蛇肌果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶的别构部位

比较蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的别构抑制剂AMP和它的类似物对该酶的抑制作用的结果表引,5′-AMP的嘌呤环上6位氨基以及核糖上5′磷酸基团是抑制剂和别构部位结合所必需的。8-BrAMP和5′-AMP具有相似的抑制能力,表明嘌呤环上的咪唑部分对于AMP的抑制作用贡献不大。5′-d-AMP对蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的抑制作用比较特殊,按照50%抑制该酶时的抑制剂浓度计算,得到的抑制常数为3×10~(-6)M,其数值和5′-AMP的抑制常数接近。但是当抑制剂浓度增大时所能达到的最大抑制程度只有60%左右。表明5′-dAMP和5′-AMP结合后,对果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的催化部位的影响不同,2′羟基和酶的结合可能和别构部位的信号传导到催化部位有关系。被水溶性羰二亚胺修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶受5′-AMP的抑制作用和5′-dAMP的抑制作用相似,推测这个传导变构部位的信息到催化部位去的基团有可能和羧基有关。     

磷酸吡哆醛修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的时间分辨荧光分析

在别构抑制剂AMP或底物果糖1,6-二磷酸(FruP_2)存在下,磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)分别专一性地修饰在蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FruP_2ase,E.C.3.1.3.11.)的催化部位或别构部位。测得了修饰在催化部位或别构部位的PLP的荧光寿命及其连续分布。通过荧光寿命分布宽度的比较,认为该酶的活性部位柔性大于别构部位的柔性。     

光合碳在叶片淀粉和蔗糖间分配的调节

叶片光合作用中产生的三碳糖在淀粉和蔗糖之间的分配受许多因素控制,蔗糖形成速率是决定性因素。蔗糖形成的调节酶是果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶(F1,6P_2ase)和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS),调节作用是通过无机磷(Pi)、磷酸二羟丙酮(DHAP)、磷酸己糖(己糖—P)、果糖1,6—二磷酸(F1,6P_2)和果糖2,6—二磷酸(F2,6P_2)之间的复杂的调节关系进行的。其中F2,6P_2起着关键作用,它以极低的浓度调节生糖和酵解作用,既参与蔗糖合成又参与反馈抑制。     

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的低底物浓度动力学

本文报道了对蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的低底物浓度的动力学研究,采用酸碱指示剂方法能在0.25μmol/L的低底物浓度下对酶活力进行准确的测定。通过对动力学行为的分析,提出了蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的作用机制的模型,认为在低底物浓度和高底物浓度的情况下,酶催化水解果糖1,6-二磷酸的机制不同。推导得到了酶的初速度方程,用电子计算机拟合求得了七个表观动力学参数。统计检验表明,本文提出的机制能够较好地拟合实验结果。     

硅对低温胁迫后檀香紫檀苗木生长和光合生理的影响

为探究硅(Si)对檀香紫檀(Pterocarpus santalinus)抗寒性的影响,对1年生苗木施Si后经(–3±0.5)℃胁迫24 h恢复栽培90 d的生长、叶片光合参数和4种碳同化关键酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,施Si的檀香紫檀苗木发育健壮,抗寒性提高,显著促进低温胁迫后的生长恢复;施Si显著抑制低温胁迫导致的檀香紫檀苗木叶绿素含量降低和叶绿素a/b减小,促进表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光量子效率Y(Ⅱ)和PSⅡ调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ),降低PSII非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)和非光化学荧光淬灭(NPQ);施Si提高受低温胁迫檀香紫檀苗木的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用效率(WUE);施Si的檀香紫檀苗木在低温胁迫后,核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(Ald)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性显著提高。适量施Si有利于保持低温胁迫下苗木光合膜结构的完整性和生理功能的稳定性,是提高檀香紫檀苗木抗寒性、有效应对低温胁迫的营养管理措施。     

达乌尔黄鼠育肥过程和冬眠期白色脂肪组织糖代谢相关基因的差异表达

为研究贮脂类冬眠动物育肥过程和冬眠期糖代谢的机制,使用第二代转录组测序(RNA-Seq)技术,检测了达乌尔黄鼠起始育肥期、快速育肥期、育肥完成期和冬眠期4个阶段血糖含量和白色脂肪组织中与糖代谢途径相关基因的表达情况。结果显示,起始育肥期、快速育肥期、育肥完成期的血糖浓度无组间差异,但均高于冬眠期。与起始育肥期相比,快速育肥期的果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因表达下调了8.3倍,己糖激酶、醛缩酶和烯醇化酶等基因表达上调;育肥完成期与快速育肥期相比,果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因表达上调了9.6倍,醛缩酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和柠檬酸合酶等基因表达下调1.2-2倍;冬眠期己糖激酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶E1、醛缩酶、柠檬酸合酶和6-磷酸脱氢酶等基因的表达均明显下调。结果表明,己糖激酶等基因表达上调可能与达乌尔黄鼠快速育肥期的糖代谢增强直接相关;醛缩酶和柠檬酸合酶等基因表达下调可能是动物在育肥完成期发生糖代谢降低的原因;入眠后,己糖激酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶等基因的低表达可能是调控糖代谢降至极低的主要机制。达乌尔黄鼠在冬眠前的活跃期既已启动糖代谢通路在分子水平上的主动调控。     

PFP的研究进展

焦磷酸:果糖-6-磷酸1-磷酸转移酶(PFP)可催化果糖-6-磷酸与果糖-1,6-二磷酸间的可逆转变.该酶广泛存在于各种高等植物及一些微生物体内.文章综述了90年代以来有关PFP的一些研究进展.包括:PFP的种类与亚基构成、活性中心、底物特异性、酶活性的调节及功能等.     

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的冷失活

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶在0℃左右很易失活。这是它不同于兔肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的一个特性。这种冷失活可被底物保护,提高溶液中酶蛋白的浓度可降低其失活程度。现有的结果表明,这一失活是不可逆的,且不伴随有亚基的解离或整个分子结构的松散;但用1-苯胺萘-8-磺酸作萤光探剂和用5,5'-硫-二(2-硝基苯甲酸)与巯基反应可探测到酶分子在低温诱导下发生了比较小的构象变化。     

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的冷失活

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶在0℃左右很易失活。这是它不同于兔肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的一个特性。这种冷失活可被底物保护,提高溶液中酶蛋白的浓度可降低其失活程度。现有的结果表明,这一失活是不可逆的,且不伴随有亚基的解离或整个分子结构的松散;但用1-苯胺萘-8-磺酸作萤光探剂和用5,5'-二硫-二(2-硝基苯甲酸)与巯基反应可探测到酶分子在低温诱导下发生了比较小的构象变化。     

BA对花生叶片蔗糖和淀粉代谢有关酶活性的影响

用１０－５ｍｏｌ／ＬＢＡ处理去顶去根花生幼苗库叶２４ｈ内．蔗糖磷酸合成酶和细胞质果糖－１,６－二磷酸酯酶活性逐渐增加．酸性转化酶活性降低．使蔗糖含量提高,α－淀粉酶活性的增强,促进淀粉分解。ＢＡ处理２４ｈ后,随着蔗糖磷酸合成酶和细胞质果糖－１．６－二磷酸酯酶活性的减弱．酸性转化酶活性逐渐增加．蔗糖含量减少,有利光合碳在淀粉的积累．     

Induction and suppression of the key enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in isolated perfused rat liver in response to glucose, fructose and lactate

1. Measurements were made of the activities of the four key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) and glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), of serine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.13) and of the four enzymes unique to glycolysis, glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), in livers from starved rats perfused with glucose, fructose or lactate. Changes in perfusate concentrations of glucose, fructose, lactate, pyruvate, urea and amino acid were monitored for each perfusion. 2. Addition of 15mm-glucose at the start of perfusion decreased the activity of pyruvate carboxylase. Constant infusion of glucose to maintain the concentration also decreased the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase and serine dehydratase. Addition of 2.2mm-glucose initially to give a perfusate sugar concentration similar to the blood sugar concentration of starved animals had no effect on the activities of the enzymes compared with zero-time controls. 3. Addition of 15mm-fructose initially decreased glucokinase activity. Constant infusion of fructose decreased activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, glucose 6-phosphatase and serine dehydratase. 4. Addition of 7mm-lactate initially elevated the activity of pyruvate carboxylase, as also did constant infusion; maintenance of a perfusate lactate concentration of 18mm induced both pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities. 5. Addition of cycloheximide had no effect on the activities of the enzymes after 4h of perfusion at either low or high concentrations of glucose or at high lactate concentration. Cycloheximide also prevented the loss or induction of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities with high substrate concentrations. 6. Significant amounts of glycogen were deposited in all perfusions, except for those containing cycloheximide at the lowest glucose concentration. Lipid was found to increase only in the experiments with high fructose concentrations. 7. Perfusion with either fructose or glucose decreased the rates of ureogenesis; addition of cycloheximide increased urea efflux from the liver.     

Metabolic control of hepatic gluconeogenesis during exercise.

Prolonged exercise increased the concentrations of the hexose phosphates and phosphoenolpyruvate and depressed those of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, triose phosphates and pyruvate in the liver of the rat. Since exercise increases gluconeogenic flux, these changes in metabolite concentrations suggest that metabolic control is exerted, at least, at the fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate substrate cycles. Exercise increased the maximal activities of glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate kinase and pyruvate carboxylase in the liver, but there were no changes in those of glucokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Exercise changed the concentrations of several allosteric effectors of the glycolytic or gluconeogenic enzymes in liver; the concentrations of acetyl-CoA, ADP and AMP were increased, whereas those of ATP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate were decreased. The effect of exercise on the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation state of pyruvate kinase was investigated by measuring the activities under conditions of saturating and subsaturating concentrations of substrate. The submaximal activity of pyruvate kinase (0.5 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate), expressed as percentage of Vmax., decreased in the exercised animals to less than half that found in the controls. These changes suggest that hepatic pyruvate kinase is less active during exercise, possibly owing to phosphorylation of the enzyme, and this may play a role in increasing the rate of gluconeogenesis.     

Activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of an anthracycline-producing streptomycete

During fermantation studies on the production of anthracycline antibiotics by Streptomyces C5, it was observed that among the intermediate metabolism enzymes tested, only phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) increased significantly in specific activity during stationary phase. The specific activity of the Streptomyces C5 PEPCase increased ca. 3-fold during antibiotic production phase from the logarithmic phase levels. To characterize the regulation of the enzyme further, the Streptomyces C5 PEPCase was purified 150-fold from crude extracts. Acetyl-CoA and Mg2+ were shown to be required for PEPCase activity. The activity of the partially purified PEPCase was stimulated slightly by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and AMP, and was inhibited severely by oxaloacetate, aspartate, malate, succinate, ATP, citrate, and CoASH.     

Cell volume changes affect gluconeogenesis in the perfused liver of the catfish<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias batrachus</Emphasis>

In addition to lactate and pyruvate, some amino acids were found to serve as potential gluconeogenic substrates in the perfused liver ofClarias batrachus. Glutamate was found to be the most effective substrate, followed by lactate, pyruvate, serine, ornithine, proline, glutamine, glycine, and aspartate. Four gluconeogenic enzymes, namely phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) could be detected mainly in liver and kidney, suggesting that the latter are the two major organs responsible for gluconeogenic activity in this fish. Hypo-osmotically induced cell swelling caused a significant decrease of gluconeogenic efflux accompanied with significant decrease of activities of PEPCK, FBPase and G6Pase enzymes in the perfused liver. Opposing effects were seen in response to hyperosmotically induced cell shrinkage. These changes were partly blocked in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that the aniso-osmotic regulations of gluconeogenesis possibly occurs through an inverse regulation of enzyme proteins and/or a regulatory protein synthesis in this catfish. In conclusion, gluconeogenesis appears to play a vital role inC. batrachus in maintaining glucose homeostasis, which is influenced by cell volume changes possibly for proper energy supply under osmotic stress.     

Annual variations in the specific activity of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate kinase in the Sparus aurata liver

We determined the annual change in the intermediary metabolism of glucose through the variations of specific activity of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), alanine aminotransferase (AAT) and pyruvate kinase (PK). Fish (average mass 330 g) were kept in cages under natural conditions of temperature and photoperiod and fed with a commercial diet. FBPase, AAT and PK increased their activity in June in different ways: AAT and PK increased V(max), and FBPase increased the velocity at subsaturating substrate concentrations, changing K(m). The reproduction period modified the annual tendency of changes in the enzyme activities in both parameters, K(m) and V(max), except for K(m) of PK which shows a circa-annual rhythm. No relation between the changes of enzymes activity and photoperiod or temperature has been found in this study, except for K(m) of AAT which presents a positive correlation with photoperiod and a negative correlation with temperature.     

The activities of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, phosphofructokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white muscle and red muscle

1. The activities of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase were measured in extracts of muscles of various physiological function, and compared with the activities of other enzymes including phosphofructokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzymes. 2. The activity of phosphofructokinase greatly exceeded that of fructose diphosphatase in all muscles tested, and it is concluded that fructose diphosphatase could not play any significant role in the regulation of fructose 6-phosphate phosphorylation in muscle. 3. Fructose-diphosphatase activity was highest in white muscle and low in red muscle. No activity was detected in heart or a deep-red skeletal muscle, rabbit semitendinosus. 4. The lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzyme ratio (activities at high and low substrate concentration) was measured in various muscles because a low ratio is characteristic of muscles that are more dependent on glycolysis for their energy production. As the ratio decreased the activity of fructose diphosphatase increased, which suggests that highest fructose-diphosphatase activity is found in muscles that depend most on glycolysis. 5. There was a good correlation between the activities of fructose diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white muscle, where the activities of these enzymes were similar to those of liver and kidney cortex. However, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase and glucose 6-phosphatase were very low in white muscle, thereby excluding the possibility of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and lactate. 6. It is suggested that the presence of fructose diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white muscle may be related to operation of the alpha-glycerophosphate-dihydroxyacetone phosphate and malate-oxaloacetate cycles in this tissue.     

Regulation of rat liver pyruvate kinase. The effect of preincubation, pH, copper ions, fructose 1,6-diphosphate and dietary changes on enzyme activity

1. Preincubation of partially purified rat liver L-type pyruvate kinase at 25 degrees for 10min. causes a marked increase in co-operativity with respect to both the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and the allosteric activator, fructose 1,6-diphosphate. 2. The results are consistent with the existence of two forms of liver L-type pyruvate kinase, designated forms L(A) and L(B). It is postulated that form L(A) has a low K(m) for phosphoenolpyruvate (about 0.1mm) and is not allosterically activated, whereas form L(B) is allosterically activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate, exhibiting in the absence of the activator sigmoidal kinetics with half-maximal activity at about 1mm-phosphoenolpyruvate. In the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, form L(B) gives Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(m) less than 0.1mm. It is further postulated that preincubation converts form L(A) into form L(B). 3. The influence of pH on the preincubation effect was studied. 4. The inhibition of pyruvate kinase by Cu(2+) was studied in detail. Though phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate readily protect the enzyme against Cu(2+) inhibition, little evidence of significant reversal of the inhibition by these compounds could be found. 5. The effects of starvation, fructose feeding and preincubation on the pyruvate kinase activity of crude homogenates of various tissues of the rat were also studied.     

Metabolic adaptation of the renal carbohydrate metabolism. III

Summary The adaptive response of renal metabolism of glucose was studied in isolated rat proximal and distal renal tubules after a high protein-low carbohydrate diet administration. This nutritional situation significantly stimulated the gluconeogenic activity in the renal proximal tubules (about 1.5 fold at 48 hours) due, in part, to a marked increase in the fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities. In this tubular fragment, FBPase activity increased only at subsaturating fructose 1,6-bisphosphate concentration (30% at 48 hours) which involved a significant decrease in the Km (31%) for its substrate without changes in the Vmax. This enzymatic behaviour is probably related to modifications in the activity of the enzyme already present in the renal cells. Proximal PEPCK activity progressively increased at all substrate concentrations (almost 2 fold at 48h of high protein diet) which brought about changes in Vmax without changes in Km. These changes are in agreement with variations in the cellular concentration of the enzyme. Neither gluconeogenesis nor the gluconeogenic enzymes changed in the distal fractions of the renal tubules. On the other hand, a high protein diet did not apparently modify the glycolytic ability in any fragment of the nephron, although a significant increase in the phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities was found in the distal renal tubules. This short term regulation involved a significant decrease from 24 hours in the Km value of distal PFK (almost 40%) without changes in Vmax. The kinetic behaviour of distal PK was mixed. In the first 24h after high protein diet a significant decrease in the Km for phosphoenolpyruvate was found (30%) without variation in the Vmax, however during the second 24 hours the activity of this glycolytic enzyme increased significantly (almost 1.3 fold) without modifications in its Km value. On the contrary, this nutritional state did not modify the kinetic behaviour of any glycolytic enzyme in the proximal regions of the renal tubules.     

不同糖源及糖水平对大菱鲆糖代谢酶活性的影响

采用34双因素实验设计, 以初始质量为(8.060.08) g的大菱鲆幼鱼(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为对象, 研究在饲料中添加3种糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)及4个水平(0、5%、15%、28%)对大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解关键酶己糖激酶(HK)、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和糖异生关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)、1, 6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)活性的影响。结果表明: 饲料糖添加量从0升高到15%时, 大菱鲆的糖酵解酶GK和PK活性随饲料葡萄糖或糊精含量的增加而增加; 当饲料中葡萄糖或糊精含量为28%时, GK和PK活性有下降的趋势。3种糖源的4个添加水平对HK和PFK活性均无显著影响(P 0.05)。添加不同水平的葡萄糖对大菱鲆糖异生途径的PEPCK活性无显著影响(P 0.05), 但在饲料中葡萄糖添加量为5%时显著促进了FBPase活性(P 0.05), 当葡萄糖添加量升高为15%或28%时, FBPase活性与对照组无显著差异(P 0.05)。糊精作为饲料糖源时抑制了大菱鲆肝脏FBPase和PEPCK的活性, 而添加不同水平的蔗糖对FBPase和PEPCK活性的影响均不显著(P 0.05)。总的来说, 从大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏糖代谢角度而言, 在饲料中添加15%的葡萄糖或糊精时, 可以有效促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解能力; 较添加葡萄糖, 糊精在促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解的同时对糖异生存在一定程度的抑制。蔗糖作为饲料糖源时, 仅在添加量为28%时显著促进糖酵解酶GK活性, 糖酵解其他酶活性以及糖异生酶活性均不受蔗糖水平的显著影响。       

Regulation of C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity by ambient CO2

Light activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the leaves of the C₄ plant Setaria verticillata (L.) is more pronounced at low CO₂ levels. The 2-fold activation observed at physiological ambient CO₂ becomes 3.64-fold at 5 L/L and completely abolished above 700 L/L. When the stomata close under the influence of abscisic acid at 330 L/L CO₂, the extent of light activation is high (3.59-fold), probably because the increased diffusive resistance keeps the internal CO₂ at much lower levels. Under darkness. CO₂ and absicisic acid do not affect the extractable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Internal CO₂ levels may determine phosphoenolpyruvate concentratio in the cytoplasm through the control of its utilization by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. We have recently proposed (Samaras et al. 1988) that photosynthetically produced phosphoenolpyruvate could be an activator of the enzyme. It is therefore suggested that CO₂ indirectly affects the activation state of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by controlling the levels of phosphoenolpyruvate which may act as an activator.Abbreviations PEPCase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - PAR photosynthetically active radiation - G6P glucose-6-phosphate - ABA abscisic acid - MDH malate dehydrogenase - PPDK pyruvate, Pi, dikinase - CAM Crassulacean Acid Metabolism