泡桐花油的GC-MS分析及抑菌作用研究

本文采用索氏提取法提取泡桐花脂溶性成分,并用GC-MS联用技术对其成分进行分离鉴定.共分离出45个组分,各组分提取质谱图,经用人工解析及NIST05标准谱库检索定性,峰面积归一化法定量分析,计算出各成分的相对百分含量.其中含量较高的化学成分有3,7,11,15-四甲基十六-1,6,10,14-四烯-3-醇(14.74%)、二十三(碳)烷(5.79%)、9,19-环羊毛甾-24-烯-3-醇(5.41%)、十六(烷)酸(5.09%)、十六烷基环氧乙烷(4.93%)等.对泡桐花索氏提取后的部分进一步水提,并分别测定其脂溶性成分和水溶性成分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌作用.得知其脂溶性成分对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用较强,而水溶性成分则对大肠杆菌抑制作用较强.本次实验,可为泡桐花资源的进一步开发利用提供一定的理论依据.     

蓝莓提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用研究

本文以四种栽培蓝莓为主要研究对象,通过与山梨酸钾抑菌效果的比较,研究了蓝莓提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(AB91093)的抑制作用,并测定了蓝莓中总酚酸和还原糖的含量。结果表明,蓝莓对金黄色葡萄球菌具有显著的抑菌效果。四种蓝莓提取物中,Elliott和Darrow提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果显著,分别在300 mg/mL和350 mg/mL时可明显抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,450 mg/mL时能完全杀死金黄色葡萄球菌。蓝莓的抑菌能力与其酚酸含量正相关,与还原糖含量负相关。而山梨酸钾对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为100 mg/mL和200 mg/mL。     

乳杆菌抑制金黄色葡萄球菌对HeLa细胞的粘附

对弯曲乳杆菌Lactobacillus crispatus T79-3和T90-1、詹氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus jensenii T118-3和T231-1四株乳杆菌对金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制效果以及抑菌成分进行了分析,比较乳杆菌排除、竞争、置换3种不同作用方式对金黄色葡萄球菌粘附HeLa细胞的抑制作用。结果表明4株乳杆菌皆能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长及其粘附HeLa细胞的能力,分析发现4株乳杆菌发挥抑制作用的主要成分是有机酸,同时比较分析乳杆菌3种不同作用方式发现它们对金黄色葡萄球菌粘附HeLa细胞的抑制效果不同,其中,排除作用方式效果最好。另外,乳杆菌对金黄色葡萄球菌粘附HeLa细胞的抑制作用具有浓度依赖性,随着乳杆菌浓度增大,抑制作用增强并逐渐达到饱和。4株乳杆菌中,T79-3粘附能力最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,排除作用方式抑制金黄色葡萄球菌粘附HeLa细胞作用效果较好,提示乳杆菌T79-3有可能作为益生菌防治妇女泌尿生殖道感染。     

乳杆菌DM9811挥发性脂肪酸组分对白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制

目的：探讨乳杆菌DM9811发酵液的挥发性脂肪酸对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌抑制作用。方法：采用普通细菌计数法。结果：乳杆菌DM9811发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌具有抑制作用,以对白色念珠菌抑制作用最强,金黄色葡萄球菌抑制次之,两者都呈现剂量效应关系。结论：乳杆菌DM9811发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸对细菌、真菌都有明显的抑制作用。     

坛紫菜（Porphyra Haitanensis）中抑菌活性肽的制备与初步纯化

目的：提取坛紫菜中水溶性蛋白,并对其进行初步纯化和抑菌活性影响因素研究。方法：坛紫菜水溶性蛋白胃蛋白酶在37℃、pH1.8条件下酶解3h,再经超滤、Bio-Gel P-10和DEAE Sephadex A-50层析纯化步骤得到一定分子量范围的多肽混合物。采用平板打孔法和对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,跟踪测定活性多肽纯化过程及其活性影响因素。结果：SDS-PAGE测定结果表明该抗菌多肽分子量介于43.0KD~66.2KD之间。它对金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制作用随着温度的升高逐渐减弱,5%EDTA、5%柠檬酸、5%维生素C及25%二甲基亚砜对它的抑菌活性有协同作用,而5%维生素E则对它的抑菌活性有拮抗作用。结论：从坛子菜水溶性蛋白中初步纯化得到的分子量介于43.0KD~66.2KD的多肽,对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有明显地抑制作用,并且它的抑菌活性受到温度,部分有机酸和维生素的影响。     

坛紫菜（Porphyra Haitanensis）中抑菌活性肽的制备与初步纯化

目的:提取坛紫菜中水溶性蛋白,并对其进行初步纯化和抑菌活性影响因素研究。方法:坛紫菜水溶性蛋白胃蛋白酶在37℃、pH1.8条件下酶解3h,再经超滤、Bio-Gel P-10和DEAE Sephadex A-50层析纯化步骤得到一定分子量范围的多肽混合物。采用平板打孔法和对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,跟踪测定活性多肽纯化过程及其活性影响因素。结果:SDS-PAGE测定结果表明该抗菌多肽分子量介于43.0KD~66.2KD之间。它对金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制作用随着温度的升高逐渐减弱,5%EDTA、5%柠檬酸、5%维生素C及25%二甲基亚砜对它的抑菌活性有协同作用,而5%维生素E则对它的抑菌活性有拮抗作用。结论:从坛子菜水溶性蛋白中初步纯化得到的分子量介于43.0KD~66.2KD的多肽,对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有明显地抑制作用,并且它的抑菌活性受到温度,部分有机酸和维生素的影响。     

西瓜藤提取物的抑菌作用研究

采用琼脂稀释法研究西瓜藤提取物的体外抑菌作用,用小鼠腹腔注射金黄色葡萄球菌法研究80%醇提物的体内抑菌作用。结果表明:西瓜藤提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,但对链球菌作用不明显。其中80%醇提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑制金黄色葡萄球菌活性最好,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为4.2、8.4mg.mL-1。体内实验也表明,乙醇提取物具有较好的抑菌作用。西瓜藤提取物具有抑菌活性,在抑菌方面有一定开发前景。     

冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

研究了冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响。采用结晶紫染色法评价了冬凌草提取物在不同质量浓度和不同添加时间下干预金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的作用。实验结果表明,冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为125μg/mL和250μg/mL,在亚抑菌浓度,冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的干预作用不明显;当冬凌草提取物质量浓度大于1倍MIC时,其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的有明显的抑制作用,在生物膜形成的初始时间(0 h)添加药物抑制效果最佳,2MIC冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌成膜的抑制率达到79%以上;24 h后添加抑制作用较弱,抑制率仅有60%左右。采用银染法和荧光染色法研究了冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的清除效果和抑制胞外多糖的合成,实验结果也表明,在亚抑菌浓度,冬凌草提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的清除和胞外多糖合成的抑制作用很弱,当冬凌草提取物质量浓度大于1 MIC时,在生物膜形成的初始时间(0 h)添加药物,对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜清除效果明显,胞外多糖的合成也受到显著的抑制。本研究为冬凌草提取物在食品防腐和保鲜,以及无抗饲料的广泛应用提供理论基础。     

几种天然产物的抑菌性能研究

将羧甲基壳聚糖等四种天然产物作为供试样,分别测定其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草杆菌的最低抑菌浓度,结果表明,四种供试样对其均有一定的抑制作用,其中壳寡糖对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌的抑制作用最强,羧甲基壳聚糖、壳寡糖、白芨多糖对绿脓杆菌的抑制能力差不多。再根据单体实验结果,选择羧甲基壳聚糖、壳寡糖、白芨多糖进行两两复配实验,结果表明,壳寡糖与白芨多糖的复配液对于金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌有较明显的协同增效抑菌作用。     

瓦松总黄酮的提取及其抑菌效果

目的：提取瓦松总黄酮并对其总黄酮含量进行测定,进一步观察总黄酮的抑菌效果。方法：采用超声法提取瓦松总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,用紫外分光光度法测总黄酮的含量;并参照NCCLS规范,用微量稀释法来测定总黄酮最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：测定标准曲线线性相关性良好,R2=0.999 2,线性范围在0.02~0.6 mg/mL。瓦松总黄酮对福氏志贺菌标准株抑菌效果最好,对部分临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林株（MRSA）、表皮葡萄球菌标准株、大肠埃希菌及其临床分离株、肺炎克雷伯菌标准株及其临床分离株抑菌效果较好,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最弱。瓦松水提物抑菌趋势与总黄酮一致性较差,总黄酮及水提物均无明显的MBC。结论：瓦松总黄酮及其水提物对本试验选取的菌株均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制作用较好。黄酮好于水提物,作用机制以抑制为主,而非直接杀菌。瓦松总黄酮具有较好的抑菌效果,在食品开发上有较高研究价值。     

Does persistence of showy calyces in Limonium leptolobum enhance pollinator attraction?

Aims The calyx, the outermost whorl of a flower (usually green), has been considered to function to protect flowers. In some species, however, calyces are colorful and retained during seed development. Limonium species have been exploited as cut flower crops because the calyces persist for several months after the corolla has closed. To explore the adaptive significance of the persistent calyx in a desert plant Limonium leptolobum, we ask whether persistence of calyces can enhance pollinator attraction by enlarging floral displays, increasing reproductive success in this self-incompatible species.Methods The yellow flower of L. leptolobum lasted 1–2 days but its white, membranous calyx extended fully after the corolla closed, and persisted for over 2 months in the field, making hundreds of 'showy flowers' on one individual. To examine the ecological function of calyces, we test the pollinator attraction hypothesis. In an experimental population, we compared the difference in visit frequency and visitor behavior between intact inflorescences and inflorescences with their calyces removed on the same individual plants.Important findings In four experimental plots four types of floral visitors were observed including bees, butterflies, syrphid flies and day-flying moths. No significant preference was observed between calyx-free and intact inflorescences for both first arrivals and total visit frequency of all types of floral visitors, indicating that the persistence of calyces did not make plants more attractive to potential pollinators. The pollinator attraction hypothesis for the showy calyces was not supported by the current data. Whether the calyx in this desert plant helps seed development or has other functions needs further study.     

金樱子茎提取物体外抑菌活性研究

采用纸片扩散法和试管稀释法,研究金樱子茎不同溶剂粗提取物对临床常见病原细菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,金樱子茎水提取物对绿脓杆菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、变形杆菌无抑菌活性;对伤寒杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为20 mg（生药）/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为10 mg（生药）/mL。金樱子茎75%乙醇提取物对绿脓杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、变形杆菌无抑菌活性;对金黄色葡萄球菌MIC为10 mg（生药）/mL。金樱子茎乙酸乙酯、氯仿、石油醚提取物对绿脓杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌无抑菌活性。     

Plasmid profiles of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis

A. B aumgartner , J. N icolet & M. E ggimann 1984. Plasmid profiles of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 159–163.
Plasmid profiles of Staphylococcus aureus , isolated from herds affected with chronic bovine mastitis, are heterogeneous, as shown by the study of 85 strains from 18 different farms. The strains isolated within a herd sometimes show related plasmid patterns, although even strains isolated from different quarters of the same udder may show variations in their plasmid content. Strains without antibiotic resistance are frequently free of plasmids. Therefore, the existence of mastitis Staph. aureus virulence plasmids is unlikely. Staphylococcus aureus , resistant to penicillin and streptomycin from 9 different farms show related plasmid patterns. This result confirms a geographic spread of certain mastitis Staph. aureus strains.     

The Staphylococcus aureus surface protein IsdA mediates resistance to innate defenses of human skin

Resistance to human skin innate defenses is crucial for survival and carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, a common cutaneous pathogen and nasal colonizer. Free fatty acids extracted from human skin sebum possess potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The mechanisms by which S. aureus overcomes this host defense during colonization remain unknown. Here, we show that S. aureus IsdA, a surface protein produced in response to the host, decreases bacterial cellular hydrophobicity rendering them resistant to bactericidal human skin fatty acids and peptides. IsdA is required for survival of S. aureus on live human skin. Reciprocally, skin fatty acids prevent the production of virulence determinants and the induction of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens. A purified human skin fatty acid was effective in treating systemic and topical infections of S. aureus suggesting that our natural defense mechanisms can be exploited to combat drug-resistant pathogens.     

The effect of the antibiotic AL-87 on the amino acid yield from Staphylococcus aureus 209P cells]

Antibiotic AL-87 has been studied for its effect on the composition of intracellular free amino acids and of amino acids in culture fluid of Staphylococcus aureus 209 P. It is established that the content of amino acids in the culture fluid of S. aureus 209 P is doubled due to antibiotics, while the content of intracellular free amino acids considerably decreases. Spectrum of free amino acids of S. aureus 209 P is presented by 17 basic amino acids. When there is a sub-bacteriostatic concentration of the antibiotic in the medium all free amino acids tend to leave the cells, the content of aspartic acid, serine, threonine and leucine in the medium being increased. Data obtained when studying the effect of antibiotic AL-87 on the composition of free amino acids of Staphylococcus agree well with the previously obtained results from the study of the fatty acid composition of cells. In the light of these data it may be supposed that an increase of the membrane permeability and as a result of it an outlet of amino acids into the medium is one of constituents of the mechanism of antibiotic AL-87 action on Staphylococcus cells.     

毛两面针挥发油化学成分及其生物活性

研究了毛两面针挥发油抑菌作用。抗菌实验结果表明,水蒸馏法提取的挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用,乙醚提取的挥发油原液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用GC/MS分析了水蒸汽所得挥发油的化学成分,鉴定了20种物质,其中,主要成分是倍半萜。(-)-spathulenol、-γelemene和germacrene D等已被报道有抑菌作用的成分含量分别为12.53%、1.75%和1.44%。     

榆耳不同极性提取物的体外抑菌活性

采用圆滤纸片法,以金黄色葡萄球菌O41ermc、S19NMA1、ATCC25923和大肠杆菌ERcat、EΠ￡R、ATCC25923为受试菌种,对榆耳石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇和水不同极性提取物进行抑菌活性研究。结果表明:榆耳不同极性提取物对不同的菌种均有不同程度的抑制作用。     

Phenotypic switching of antibiotic resistance circumvents permanent costs in Staphylococcus aureus.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is often associated with a fitness cost in the absence of the antibiotic [1,2]. We have examined a resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus that negates these costs. Exposure to gentamicin both in vitro and in vivo has been reported to result in the emergence of a gentamicin-resistant small colony variant (SCV)[3-8]. We show that the emergence of SCVs following exposure to gentamicin results from a rapid switch and that bacteria exposed to cycles of gentamicin followed by antibiotic-free medium repeatedly switched between a resistant SCV and a sensitive parental phenotype (revertants). The fitness of revertants relative to S. aureus with stable gentamicin resistance was greater in drug-free media, which suggests that S. aureus has evolved an inducible and reversible resistance mechanism that circumvents a permanent cost to fitness.     

N-thiolated beta-lactams: novel antibacterial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In this report we describe a new family of N-thiolated beta-lactams that have antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The compounds show unprecedented structure-activity features and an unusual mode of action for a beta-lactam antibiotic.