z6-16Ald could be used as an attractant in the Korean population, the E4,Z6-16Ald with the two pheromone components was evaluated in attracting S. masinissa males. Electroantennography (EAG) assays were performed to determine the antennal responses of S. masinissa males to the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald tested. A field attraction test with a combination of pheromones and E4,Z6-16Ald was carried out for 3 years in three different regions in Korea. E4,Z6-16Ald elicited as high a response as the two pheromone components. A mixture of the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald and a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16Ald attracted more S. masinissa males than a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH, the pheromone of Korean population. This new pheromone lure formulation with E4,Z6-16Ald is expected to contribute to the precise detection of S. masinissa by luring males to pheromone-baited traps.     

Effect of Larvae Treated with Mixed Biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis - Abamectin on Sex Pheromone Communication System in Cotton Bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera

Third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) were reared with artificial diet containing a Bacillus thuringiensis - abamectin (BtA) biopesticide mixture that resulted in 20% mortality (LD₂₀). The adult male survivors from larvae treated with BtA exhibited a higher percentage of “orientation” than control males but lower percentages of “approaching” and “landing” in wind tunnel bioassays. Adult female survivors from larvae treated with BtA produced higher sex pheromone titers and displayed a lower calling percentage than control females. The ratio of Z-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald) and Z-9-hexadecenal (Z9–16:Ald) in BtA-treated females changed and coefficients of variation (CV) of Z11–16:Ald and Z9–16:Ald were expanded compared to control females. The peak circadian calling time of BtA-treated females occurred later than that of control females. In mating choice experiment, both control males and BtA-treated males preferred to mate with control females and a portion of the Bt-A treated males did not mate whereas all control males did. Our Data support that treatment of larvae with BtA had an effect on the sex pheromone communication system in surviving H.armigera moths that may contribute to assortative mating.     

田间二化螟雄蛾对不同配比性信息素的嗅觉反应 及性信息素识别相关基因表达水平差异

【目的】本研究旨在从行为和嗅觉分子水平探究二化螟Chilo suppressalis雄蛾对性信息素嗅觉反应的地理种群差异及其机理,以明确该害虫田间种群雄成虫的嗅觉适应性及其特点。【方法】采用7种Z11-16∶Ald, Z9-16∶Ald和Z13-18∶Ald配比不同的三元性信息素诱芯(Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald配比分别为540 μg∶540 μg, 864 μg∶216 μg, 945 μg∶135 μg, 980 μg∶98 μg, 1 003 μg∶77 μg, 1 016 μg∶64 μg和1 045 μg∶35 μg,而Z13-18∶Ald含量保持不变),在中国6省水稻田间诱捕二化螟雄成虫;利用实验室风洞测定864 μg∶216 μg, 980 μg∶98 μg和1 016 μg∶64 μg配比诱芯在田间诱捕的越冬代和第2代二化螟雄蛾分别对这3个配比的性信息素诱芯的行为反应;并采用RT-qPCR方法测定这7种性信息素配比不同的诱芯诱捕的雄蛾触角中二化螟雄蛾12个性信息素识别相关基因的表达水平。【结果】在田间试验中,Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald不同配比的性信息素诱芯对水稻二化螟雄蛾均有引诱作用,但不同配比引诱的二化螟雄蛾占比不同。6省诱芯中Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald的最佳配比不同,并且同一配比性信息素诱芯在不同省份引诱的二化螟雄蛾占比也不同。结果表明,不仅在不同地区诱芯的性信息素最佳配比不同,而且在不同地区不同配比性信息素的诱蛾量占比也不同。实验室风洞试验中,864 μg∶216 μg和1 016 μg∶64 μg配比诱芯田间诱捕雄蛾分别对864 μg∶216 μg和1 016 μg∶64 μg配比诱芯的行为反应均显著强于对其余两种配比诱芯,980 μg∶98 μg配比诱芯田间诱捕雄蛾对1 016 μg∶64 μg, 980 μg∶98 μg和864 μg∶216 μg配比诱芯的行为反应无显著差异。在RT-qPCR测定中,除GOBP1外,其余11个性信息素识别相关基因在Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald不同配比诱芯诱捕雄蛾触角中的表达水平均存在显著差异,其中PBP3, PBP4, PR1, PR2, PR4, PR5和PR6 7个基因的表达水平与性信息素配比之间存在显著的线性相关。【结论】本研究明确了中国二化螟不同地理种群性信息素嗅觉差异,不仅有助于提高该害虫的性诱防控效率,而且也有助于理解其嗅觉地理种群差异的成因。     

Sex pheromone analysis and effective attraction of males of the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis,inhabiting the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Hellula undalis is a harmful insect pest of green mustard in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In order to establish a tool for a sustainable pest control program, the sex pheromone of H. undalis inhabiting the Mekong Delta was examined. GC-EAD and GC–MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts from the virgin females elucidated three new components, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), and (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-ol, in addition to the known pheromone component (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadienal (E11,E13-16:Ald). Double bond positions of the two monoenyl components were determined by GC–MS analysis of the pheromone extract treated with dimethyl disulfide. On the other hand, GC–MS analysis of the female body extract detected the unsaturated hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H). Field examinations of their synthetic compounds indicated the significant role of E11,E13-16:Ald as a major component and a clear synergistic effect of the two monoenyl compounds as a minor component. Although the 3:3:7 mixture of Z11-14:OAc, E11-16:Ald, and E11,E13-16:Ald captured the largest number of males among the tested mixtures, the activity was still quite a bit lower than that of virgin females. However, the 3:3:7:1 mixture, which was prepared by adding a small amount of Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H to the 3:3:7 ternary lure, succeeded in attracting males more powerfully than the females did. This strong synergistic effect was not observed when the triene was added to unmixed E11,E13-16:Ald, indicating important roles of not only the triene but also the two monoenyl compounds as natural pheromone components.