西藏藏族青少年体型

为了探讨藏族青少年体型发育特征及其规律, 本文应用Heath-Carter体型法对2530名藏族青少年体型进行评价。结果发现, 藏族青少年的平均体型男性为偏中胚层的外胚层型(2.40—3.29—3.72),女性为中间型(3.65—2.87—3.32); 男性的体型以外胚层系体型为主(58.52%), 女性体型以内胚层系(32.62%)和外胚层系为主(35.40%); 随着年龄的增长, 藏族青少年的体型发展有一定的规律, 男性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经偏中胚层的外胚层型又发展回中胚层-外胚层均衡型, 女性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经历均衡的外胚层型发展为均衡的内胚层型。因此, 本文认为,藏族男性青少年身体的线性程度高、外形上比较瘦削、肌肉较发达; 藏族女性青少年较男性身体的脂肪含量多、线性程度相对较高。     

侗族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

为探讨我国侗族成人的体型特征,本文采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对广西壮族自治区三江侗族自治县林溪乡515例（男254,女261）20—60岁的土著侗族成人进行了体型评定。结果表明：1）侗族成人男女的平均体型值分别为2.2—4.5—2.4和4.3—4.2—1.5,侗族成人男女分别属均衡的中胚层体型和内胚层—中胚层均衡体型;2）侗族成人男女间SAD值为2.33,T为11.9,男女间的体型有非常显著性差异（P<0.001) ;3) 与国内 、外资料相比, 侗族男女的内、中因子值和男性外因子值居中, 女性外因子值最低。     

内蒙古汉族青少年体型分析

运用Heath-Carter体型法,对内蒙古地区3088名（男1489,女1599）7－18岁汉族城乡青少年体型进行分析。结果表明城乡男生偏中胚层型的外胚层型体型最多,中胚层－外胚层均衡型和偏外胚层型的中胚层型 之;城乡女生偏中胚层型的内胚层型体型最多,三胚层中间型和偏内胚层型换上胚层型次之。8－13岁时,同性别同龄组城乡学生的体型差异明显,13岁以后体型接近,城乡男女学生体型的性别间差别显著。     

Body shape in relation to socio-economic status in young adults from the basque Country

Body shape has a great variability determined, partly, by energy intake and physical activity, as well as by gender and age. The aim of this research was to analyse the relation between socio-economic status (SES) and body shape estimated through the somatotype, in a sample of university students. The sample included 316 males and 635 females aged 18-33. Somatotype was estimated by the Heath-Carter anthropometric technique. The information included data of SES. A MANOVA test was used to test differences among groups. The mean somatotypes were 4.0-4.4-2.3 in males and 5.4 -3.4-2.2 in females. Sexual dimorphism for the whole somatotype was found (p < 0.001). There is a greater stability of the body shape in females regarding SES and more variability in males. Males' somatotype was significantly related to SES, low socioeconomic levels were associated with high values of endomorphy and mesomorphy.     

Study of somatotype in Italian children aged 6 to 10 years

The aim of the present research was to study the variations of somatotype, calculated by the Heath-Carter anthropometric technique, during growth in a sample of children (416 males and 402 females), aged 6 and 10 years, attending primary and secondary schools of L'Aquila and its province (Abruzzo, Italy). The sample was subdivided into “urban” and “non-urban” groups, on the basis of the residence of the children, to examine possible differences in growth related to the different environments. This study give an account of the somatotype components between urban and non urban childreen between the age 6 and 10 years. A tendency toward an increase of endomorphy (adipose component) with age was noticed in both sexes. In females, ectomorphy (component of physical linearity) tended to increase and mesomorphy (muscular-skeletal component) showed a slight decrease during growth, while males exhibited a discontinuous trend. The differences between urban and non-urban children were not significant, although generally higher values of endomorphy and mesomorphy were found in males and females of the urban sample. The differences between the sexes consisted of higher values of endomorphy and lower values of mesomorphy in females. Ectomorphy was similar in the two sexes.     

Sex, age and caste differences in somatotypes of Rajput and scheduled caste adolescents from the Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh, India

Somatotypes of a cross-sectional sample of 544 rural adolescents ranging in age from 11 to 17 years are described. The sample included 269 Rajput (141 girls and 128 boys) and 275 Scheduled Caste (135 girls and 140 boys) subjects. Each subject was somatotyped using the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype protocol (Carter & Heath 1990). In all, ten anthropometric measurements namely height, weight, bicondylar diameters of humerus and femur, flexed mid-upper-arm and calf circumferences, and triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf skinfolds were taken. The mean somatotypes of the Rajput boys and girls were 1.62- 3.30-3.85 (mesomorphic-ectomorph) and 2.42-2.90-3.99 (balanced ectomorph), respectively. The mean somatotypes of the Scheduled Caste subjects were 1.51-3.02-3.74 (mesomorphic-ectomorph) for boys and 2.38-2.64-3.70 (balanced ectomorph) for girls. A one-way ANOVA revealed that females of both the caste groups were significantly (p < or = 0.05) more endomorphic than the males. The sex differences in other two components were not significant (p +/- 0.05). Caste differences, as revealed by a one-way ANOVA analysis, were not significant (p +/- 0.05) in both sexes. With the exception of the Rajput girls, the differences in whole somatotypes between those in an early phase of adolescence and those in an advanced phase of adolescence were not significant (p = 0.05). The results indicate that populations exposed to same environmental situations for a long period of time tend to show similarity in physique. A one-way MANOVA analysis, which used Wilk's Lambda as test statistics, revealed that from 11-17 years there was no significant change (p < or = 0.05) in component dominance of mean somatotypes in the boys and girls of the present sample. Among males of a majority of the Indian populations, ectomorphy dominates over endomorphy and mesomorphy from 11 to 17 years.     

江西赣州城市成年客家人体型及其年龄变化

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对江西城市客家人304例(男154例,女150例)进行了体型评定。结果显示:1)江西城市客家人男性平均体型值为4.0-4.6-2.0,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性平均体型值为5.0-4.2-1.9,属于偏中胚层的内胚层体型。2)男女均以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。3)60岁前男女体型存在显著性差异。60岁后男女体型没有差异。4)与国内其他城市汉族比较,城市客家人男性平均体型点与内蒙古汉族最近,女性与云南汉族最为接近。客家人男女体型较其他城市汉族纤瘦,身体的线性度较高。     

Somatotype and physical performance in a sample of university students from Madrid

A sample of 303 Madrid Complutense University students (100 males and 203 females), aged 21–29 years has been studied in order to establish the relationship between somatotype components and physical work performance. Since particular interest is focused on a possible sexual difference in that relationship, males and females were analyzed separately. Results prove the high correlation of test scores implying muscularity (hand grips, pulling strength) with the mesomorphic component of the somatotype, mainly in males. Variability in tests relative to physical totype, mainly in males. Variability in tests relative to physical fitness is mainly explained by differences in endomorphy, although regarding the step test, ectomorphy is also a factor to be taken into account in females, as well as the pulling strength in males.     

Somatotype in 6-11-year-old Italian and Estonian schoolchildren

The study of somatotypes can contribute to the understanding of variability in human body build. The aim of this study was to compare the somatotypes of Italian and Estonian schoolchildren in order to evaluate factors that might lead to variability in somatotypes. The sample consisted of 762 Italian and 366 Estonian children aged 6-11 years. They were somatotyped by the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Data on organised extra-curricular physical activity and hours of weekly training were also collected. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate country-related variations of somatotype in each age/sex group, while factorial ANOVA was used to test the influence of country and organised physical activity on the variability of the anthropometric characteristics and somatotype components.There are significant differences in mean somatotypes between the Italian and Estonian children in many age classes and a different constitutional trend in children from the two different countries is observed. The Italian children are more endomorphic and less mesomorphic and ectomorphic than the Estonian children. On the other hand, it emerges from factorial ANOVA, that the somatotype components do not present significant variations related to organised physical activity and to the interaction between the country of origin and sport practice. Moreover, the results of the forward stepwise discriminant analyses show that mesomorphy is the best discriminator between the two countries, followed by ectomorphy.Our findings suggest that the observed differences between Italian and Estonian children could be related mainly to country rather than to the practice of organised physical activity in the two countries.     

蒙古族体型的Heath—Carter人体测量法研究

本文运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｌｅｒ人体测量体型法,研究了内蒙古科左后旗４８０例蒙古族人的体型。研究结果表明：（１）蒙古族平均体型男性为内胚－中胚均衡型,女性为偏中胚型的内胚型;（２）男女间体型存在差极显著性差异;（３）随着年龄的增长,蒙古族男女体型均呈内胚型值增大,外胚型值减小的变化。女性３５岁以后体型变化显著;（４）与其它群体相比,蒙古族人内胚型值较高,男性中胚型值偏低、女性外胚型值偏低。     

贵州革家人的体型

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对家人成人311例(男159例,女152例)进行了体型研究。研究发现,家人男性的体型平均数为3.4-4.8-2.1,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性体型均数为4.9-4.7-1.3,属于内胚层-中胚层均衡型。家人性别间5个年龄组体型差异均具有统计学意义。随年龄增长,男性内因子值趋于变小,而且年龄组间内因子值具有明显差异。男性中因子、外因子与年龄均不相关,年龄组间中因子、外因子值的差异亦无统计学意义。女性内因子与年龄呈负相关,中因子、外因子与年龄均不具有相关(P>0.05)。内因子、中因子、外因子值在不同年龄组间的的差异具有统计学意义。家人男性与云南汉族、布依族、客家人、僜人、广西汉族体型接近,家人女性与客家人、怒族、僜人、侗族体型最为接近。在中国南方族群中,家人身体脂肪含量较多,骨骼、肌肉含量中等,身体相对粗壮些。家人与生活在南方的汉族族群体型相对接近。     

Evidence for higher heritability of somatotype compared to body mass index in female twins

The influence of genetics on human physique and obesity has been addressed by the literature. Evidence for heritability of anthropometric characteristics has been previously described, mainly for the body mass index (BMI). However, few studies have investigated the influence of genetics on the Heath-Carter somatotype. The aim of the present study was to assess the heritability of BMI and somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy) in a group of female monozygotic and dizygotic twins from childhood to early adulthood. A total of 28 females aged from 7 to 19 years old were studied. The group included 5 monozygotic and 9 dizygotic pairs of twins. The heritability was assessed by the twin method (h(2)). The anthropometric measures and somatotype were assessed using standard validated procedures. Significant differences between monozygotic and dizygotic pairs of twins were found for height, endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy, and the heritability for these measures was high (h(2) between 0.88 and 0.97). No significant differences were found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins for weight, and the BMI and the heritability indexes were lower for these measures (respectively 0.42 and 0.52). The results of the present study have indicated that the somatotype may be more sensible to genetic influences than the BMI in females.     

Body size and physique among Canadians of First Nation and European ancestry

The purpose of this study was to compare body size and physique among Canadians of Aboriginal (First Nation [FN]) and European ancestry (EA) from the northern Ontario communities of Temagami and Bear Island. The sample consisted of 130 FN and 494 EA participants including adults (20–75 years: 214 men, 234 women) and youth (5–19 years: 97 boys, 79 girls). Indicators of body size and physique included stature, the sitting height–to-stature ratio (SSR), body mass, BMI, estimated upper-arm muscle area, biacromial, bicristal, biepicondylar, and bicondylar breadths, and the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy). There were few differences in body size between FN and EA, with the exception of adult females. Adult FN females were significantly heavier and had greater bone breadths than EA women (P < 0.001). On the other hand, somatotype differed significantly between EA and FN by age and sex, except for 5–19-year-old females. Among boys and men, FN had greater endomorphy (P < 0.03), whereas FN men also had lower ectomorphy (P < 0.01). Among women, FN were significantly more endomorphic and mesomorphic and less ectomorphic (P < 0.001). Although results for 5–19-year-old females were not significant, they were in the same direction as the other groups (greater endomorphy). Forward stepwise discriminant function analyses indicated that endomorphy was the most important discriminator between FN and EA by age and sex. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:161–172, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

山东汉族成人的Heath-Carter法体型研究

应用HeathCarter人体测量法对1001名（男502名,女499名）年龄在20—88岁间的山东省青州和临朐两县市的城乡汉族（以下简称山东汉族）进行了体型评定。结果是：（1）山东汉族男性的平均体型值为44—48—17（城4.6—4.7—1.5,乡4.2—4.8—1.8）,属内胚层-中胚层均衡型体型;各年龄组中以内胚层-中胚层均衡体型、偏内胚层的中胚层体型及偏中胚层的内胚层体型为主。女性的平均体型值为5.7—4.2—1.4（城5.8—4.2—1.3,乡5.6—4.2—1.4）,属偏中胚层的内胚层体型;各年龄组中以偏中胚层的内胚层体型及内胚层-中胚层均衡体型为主。（2）随着年龄的增长,男（20—44岁）女（20—54岁）性内、中因子值上升,外因子值下降。城乡男女以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。（3）汉族成年人体型存在显著性性别差异,但无城乡差异。（4）山东汉族男性与蒙古族及加拿大样本人群的平均体型相类似;女性平均体型介于鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、达斡尔族和蒙古族样本人群的平均体型之间。     

布依族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

本文运用Heath-Carter人体测量体型方法,研究了贵州省布依族494例(男259例,女235例)成人体型。研究结果表明:(1)布依族男性与女性平均体型均为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,男性均数为3·0—5·3—2·4,女性均数为4·3—4·9—1·9。(2)随年龄增长,布依族男性内因子值变化不大,中因子值增大,外因子值减小。但总的说来,男性体型各年龄组变化不大。(3)随年龄增长,女性内因子值与中因子值增大,外因子值减小。(4)布依族体型介于南方人群和北方人群之间。     

Body measurements and somatotypes of young adult Jat-Sikh men of Punjab, India

During 1972 body measurements including height, weight, limb circumferences, skeletal diameters and skinfolds were taken on 100 unrelated and healthy Jat-Sikh men of 17 to 25 years of age, belonging to different areas of Punjab, India. The average height and weight of Jat-Sikhs is 170.4 cm and 54.5 kg, respectively. The mean Heath-Carter somatotype is 3.22-3.40-4.11. The majority of somatotypes is concentrated in endo-ectomorph and meso-ectomorph sectors of the somatochart. Comparisons with recently described data on females of the same area and population show significant sex differences in various body measurements except for the bicristal diameter. The females possess significantly more subcutaneous fat. For the rest of the measurements, the males have higher values. The Jat-Sikh males are comparable in height and weight to the contemporary pooled Punjabi, but are distinctly taller than the neighbouring populations of Himachal Pradesh and pooled all India samples. However, they are comparatively smaller and lighter as compared to European and American populations.     

The effect of labour on somatotype of males during the adolescent growth period

Although the effect of labour and physical stress on the height and weight of growing children is relatively well known, rather limited information concerning the influences of the work environment on the physique of working children and adolescents is available. The purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge of the effects of mechanical stress on the human physique via somatotype during the adolescent growth period. Anthropometric measurements of 509 male apprentices aged 13.50–18.49 years and measurements of 451 nonworking youth (control group) of the same age group were taken. The members of both groups were from the lower socioeconomic strata and had similar living conditions. The apprentices were working an average of 11 h per day in vocations requiring intense physical effort. The subjects were somatotyped using the Heath–Carter anthropometric protocol. The overall mean somatotypes were 2.3–4.4–3.3 for working adolescents, and 2.5–3.9–3.6 for the nonworking controls. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant differences between the groups. Working adolescents were more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than their nonworking peers. In both groups, endomorphy decreased with age up to age 15; then remained stable for the labourers but increased for the nonworking peers. In both groups, mesomorphy was stable, but decreased with ectomorphy. These results indicate that physical stress not only causes retardation in linear growth, but also produces changes in human physique during the growth period.     

运用体型方法研究中国学生 (山西) 的体格发育

采用体型方法研究人体体格特征,并与遗传、生理、运动、健康状况、营养方式等相结合,具有一定的意义。本文运用Heath-Carter人体测量体型方法研究中国学生的体型,通过对山西地区485名普通大中专男女学生及130名体育系男女学生的10个人体测量项目的体型分析,结果表明：男女学生的体型存在显著性差异;16—22岁体型发生一定的变化,且男女变化规律不同;坚持体育锻炼的体育系学生的体型与普通系学生的体型存在显著性差异,体育锻炼对体型的影响有性别之分;中国学生与国外学生比较,体型存在差异,男性表现比较明显。     

What happens to children when they grow up? How does the human body change after the age of 18

The present study answers the question on how the human body changes in two successive decades after its final height had been reached. One hundred and three individuals (56 males and 47 females) who were followed up longitudinally by a team of scientists from birth to 18 years of age were investigated anthropometrically by 18 body measurements again when they reached the age of between 35 and 39 years. The Carter-Heath somatotype was ascertained as a part of the study. The results of the investigation at the age of 35 to 39 years were compared with the Czech Standard and with those from 18 years of age. The means of all measurements in both sexes increased with age (with the exception of stature in females). Relative measurements and indices, which were calculated only in the groups of 35-39 year-olds were all on the average greater in males than in females with the exception of relative head circumferences and pelvis width, in the pelvis width in per cent of biacromial width, in the sum of skinfolds, and in the gross percent of body fat. Males as well as females increased from the age of 18 to 35-39 as a rule in weight, muscle, bone and fat mass, which were manifested by a shift towards endomorphic and mesomorphic components of their somatotypes away from the ectomorphic one.     

Association between physique characteristics and hand skeletal aging status

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between skeletal aging traits (obtained from evaluation of hand radiographs) and physique characteristics, including indices of obesity, skeletal size, muscular development, and the somatotypes of Heath and Carter (1967) and of Deriabin (1985). To achieve our aims, we used multiple regression analysis, and Pearson's and canonical correlation analyses. The studied population comprised 629 males and 561 females aged 18-90 years, all members of the Chuvasha (Russian Federation). The present study provides evidence for a connection between hand bone aging traits and physique characteristics. The cortical index showed a small but significant correlation with adiposity and the index of overall physique, but bone mineral density (BMD) traits were not correlated with the index of overall physique. Deriabin's set of somatotypes was significantly correlated with BMD, but could explain only 2% of its variation. Significant correlations of the hand osteoarthritis trait were observed with indices of adiposity. Also observed were statistically significant canonical correlations with both sets of somatotypes, which enabled us to predict 2-3% of hand osteoarthritis variation by a combination of somatotype components. Osseometric score evinced statistically significant correlations with most indices of physique as well as with a combination of somatotype components. These findings may prove helpful in epidemiological studies, because they show that body composition is the factor that is statistically significantly associated with skeletal aging.