谷氨酸脱氢酶与醇脱氢酶的共表达及其在制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇中的应用

【背景】醇脱氢酶AdhS能催化不对称还原反应制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇,但由于自身再生辅酶NADH的能力不足,需要辅酶再生酶协助其再生NADH。谷氨酸脱氢酶能以谷氨酸为底物,再生辅酶NAD(P)H,具有辅酶再生酶的潜力。【目的】克隆表达谷氨酸脱氢酶基因gdhA,构建谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA与醇脱氢酶AdhS的大肠杆菌共表达体系,提高AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率。【方法】从枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168中克隆基因gdhA,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中表达,分析辅酶再生活力;再与醇脱氢酶AdhS共表达,优化表达条件;分析不同辅酶再生方案对制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率的影响。【结果】谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA再生NADH的比活力为694 U/g。经GdhA与AdhS的共表达及表达条件优化后,制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率达465 U/L。经比较,GdhA协助再生辅酶NADH,可使AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率提高到约3倍。【结论】谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA为NADH高效再生酶,与醇脱氢酶AdhS共表达可显著提高AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率。     

(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ与葡萄糖脱氢酶共催化高效合成(S)-苯乙二醇北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过优化获得最佳酶活配比,设计近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)CCTCC M203011的(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)YX-1葡萄糖脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的共表达体系,实现重组菌高效催化2-羟基苯乙酮,合成(S)-苯乙二醇。【方法】分别从重组大肠杆菌中纯化了(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶,研究了2种酶共催化2-羟基苯乙酮的最佳酶活比例,最适催化温度和pH,由此构建(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶的共表达体系。【结果】(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ的比酶活力为1.3 U/mg,葡萄糖脱氢酶的比酶活力为13.5 U/mg。在总酶活力为1 U时,(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶共催化体系中,确定了2种酶的最佳比例在1∶1到5∶1(U/U)之间,最适反应温度为30℃,pH为7.0。在此基础上构建了(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因比为1∶1的共表达体系,共表达重组菌破碎上清液中(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶酶活分别为0.76 U/mg和0.73 U/mg,两者的酶活比例为1∶1。在上述确定的最适催化条件下,其催化10 g/L 2-羟基苯乙酮,产物(S)-苯乙二醇的光学纯度和得率均高达99%以上。与仅含有(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ的重组大肠杆菌相比,共表达体系转化产物(S)-苯乙二醇的得率明显提高,且转化时间由原来的24 h缩短为13 h。【结论】通过确定(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ和葡萄糖脱氢酶最佳酶活配比,为构建手性催化的靶酶和辅酶再生酶共表达体系,为实现手性化合物的高效制备提供了研究基础。     

乙醇脱氢酶与葡萄糖脱氢酶偶联催化制备(S)-1-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇

(S)-1-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇是抗癌药物克唑替尼的手性合成前体,可由2,6-二氯-3-氟苯乙酮经乙醇脱氢酶催化还原制备,还原中所需的还原型辅酶Ⅱ再生是该反应的技术瓶颈.本研究构建重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21-ADH和E.coli BL21-GDH,实现了葡萄糖脱氢酶和乙醇脱氢酶的共表达,并进行偶联转化.结果表明,当在反应温度为30℃,pH为7的条件下,(S)-l-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇的产量达到最高,在投料量为6％时,该体系转化率为93.75％.     

亮氨酸脱氢酶与葡萄糖脱氢酶高效共表达制备L-叔亮氨酸北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过不同双基因共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中表达影响的研究,获得具有高辅酶再生效率的双酶共表达重组生物催化剂,实现L-叔亮氨酸"一锅法"高效不对称合成。【方法】以来自于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH)和来自芽孢菌属(Bacillus sp.)的葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)为模板,考察单质粒共表达,双质粒共表达和融合表达等3种共表达策略对重组细胞中亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活的影响,比较不同酶活比例和不同催化剂形式对三甲基丙酮酸不对称还原制备L-叔亮氨酸效率的影响。【结果】研究发现不同共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶的影响存在明显差异。亮氨酸脱氢酶在不同策略下均能够正常表达,而葡萄糖脱氢酶在融合表达时没有活力,当C端含有组氨酸标签时,表达蛋白活性低。通过表达优化,获得3株亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶高效表达且具有不同酶活比例的重组菌。比较粗酶液和全细胞形式下的催化效率,发现酶活比例及催化剂形式对不对称还原反应效率具有重要影响。确定单质粒串联表达C端不含His标签重组菌E.coli BL21/p ET28a-L-SD-AS-G为最佳催化剂,以粗酶液进行转化时,完全转化0.5 mol/L底物所需菌体量为15 g/L,辅酶量为0.1 mmol/L。【结论】采用单质粒共表达策略,成功构建出1株具有较高亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活性的重组菌,实现高效催化TMP合成L-Tle。     

S-亚胺还原酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶共表达系统的构建及手性胺的合成

旨在构建S-亚胺还原酶(S-IRED)和葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)在大肠杆菌中的一菌双酶共表达系统,实现辅酶NADPH的再生,高效合成手性仲胺。利用无缝克隆的手段设计构建一种单质粒双启动子共表达系统,以全细胞为催化剂催化手性仲胺S-2-甲基吡咯烷(S-2MP)的合成,并研究温度、pH及有机溶剂对双酶反应的影响。成功构建了S-IRED和GDH的重组共表达质粒,实现了S-IRED与GDH在大肠杆菌中的胞内共表达,以亚胺2-甲基吡咯啉(2MPN)为模式底物,以工程菌全细胞催化手性仲胺S-2MP的合成,在低辅酶添加时催化手性胺的产率和光学纯度均高于95%。该双酶共表达体系的最适温度和pH分别为37℃和pH 8,10%以下的甲醇对双酶反应有正向促进作用。大肠杆菌胞内双酶共表达系统的构建实现了辅酶NADPH的原位再生,降低了亚胺还原酶催化合成手性胺的成本,为手性胺的规模制备奠定了基础。     

米根霉在氮源限制下的木糖代谢和关键酶特性北大核心CSCD

【目的】解析氮源浓度对米根霉木糖代谢途径及产物的影响,提高木糖利用率。【方法】以木糖为碳源,考察不同氮源浓度下米根霉的生物量、有机酸积累量、木糖代谢关键酶(木糖还原酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)活力以及胞内还原力(NADH/NAD+、NADPH/NADP+)的差异。【结果】富氮条件下(2.4 g/L尿素),木糖代谢速率达2.03 g/(L·h),木糖还原酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活力以及胞内还原力较高,生物量达18.01g/L,几乎不积累有机酸;限氮条件下(0.15 g/L尿素),木糖还原酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活力以及胞内还原力水平降低,生物量仅4.02 g/L,富马酸积累量为6.55 g/L,残余木糖量较高;氮源浓度为0.6 g/L时,木糖还原酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活力以及NADPH/NADP+处于前二者之间,此时生物量9.11 g/L,有机酸积累量较大,其中富马酸为12.28 g/L。【结论】充足的氮源可使米根霉通过木糖代谢关键酶与胞内还原力的协同效应强化木糖代谢活力,通过优化氮源浓度后,米根霉可积累更多有机酸。     

(R)-专一性羰基还原酶与甲酸脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中的共表达

【目的】通过研究(R)-专一性羰基还原酶和甲酸脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中的共表达,解决较高底物浓度下不对称转化反应的辅酶限制性问题。【方法】分别以近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011)和博伊丁假丝酵母(Candida boidinii)基因组为模板,采用PCR方法扩增得到(R)-专一性羰基还原酶基因（rcr）和甲酸脱氢酶基因（fdh）,克隆到共表达载体pETDuetTM-1中进行表达。共表达质粒pETDuet-rcr-fdh转化稀有密码子优化型菌株E. coli Rosetta,获得重组菌E. coli Rosetta/pETDuet-rcr-fdh。【结果】在30℃条件下,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达8 h后,SDS-PAGE结果表明(R)-专一性羰基还原酶和甲酸脱氢酶均有明显的表达,其相对分子质量分别为37 kDa和 40 kDa。以高浓度(6 g/L)2-羟基苯乙酮为底物时,0.1 g重组菌细胞催化产生(R)-苯基乙二醇,产物光学纯度为100% e.e.,产率为85.9%。与无甲酸脱氢酶参与辅酶再生循环的重组菌E. coli Rosetta/pETDuet-rcr相比,产物光学纯度和产率分别提高了1.3和2.7倍。【讨论】该重组菌的构建为基因工程法生物合成(R)-苯基乙二醇的工业应用奠定了基础。     

应用合成生物学策略构建全细胞生物催化剂合成(S)-乙偶姻

目的:在大肠杆菌宿主中过量表达丁二酮还原酶(DAR),同时构建辅酶NADH原位再生系统,利用全细胞高效催化丁二酮不对称还原合成(S)-乙偶姻。方法:PCR克隆多黏芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa) dar基因连到质粒pETDuet-1,转化至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3),构建重组菌E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR;通过Hi Trap TALON柱亲和层析纯化表达产物DAR酶蛋白,测定DAR的比酶活和分子动力学参数。在重组菌E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR中构建辅酶NADH原位再生系统,协同表达枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH),构建重组菌E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR/GDH,并以此重组菌为全细胞生物催化剂,优化催化条件,提高(S)-乙偶姻的产量和产率。结果:获得重组工程菌E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR和E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR/GDH。DAR以NADH为辅酶还原丁二酮的米氏常数Km、最大催化速率Vmax、催化常数Kcat分别为2. 59mmol/L、1. 64μmol/(L·min·mg)、12. 3/s,还原丁二酮生成(S)-乙偶姻光学的纯度为95. 86%,具有较好的催化效率和立体异构体选择性。构建辅酶NADH原位再生系统后,重组菌E. coli BL21(DE3)-DAR/GDH可高效催化丁二酮合成乙偶姻。在最优催化条件下分批补料,乙偶姻产量达51. 26g/L,转化率为81. 37%,生产速率为5. 13g/(L·h)。结论:使用非手性化合物原料丁二酮生产高附加值的手性化合物(S)-乙偶姻,以重组菌为全细胞生物催化剂合成(S)-乙偶姻,不需额外添加昂贵的辅酶,具有较高的生产应用价值。     

友菌素核苷转移酶amiE基因的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】克隆和表达二糖核苷类抗生素友菌素生物合成基因簇中的核苷转移酶基因amiE,并研究AmiE的体外催化功能。【方法】采用PCR技术将编码257个氨基酸的葡萄糖-1-磷酸核苷转移酶基因amiE克隆到表达载体pET28a上,构建质粒pCSG4001,转化入大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达;利用亲和层析分离纯化蛋白AmiE,以葡萄糖-1-磷酸和胸腺嘧啶三磷酸(TTP)或尿嘧啶三磷酸(UTP)为底物,利用高效液相检测AmiE的体外酶活;以甘露糖-1-磷酸、半乳糖胺-1-磷酸和半乳糖-1-磷酸和TTP作为底物,进一步研究AmiE对底物的选择性。【结果】N-末端融合组氨酸标签的AmiE蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了可溶性表达,通过亲和层析纯化出的AmiE能够以TTP(或UTP)和葡萄糖-1-磷酸作为底物,催化形成胸腺嘧啶二磷酸葡萄糖(TDP-glucose)或者尿嘧啶二磷酸葡萄糖(UDP-glucose),但对其他三种底物,无明显催化活性。【结论】大肠杆菌中表达纯化的核苷转移酶AmiE能够体外催化形成TDP-葡萄糖(或UDP-葡萄糖),确证了AmiE作为核苷转移酶的催化功能,同时表明AmiE对底物具有一定的选择性。     

米曲霉6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gsdA的克隆及生物信息学分析

6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶催化6-磷酸葡萄糖生成6-磷酸葡萄糖酸,并生成NADPH,是微生物胞内磷酸戊糖途径（PPP）的关键酶。本研究以食品安全菌米曲霉CICC2012为材料,克隆获得6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因(GenBank登录号：JN123468)。序列分析表明,该酶是由222个氨基酸组成的亲水性蛋白;128～134位氨基酸序列DHYLGKE为活性区域;170～176位氨基酸序列GTEGRGG可能为辅因子结合位点。进化树分析表明,米曲霉6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶同其他丝状真菌及酵母的G6PDH较相似。     

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and NADPH/NADP+ ratio in liver and pancreas are dependent on the severity of hyperglycemia in rat

Hyperglycemia is associated with metabolic disturbances affecting cell redox potential, particularly the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and reduced glutathione levels. Under oxidative stress, the NADPH supply for reduced glutathione regeneration is dependent on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We assessed the effect of different hyperglycemic conditions on enzymatic activities involved in glutathione regeneration (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase), NADP(H) and reduced glutathione concentrations in order to analyze the relative role of these enzymes in the control of glutathione restoration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with mild, moderate and severe hyperglycemia were obtained using different regimens of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Fifteen days after treatment, rats were killed and enzymatic activities, NADP(H) and reduced glutathione were measured in liver and pancreas. Severe hyperglycemia was associated with decreased body weight, plasma insulin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, NADPH/NADP+ ratio and glutathione levels in the liver and pancreas, and enhanced NADP+ and glutathione reductase activity in the liver. Moderate hyperglycemia caused similar changes, although body weight and liver NADP+ concentration were not affected and pancreatic glutathione reductase activity decreased. Mild hyperglycemia was associated with a reduction in pancreatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH/NADP+ ratio and glutathione level, vary inversely in relation to blood glucose concentrations, whereas liver glutathione reductase was enhanced during severe hyperglycemia. We conclude that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH/NADP+ were highly sensitive to low levels of hyperglycemia. NADPH/NADP+ is regulated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver and pancreas, whereas levels of reduced glutathione are mainly dependent on the NADPH supply.     

Continuous monitoring of reactions that produce NADH and NADPH using immobilized luciferase and oxidoreductases from Beneckea harveyi.

Highly purified NADH and NADPH:FMN oxidoreductase and luciferase isolated from Beneckea harveyi have been immobilized to arylamine glass beads which were cemented to glass rods. The immobilized enzyme rods are stable, reuseable, and specific for either NADH or NADPH. These rods have been used to monitor reactions producing NADH or NADPH. Picomole levels of malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase have been assayed using these rods. Glucose determination has been carried out using soluble hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the immobilized luciferase-oxidoreductase enzymes. Determination of ethanol concentrations as low as 0.0004% has been achieved with an immobilized alcohol dehydrogenase-NADH:FMN oxidoreductase-luciferase rod.     

Enzyme reaction rate studies in electromotor neurons of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus

A histochemical analysis of reaction rates of a series of enzymes was performed in electromotor neurons of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. These neurons were selected because of their functional homogeneity. The high metabolic activity of these cells as well as their large size facilitate cytophotometric analysis in cryostat sections. Sections were incubated for the activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADPH dehydrogenase, NADPH ferrihaemoprotein reductase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. All media contained polyvinyl alcohol as tissue stabilizer and Nitro BT as final electron acceptor. Measurements were performed with a Vickers M85a cytophotometer. Linear relationships between the specific formation of formazan (test minus control reaction) and incubation time were obtained for all enzymes although some reactions showed an initial lag phase or an intercept with the ordinate. The relatively high activities of hexokinase, succinate dehydrogenase and the extremely low activity of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase indicate that energy is mainly supplied by glycolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed a high activity whereas NADPH reductase and dehydrogenase activity were low in electromotor neurons, indicating that the NADPH generated is largely used for biosynthesis. Despite their synchronous firing pattern activity, electromotor neurons showed a considerable heterogeneity with respect to their metabolic activity.     

Reduction of acetophenone to R(+)-phenylethanol by a new alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir

Summary A new alcohol dehydrogenase catalysing the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone to R(+)-phenylethanol was found in a strain of Lactobacillus kefir. A 70-fold enrichment of the enzyme with an overall yield of 76% was obtained in two steps. The addition of Mg²⁺ ions was found to be necessary to prevent rapid deactivation. The enzyme depends essentially on NADPH and was inactive when supplied with NADH as the coenzyme. Important enzymological data of the dehydrogenase are: K _m (acetophenone) 0.6 mM, K _m (NADPH) 0.14 mM, and a pH optimum for acetophenone reduction at 7.0. Addition of EDTA leads to complete deactivation of the enzyme activity. Added iodoacetamide or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate cause only slight inhibition, revealing that the active centre of the enzyme contains no essential SH-group. Besides acetophenone several other aromatic and long-chain aliphatic secondary ketones are substrates for this enzyme. Batch production of phenylethanol was examined using three different methods for the regeneration of NADPH: glucose/glucose dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and isopropanol.     

Effect of Cadmium on Activities of Some Enzymes of Glycolysis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Pea

Activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were significantly inhibited by cadmium in germinating pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Bonneville) seeds. The effect was concentration dependent in the range of 0.25 to 1.0 mM CdCl₂. The magnitude of detrimental effect on these enzymes was reduced during later stage of germination (9 d) largely because of fall in the activities of these enzymes in the control seeds germinated in water. In vitro, activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase were inhibited at 0.5 mM Cd²⁺ in the reaction mixture by 62, 67, and 36 %, respectively, however, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was insensitive to Cd²⁺. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Specific reduction of wheat storage proteins by thioredoxin h

Gliadins and glutenins, the major storage proteins of wheat endosperm (Triticum durum, Desf. cv Monroe), were reduced in vitro by the NADP/thioredoxin system (NADPH, NADP-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin; in plants, the h type) from either the same source or the bacterium Escherichia coli. A more limited reduction of certain members of these protein groups was achieved with the reduced form of glutathione or glutaredoxin, a protein known to replace thioredoxin in certain bacterial and mammalian enzyme systems but not known to occur in higher plants. Endosperm extracts contained the enzymes necessary to reduce NADP by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). The gliadins and glutenins were also reduced in vivo during germination--an event that accompanied their proteolytic breakdown. The results suggest that thioredoxin, reduced by NADPH generated via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, functions as a signal in germination to enhance metabolic processes such as the mobilization of storage proteins and, as found earlier, the activation of enzymes.     

Characterization of multiple active forms of the NADPH dehydrogenase component of the oxidase complex from rabbit peritoneal neutrophils by photolabeling with an arylazido derivative of NADP+

A NADPH cytochrome c oxidoreductase purified from membranes of rabbit peritoneal neutrophil was shown to behave as the NADPH dehydrogenase component of the O2- generating oxidase complex. A photoactivable derivative of NADP+, azido nitrophenyl-gamma-aminobutyryl NADP+ (NAP4-NADP+), was synthesized in its labeled [3H] form and used to photolabel the NADPH cytochrome c reductase at different stages of the purification procedure. Control assays performed in dim light indicated that the reduced form of NADP4-NADP+ generated by reduction with glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was oxidized at virtually the same rate as NADPH. Upon photoirradiation of the purified reductase in the presence of [3H]NAP4-NADP+ and subsequent separation of the photolabeled species by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, radioactivity was found to be present predominantly in a protein band with a molecular mass of 77-kDa and accessorily in bands of 67-kDa and 57-kDa. Evidence is provided that the 67-kDa and 57-kDa proteins arose from the 77-kDa protein by proteolysis. Despite removal of part of the sequence, the proteolyzed proteins were still active in catalyzing electron transport from NADPH to cytochrome c and in binding the photoactivable derivative of NADP+.     

Nitrite reduction in barley-root plastids: Dependence on NADPH coupled with glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases,and possible involvement of an electron carrier and a diaphorase

Plastids from roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were isolated by discontinuous Percoll-gradient centrifugation. Coinciding with the peak of nitrite reductase (NiR; EC 1.7.7.1, a marker enzyme for plastids) in the gradients was a peak of a glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) and NADP⁺-linked nitrite-reductase system. High activities of phosphohexose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) and phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glc6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH; EC 1.1.1.44) were also present in the isolated plastids. Thus, the plastids contained an overall electron-transport system from NADPH coupled with Glc6PDH and 6PGDH to nitrite, from which ammonium is formed stoichiometrically. However, NADPH alone did not serve as an electron donor for nitrite reduction, although NADPH with Glc6P added was effective. Benzyl and methyl viologens were enzymatically reduced by plastid extract in the presence of Glc6P+ NADP⁺. When the plastids were incubated with dithionite, nitrite reduction took place, and ammonium was formed stoichiometrically. The results indicate that both an electron carrier and a diaphorase having ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase activity are involved in the electron-transport system of root plastids from NADPH, coupled with Glc6PDH and 6PGDH, to nitrite.Abbreviations Cyt cytochrome - Glc6P glucose-6-phosphate - Glc6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - MVH reduced methyl viologen - NiR nitrite reductase - 6PG 6-phosphogluconate - 6PGDH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase     

Systematic comparison of co-expression of multiple recombinant thermophilic enzymes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> BL21(DE3)

The precise control of multiple heterologous enzyme expression levels in one Escherichia coli strain is important for cascade biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, natural product synthesis, and studies of complexed proteins. We systematically investigated the co-expression of up to four thermophilic enzymes (i.e., α-glucan phosphorylase (αGP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH)) in E. coli BL21(DE3) by adding T7 promoter or T7 terminator of each gene for multiple genes in tandem, changing gene alignment, and comparing one or two plasmid systems. It was found that the addition of T7 terminator after each gene was useful to decrease the influence of the upstream gene. The co-expression of the four enzymes in E. coli BL21(DE3) was demonstrated to generate two NADPH molecules from one glucose unit of maltodextrin, where NADPH was oxidized to convert xylose to xylitol. The best four-gene co-expression system was based on two plasmids (pET and pACYC) which harbored two genes. As a result, apparent enzymatic activities of the four enzymes were regulated to be at similar levels and the overall four-enzyme activity was the highest based on the formation of xylitol. This study provides useful information for the precise control of multi-enzyme-coordinated expression in E. coli BL21(DE3).     

Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and level of nucleic acids in Escherichia coli during various rates of growth]

Nucleic acids content and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied at various growth rates. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was shown to correlate with the growth rate and with the DNA content in Escherichia coli.