一种新的人胚胎干细胞自身来源的滋养层支持其体外培养

摘要: 通过人胚胎干细胞(Human embryonic stem cells, hESCs)经体内分化获取间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)为人胚胎干细胞提供一种新的滋养层。将约5×106个hESCs注射入重症免疫联合缺陷小鼠形成畸胎瘤, 8周后再从畸胎瘤中分离MSCs并鉴定, 将MSCs作为hESCs的滋养层细胞, 并检测和观察hESCs的生长情况、细胞特性和分化能力。从畸胎瘤中获得了纯度较高的具有类似骨髓来源的MSC特性的细胞群, 其形态相似、表面抗原标志相似(CD34和CD45阴性, CD29、CD49b、CD105、CD73和CD90阳性), 经诱导可以向成骨细胞和成脂细胞分化。将hESCs在MSCs滋养层细胞上传代培养10代以上, hESCs依然具有正常的细胞形态, 反转录PCR证实其特异转录因子Oct4、Nanog的表达, 干细胞表面标记SSEA-1显示为阴性, SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81显示为阳性, 碱性磷酸酶染色显示为阳性, 并且核型正常。体外EB形成和体内畸胎瘤形成证明了其全能性。因此来源于hESCs本身的MSCs可以被用来作为支持胚胎干细胞生长并维持其未分化状态的滋养层细胞。     

人胎儿造血组织来源间充质干细胞基本生物学特性的比较

目的:分离、纯化人胎儿造血组织来源的胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs derived from human fetal bone marrow,hfBM-MSCs)和胎儿肝脏间充质干细胞(MSCs derived from human fetal liver,hfL-MSCs),比较其基本生物学特性.方法:取材12-20周流产胎儿,冲洗骨髓腔得到全骨髓细胞悬液;通过二步离心联合羟乙基淀粉沉淀法富集肝非实质细胞,接种、培养、纯化MSCs.绘制MSCs生长曲线.检测MSCs表面标志、细胞周期.诱导MSCs向脂肪细胞分化并鉴定.结果:hfBM-MSCs与hfL-MSCs均为平行排列的纤维状细胞,但前者较细长,后者稍宽大;hfBM-MSCs与hfL-MSCs的原代培养时间、原代培养细胞数有显著性差异:而第二代细胞数无显著性差异;二者生长曲线相似,但hfBM-MSCs的增殖速度较快;细胞周期分析显示G0-G1期细胞在hfBM-MSCs与hfL-MSCs分别占96.1%和91.2%.流式检测结果显示HLA-DR、CD40和CD80在hfBM-MSCs与hfL-MSCs均极低表达,而后者更低;hfBM-MSCs与hfL-MSCs均可成脂分化,但前者更容易向脂肪样细胞分化.结论:在相同时间内,从胎儿骨髓中可以获得更多的MSCs;hfBM-MSCs具有较大的增殖潜能、增殖速度以及分化能力,而hfL-MSCs的免疫原性更弱.     

沉默Dnmt1基因表达诱导大白鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)具有向心肌样细胞分化的潜能.本室前期研究发现,MSCs在体外经DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt)抑制剂5-氮胞苷诱导可分化为心肌样细胞.本研究证明,沉默DNA甲基化转移酶1（Dnmt1）基因表达,可诱导大鼠MSCs向心肌样细胞分化.本文采用表达Dnmt1 siRNA 慢病毒感染MSCs,沉默Dnmt1表达.DNA甲基化分析显示,随着沉默Dnmt1时间延长（7-28 d）,Gata-4基因上游DNA调控序列的CpG甲基化水平明显降低,而Gata-4 mRNA的转录水平明显上调,说明敲减Dnmt1表达导致Gata-4基因激活.蛋白质印迹和/或免疫细胞化学揭示,与对照组比较,心肌相关基因MHC 和cTnT表达上调, 而骨髓干细胞标志物CD90和CD29随转染时间延长表达下调.同时,实时定量PCR显示,心肌早期发育调控基因Nkx2.5 mRNA水平与Gata-4 mRNA相同,随表达Dnmt1 siRNA的慢病毒感染而上调.上述结果提示,敲减Dnmt1可降低心肌发育调控基因Gata-4启动子CpG岛的甲基化水平,上调Gata-4基因的表达,诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样分化.     

脱细胞神经移植物对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化

目的探讨脱细胞神经移植物诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为施旺细胞样细胞的可行性。方法将分离纯化的SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行体外培养扩增,行表型鉴定后,取第5代细胞,诱导组采用脱细胞神经移植物匀浆进行诱导,非诱导组加入等量无血清培养基,倒置相差显微镜观察诱导后细胞形态变化,免疫细胞化学染色检测诱导后细胞S-100,神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)的表达情况。结果BMSCs表型鉴定为CD44+、CD54+、CD34-,免疫细胞化学染色GFAP、S-100的阳性表达率分别为为(42±4)%和(64±5)%。结果 脱细胞神经移植物可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为施旺细胞样细胞。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离纯化与初步鉴定

目的：探讨体外分离、纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的方法,分析其部分表型特点。方法：用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,传代扩增,测定生长曲线,形态学观察,免疫细胞化学及图像分析测定细胞表面抗原和细胞外基质蛋白表达情况。结果：MSCs属骨髓中单个核细胞,密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法能有效分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,MSCs在含10％小牛血清的L-DMEM中生长性状相对稳定,1、3、5代细胞生长曲线基本一致,增殖速度快。细胞呈均一的成纤维细胞样,均一表达CD44、CD54、纤维粘连蛋白(Fibronectin,FN)、Ⅰ型胶原(CollagenⅠ)。结论：本实验建立了一种体外分离纯化、培养扩增大鼠骨髓MSCs的方法,MSCs稳定表达CD44、CD54、FN、CollagenⅠ。     

从人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤中有效获取间充质干细胞和神经前体细胞

通过人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,hESC)体外分化方法和畸胎瘤形成可以分化获得多种成体细胞．但目前尚不清楚是否可以从hESCs畸胎瘤中分离某些特异性细胞．通过体外筛选方法,有效地从hESCs畸胎瘤中分离出神经前体细胞(neural progenitor cells,NPCs)和间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)．这种hESCs畸胎瘤来源的NPCs和MSCs与体内神经前体细胞和间充质干细胞有着相似的分子标记和特性,并具有进一步的分化潜能——分别可以诱导成为神经元、神经胶质细胞、脂肪细胞和骨骼细胞等．根据人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤中含有不同分化阶段的外胚层、中胚层和内胚层的组织或细胞,认为人胚胎干细胞畸胎瘤可以作为另一个细胞来源以获取多种(包括人胚胎干细胞体外分化难以得到的)各种前体/干细胞和终末分化细胞．     

表皮生长因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化的体外研究

目的:研究表皮生长因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化的可能性。方法:体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞,利用流式细胞仪分析其细胞表型。采用含EGF的培养液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化,并利用免疫荧光法进行鉴定。结果:从骨髓中分离培养的细胞具有成纤维细胞样形态,贴壁生长,表型相对均一,表面标志为CD90、CD44、CD147阳性;而CD34、CD38、CD45、CD14、HLA-DR阴性。体外诱导后可以得到神经干细胞标志物nestin、神经胶质细胞标志物GFAP和视网膜光感受器细胞标志物Rhodopsin呈阳性表达的细胞。结论:从骨髓中分离培养得到的间充质干细胞具有向视网膜神经细胞分化的潜能。     

山羊胚胎干细胞的分离与培养

对关中奶山羊配种后6～7天的桑椹胚和囊胚,分别采用全胚培养法、酶消化法和免疫外科法进行处理.将处理后的胚胎培养于小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞(MEF)饲养层上,分离培养山羊胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cell,ESC).对分离传代的山羊ESCs分别进行免疫组化染色,RT-PCR检测和体外诱导分化试验.结果表明.全胚培养法易于胚胎贴壁形成原代集落,采用全胚培养法获得的ESCs有一株目前已传至18代.山羊ESCs Nanong、Oct4、SSEA-3免疫组化染色呈阳性,SSEA-1免疫组化染色呈弱阳性,SSEA-4免疫组化染色呈阴性,RT-PCR检测显示其表达Nanog、Oct4、端粒酶、CD117.山羊ESCs经DMSO体外诱导可以向心肌细胞分化.这些试验均表明该细胞具有ESCs的生物学特性.     

猪骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的:建立猪骨髓间充质干细胞(pMSCs)体外分离培养、纯化和鉴定的方法,为下一步实验研究奠定基础.方法:采用密度梯度离心法获得骨髓单核细胞,接种后形成单层贴壁的成纤维样细胞.免疫荧光及PCR检测细胞表面标志及多能性基因的表达,并鉴定分离细胞的多向诱导分化潜能.结果:体外培养的原代细胞10天达到融合,传代后仍具有成纤维样的形态;免疫荧光结果见波形蛋白(Vimention)和Oct4标记阳性,CD45阴性;PCR分子检测见多能性基因OCT-4,nanog的表达;细胞具有分化为成骨细胞和成脂细胞的能力.结论:采用密度梯度离心法获得的pMSCs体外增殖能力强,纯度高,具有间充质干细胞的特性,pMSCs分离培养体系的成功建立为下一步实验研究奠定基础.     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的培养、鉴定和Survivin的表达研究

为培养及鉴定小鼠来源骨髓间充质干细胞,并测定细胞中Survivin的表达情况,采用全骨髓培养法获取骨髓间充质干细胞,绘制生长曲线,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物,行成骨、成脂检测,RT-PCR测定Survivin表达情况.结果表明培养出的细胞呈长梭状成纤维细胞样,经流式细胞仪检测细胞表面高表达CD29、CD34、CD44、SCA-1,低表达CD117;细胞曲线显示传代细胞培养1～3d生长缓慢,第4d生长加快并于第7d达到高峰;成骨诱导20d经茜素红染色呈红色结节,成脂诱导14d油红O染色显示有大量脂质沉淀;RT-PCR结果显示Survivin mRNA阳性表达.经全骨髓培养法可以培养出大量骨髓间充质干细胞,同时Survivin在小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中正常表达,提示可能参与骨髓间充质干细胞抗凋亡过程.     

Novel human embryonic stem cell lines C612 and C910

Novel human embryonic stem cell lines C612 and C910 have been established from atching blastocytes. Cells were cultivated in mTeSR medium on a mouse fibroblast feeder layer; they exhibit common pluripotent markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, Oct 3/4, SSEA-4, Nanog, Rex1. The immunophenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry revealed CD90 (Thy-1) and CD117 (c-kit) antigens and showed weak or no expression of CD13, CD34, CD45, CD130, and HLA class I and II antigens, which is typical for human embryonic stem cells. Karyotypic structure of C612 and C910 assayed by the G-banding of metaphase plates is normal in both chromosome number and structure. The cells generate embryoid bodies, undergo spontaneous differentiation, and express three germ-layer markers (nestin, keratin, vimentin ectoderm), α-fetoprotein (entoderm), muscle α-actinin (mesoderm), i.e., possess pluripotent potency. Thus, C612 and C910 display accepted human embryonic stem cell properties, including unlimited self-renewal, expression of pluripotent markers, ability to differentiate into three germ layers, and are diploid; therefore, they may be of potential use for fundamental research, as well as for replacement therapy studies.     

Isolation of pluripotent stem cells from human third molar dental pulp

Potent stem/progenitor cells have been isolated from normal human dental pulps, termed dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). However, no study has described the presence of stem cell populations in human dental pulp from the third molar with embryonic phenotypes. The dental pulp tissue was cultured in media with the presence of LIF, EGF, and PDGF. In the present study, we describe a new population of pluripotent stem cells that were isolated from dental pulp (DPPSC). These cells are SSEA-4(+), Oct4(+), Nanog(+), FLK-1(+), HNF3beta(+), Nestin(+), Sox2(+), Lin28(+), c-Myc(+), CD13(+), CD105(+), CD3(-), CD45(-), CD90(low), CD29(+), CD73(low), STRO-1(low) and CD146(-). We have investigated by SEM analysis and q-RT-PCR the capacity of DPPSCs to 3D differentiate in vitro using the Cell Carrier 3D glass scaffold into tissues that have similar characteristics to embryonic mesoderm and endoderm layers. These data would support the use of these cells, which are derived from an easily accessible source and can be used in future regeneration protocols for many tissue types that differentiate from the three embryonic layers.     

Expression pattern of embryonic stem cell markers in DFAT cells and ADSCs

Mature adipocytes can revert to a more primitive phenotype and gain cell proliferative ability under the condition of ceiling method, named dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT cells). These cells exhibit multilineage potential as adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs). However, the stem molecular signature of DFAT cells and the difference distinct from ADSCs are still not sure. To study the molecular signature of DFAT cells better, highly purified mature adipocytes were obtained from rats and the purity was more than 98%, and about 98.6% were monocytes. These mature adipocytes dedifferentiated into fibroblast-like cells spontaneously by the ceiling culture method, these cells proliferated rapidly in vitro, grew in the same direction and formed vertex, and expressed extensively embryonic stem cell markers such as Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Nanog, surface antigen SSEA-1, CD105, and CD31, moreover, these cells possessed ALP and telomerase activity. The expression level was Oct4 1.3%, Sox2 1.3%, c-Myc 1.2%, Nanog 1.2%, CD105 0.6%, CD31 0.6% and SSEA-1 0.4%, respectively, which was lower than that in ADSCs, but the purity of DFAT cells was much higher than that of ADSCs. In conclusion, DFAT cells is a highly purified stem cell population, and expressed some embryonic stem cell markers like ADSCs, which seems to be a good candidate source of adult stem cells for the future cell replacement therapy.     

Stem Cell Glycolipids

Glycolipids are compounds containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety. Because of their expression patterns and the intracellular localization patterns, glycolipids, including stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and possibly SSEA-1) and gangliosides (e.g., GD3, GD2, and A2B5 antigens), have been used as marker molecules of stem cells. In this review, I will introduce glycolipids expressed in pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, very small embryonic-like stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and multilineage-differentiating stress enduring cells), multipotent stem cells (neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, fetal liver multipotent progenitor cells, and hematopoietic stem cells), and cancer stem cells (brain cancer stem cells and breast cancer stem cells), and discuss their availability as biomarkers for identifying and isolating stem cells.     

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 identifies human dental pulp stem cells

Embryonic stem cell-associated antigens are expressed in a variety of adult stem cells as well as embryonic stem cells. In the present study, we investigated whether stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4 can be used to isolate dental pulp (DP) stem cells. DP cells showed plastic adherence, specific surface antigen expression, and multipotent differentiation potential, similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). SSEA-4+ cells were found in cultured DP cells in vitro as well as in DP tissue in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that 45.5% of the DP cells were SSEA-4+. When the DP cells were cultured in the presence of all-trans-retinoic acid, marked downregulation of SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 and the upregulation of SSEA-1 were observed. SSEA-4+ DP cells showed a greater telomere length and a higher growth rate compared to ungated and SSEA-4- cells. A clonal assay demonstrated that 65.5% of the SSEA-4+ DP cells had osteogenic potential, and the SSEA-4+ clonal DP cells showed multilineage differentiation potential toward osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and neurons in vitro. In addition, the SSEA-4+ DP cells had the capacity to form ectopic bone in vivo. Thus, our results suggest that SSEA-4 is a specific cell surface antigen that can be used to identify DP stem cells.     

Growth factor-defined culture medium for human mesenchymal stem cells

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are potential cellular sources of therapeutic stem cells as they have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into a wide array of mesenchymal cell types such as osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. hMSCs have been used clinically to treat patients with graft vs. host disease, osteogenesis imperfect, or alveolar cleft, suggesting that transplantation of hMSCs is comparatively safe as a stem cell-based therapy. However, conventional culture medium for hMSCs contains fetal bovine serum (FBS). In the present study, we developed a growth factor-defined, serum-free medium for culturing hMSCs. Under these conditions, TGF-beta1 promoted proliferation of hMSCs. The expanded hMSC population expressed the human pluripotency markers SSEA-3, -4, NANOG, OCT3/4 and SOX2. Furthermore, double positive cells for SSEA-3 and a mesenchymal cell marker, CD105, were detected in the population. The potential to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes was confirmed. This work provides a useful tool to understand the basic biological properties of hMSCs in culture.     

Demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, reverses differentiation of embryonic stem cells

The de novo methylation activity is essential for embryonic development as well as embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, where the intensive and extensive DNA methylation was detected. In this study, we investigated the effects of a demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC), on differentiated ES cells in order to study the possibility of reversing the differentiation process. We first induced differentiation of ES cells by forming embryoid bodies, and then the cells were treated with 5-AzaC. The cells showed some undifferentiated features such as stem cell-like morphology with unclear cell-to-cell boundary and proliferative responsiveness to LIF. Moreover, 5-AzaC increased the expressions of ES specific markers, SSEA-1, and alkaline phosphatase activity as well as ES specific genes, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. We also found that 5-AzaC demethylated the promoter region of H19 gene, a typical methylated gene during embryonic differentiation. These results indicate that 5-AzaC reverses differentiation state of ES cells through its DNA demethylating activity to differentiation related genes.