滇中常绿阔叶林凋落物养分释放及生态化学计量特征对模拟N沉降的响应

为研究N沉降下凋落物养分释放及生态化学计量特征,以滇中磨盘山常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用尼龙网袋法布设凋落物(凋落叶、凋落枝)原位分解试验,设置不同施N处理:对照(CK,O g N·m-2.a-1)、低氮(LN,5 g N·m-2.a-1)、中氮(MN,15 g N·m-2·a-1)和高氮(HN,30 g N ?m-2?...     

杉木人工林下杉木、楠木和木荷叶凋落物分解特征及营养元素含量变化的动态分析

采用网袋法,对0～360 d内杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb. ) Hook. ]、楠木[Phoebe bournei (Hemsl. ) Yang]和木荷(Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. )叶凋落物在杉木人工林下的分解特征及营养元素(N、P、K和C)含量的变化动态进行了比较分析.结果显示,经过360 d的分解,杉木、楠木和木荷叶凋落物的干质量损失率分别为40.6%、42.0%和51.6%,平均腐解率分别为0.001 3、0.001 6和0.002 0 d-1,叶凋落物的分解半衰期分别为537、482和372 d.在整个分解过程中,3个树种叶凋落物中P含量总体上均呈波动且缓慢的上升趋势;K含量在分解过程前期均急剧下降,然后随分解时间的延长变化趋缓;N含量变化差异较大,随分解时间的延长,杉木叶凋落物中N含量呈缓慢上升趋势,另外2个树种叶凋落物中N含量总体上呈先下降后上升的变化趋势;C含量基本上呈前期上升、中期下降、后期又略有上升的趋势,而C/N比则呈前期略上升而后期逐渐下降的趋势.3个树种叶凋落物分解过程中N、P、K和C的释放率及其动态变化也存在一定差异.3个树种叶凋落物中K的释放率均较高、变化趋势较接近,且均处于净释放状态;杉木叶凋落物中N、P和C的释放率总体上低于另2个树种,且木荷叶凋落物中N、P和C基本均处于单调净释放状态,而杉木叶凋落物中N、P和C以及楠木叶凋落物中P和C在分解过程前期均略呈净富集状态,之后N和C基本上呈净释放状态、P则呈波动式净释放状态.结果表明,在杉木人工林下,阔叶树种(楠木和木荷)叶凋落物比针叶树种(杉木)叶凋落物易分解,且阔叶树种叶凋落物中的营养元素也较易释放.     

模拟氮沉降对温带草原凋落物质量的影响

基于6年模拟氮沉降试验平台研究了氮沉降对温带草原凋落物质量的影响。采集对照(0 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、低氮(5 g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1))、中氮(10 g N·m-2·a-1)和高氮(15g N·m~(-2)·a~(-1))4个氮添加梯度,混合和单一两种凋落物类型,测定了凋落物纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、全碳、全氮和全磷含量。结果表明:长期模拟氮沉降降低了2种凋落物中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量及其与N素的比值;氮沉降对凋落物C含量无明显影响,降低了凋落物N、P含量以及C/N和C/P比值。由于氮沉降增加了凋落物N、P元素含量,同时降低了难分解的结构性物质含量,因此可能会对凋落物分解产生促进作用。     

氮添加对中亚热带杜鹃灌丛凋落物生产和叶分解的影响

凋落物的生产和分解是生态系统养分循环的重要过程,受到大气氮沉降的深刻影响。但目前相关研究主要集中于森林和草地生态系统,氮沉降对灌丛生态系统凋落物养分归还的影响规律尚不清楚。因此选择亚热带分布广泛的杜鹃灌丛为研究对象,进行了为期两年的模拟氮沉降试验。试验设置4个处理:对照(CK, 0 g m-2 a-1)、低氮(LN, 2 g m-2 a-1)、中氮(MN, 5 g m-2 a-1)和高氮(HN, 10 g m-2 a-1)。结果显示:CK、LN、MN和HN 4种处理下,群落年平均凋落物量分别为(1936.54±358.9)、(2541.89±112.5)、(2342.97±519.8)、(2087.22±391.8) kg/hm²,LN、MN和HN处理样地的凋落量分别比对照样地高出32.68%、21.16%和7.93%;凋落叶、花果、凋落枝和其他组分占总凋落量的比例分别为75.75%、15.09%、7.70%和1.45%,不同浓度氮处理下各组分的凋落量均高于对照样地;凋落物组分表现出明显的季节动态:凋落叶在10—11月份达到峰值,凋落枝在10月份达到峰值,花果凋落物则在5月份凋落量最高,不同氮处理下凋落物的季节动态基本一致;白檀凋落叶分解速率显著高于杜鹃,二者分解95%所需时间分别为5.08—11.11 a和7.69—17.65 a,施氮使白檀凋落叶分解周期比对照样地缩短18.18%—54.28%;凋落叶分解过程中,N元素表现为富集-释放模式,P元素表现为富集模式。研究表明,氮添加能够促进群落中白檀凋落叶分解及N、P元素的释放,说明施氮可以调节凋落叶养分释放模式,对灌丛生态系统的养分循环具有调控作用。     

模拟N沉降下不同林龄马尾松林凋落叶分解-土壤C、N化学计量特征

模拟N沉降对森林生态系统的影响是当今全球变化生态学研究的一个热点问题,土壤碳库对N沉降比较敏感,N沉降增加了凋落叶分解过程中外源N含量,间接影响凋落叶分解的化学过程并改变凋落叶分解速率,因此,研究模拟N沉降下凋落叶分解-土壤C-N关系对预测森林C吸存有重要意义。利用原位分解袋法研究了模拟N沉降下三峡库区不同林龄马尾松林(Pinus massoniana)凋落叶分解过程中凋落叶-土壤C、N化学计量响应及其关系;N沉降水平分对照(CK,0 g m~(-2)a~(-1))、低氮(LN,5 g m~(-2)a~(-1))、中氮(MN,10 g m~(-2)a~(-1))和高氮(HN,15 g m~(-2)a~(-1))。结果表明:分解540 d后,N沉降促进20年生和30年生马尾松林凋落叶分解,46年生马尾松林中仅低氮处理促进凋落叶分解,4种处理均是30年生分解最快,说明同一树种起始N含量低的凋落叶对N沉降呈正响应,N沉降处理促进起始N含量低的凋落叶分解,起始N含量高的凋落叶分解过程中易达到"N饱和"。N沉降抑制20年生和46年生凋落叶C释放(低于对照0.62%—6.69%),促进30年生C释放(高于对照0.28%—5.55%);30年生和46年生林分N固持量均高于对照(高于对照0.15%—21.34%),20年生则低于对照(5.70%—13.87%),说明模拟N沉降处理促进起始C含量低的凋落叶C释放和起始N含量低的凋落叶N固持。N沉降处理下仅30年生马尾松林土壤有机碳较对照增加,且土壤有机质与凋落叶C、N和分解速率呈正相关,与凋落叶C/N比呈显著负相关;土壤总氮与凋落叶分解速率、凋落叶N含量呈正相关,土壤有机碳/总氮比与凋落叶C、N含量呈正相关;对照处理中凋落叶分解指标对土壤养分影响顺序是分解速率凋落物C含量凋落物C/N比凋落物N含量,低、中、高氮处理中则是凋落物C含量分解速率凋落物N含量凋落物C/N比。研究表明低土壤养分含量马尾松林对N沉降呈正响应,N沉降促进低土壤养分马尾松林凋落叶分解并提高土壤肥力;凋落叶质量和土壤养分含量低的生态系统土壤C对N沉降响应更显著。     

华西雨屏区苦竹细根分解对模拟氮沉降的响应

森林细根分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程之一,其分解速率受到大气氮沉降增加的潜在影响.2007年11月至2013年1月,对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行每月1次的模拟氮沉降试验,设对照(CK,0 g N·m-2·a-1)、低氮(5 g N·m-2·a-1)、中氮(15 g N·m-2·a-1)和高氮(30 g N·m-2·a-1)4个处理.2011年1月起,采用分解袋法研究苦竹细根分解.结果表明:苦竹细根分解呈现出先快后慢的趋势,在分解第1年质量损失达60%,分解第2年质量残留率变化较为平缓.对照处理细根质量损失50%和95%分别需要1.20和5.17 a.总体上,负指数模型低估了各处理细根分解速率.模拟氮沉降显著抑制了苦竹细根分解,相对于对照,高氮处理细根在分解2 a后残留量增加51.0%.模拟氮沉降显著增加了凋落物碳、氮和磷元素的残留率.与对照相比,模拟氮沉降处理4.5 a后,中氮和高氮处理土壤pH值显著降低,高氮处理土壤有机碳、总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量以及苦竹细根生物量显著增加.     

川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行了对照(CK)、低氮(LN,50kgN.hm-2.a-1)、中氮(MN,100kgN.hm-2.a-1)和高氮(HN,150kgN.hm-2.a-1)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟N沉降的响应.结果表明:凋落物分解95%需要4.72～6.33年,分解率最高的为CK,最低的为HN.经过365d,各处理的分解率均低于CK,仅HN与CK间差异显著(P<0.05);C残留率均高于CK;N和K残留率均显著高于CK(P<0.05);P残留率均高于CK,仅LN与CK间差异显著(P<0.05).各处理凋落物的C/N升高3.9%～23.7%.凋落物分解过程中N元素的迁移模式为富集-释放,C、P和K元素则表现为直接释放.N沉降对凋落物中养分元素的释放及木质素和纤维素的降解均具有抑制作用.随着处理时间的延长,N沉降对川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解的影响从正效应转向负效应,且负效应随沉降浓度的增加而加强.     

氮添加和升温对杉木林凋落物分解及碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

通过研究氮(N)添加和升温对杉木林凋落物分解过程中碳(C)、N、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响,探索杉木林养分周转规律。利用江西千烟洲亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林长期野外N添加(CK (0)、N1 (50 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、N_2(100 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)))控制试验平台,采集不同年龄杉木凋落物(一年生叶和二年生叶),在不同温度(20、30℃)条件下进行凋落物分解培养试验。结果表明:凋落物分解过程中,N添加对杉木凋落物C含量没有影响; N添加显著提高了分解过程中不同年龄凋落物的N含量,降低了凋落物P含量。相同N添加水平下,凋落物N、P含量表现为一年生叶二年生叶。N添加对分解前期不同年龄凋落物的P含量表现为N2N1CK,分解后期凋落物P含量则与分解前期相反。N添加显著降低了凋落物C∶N,提高了凋落物C∶P、N∶P。在分解过程中,相同N水平下杉木凋落物C∶N、C∶P表现为二年生叶一年生叶,N∶P趋势相反。分解过程中,温度升高显著提高C∶N、C∶P。相同温度下,不同年龄凋落物的C∶N表现为一年生叶二年生叶。N∶P随温度升高而增大,不同年龄叶片的N∶P表现为一年生叶二年生叶。在杉木林经营管理中,应考虑不同年龄凋落物分解、N添加和温度作用对土壤碳氮循环的影响。     

神农架不同海拔典型森林凋落物的分解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了神农架不同海拔3种典型森林凋落物的分解动态.结果表明: 依据分解速率,常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林3种典型森林凋落物的分解过程明显分为两个阶段,前期(0～360 d)凋落物的质量损失率为后期(361～720 d)的2.62～4.08倍,前期的分解速率分别为后期的2.71、1.72和2.69倍.凋落物分解95%所需的时间分别为3.84、4.54和4.16 a.分解后期凋落物的分解速率与C/N及N、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素含量均呈显著相关关系.
     

氮-硫沉降对邓恩桉及杉木人工林凋落物C和N残留率的影响

采用二次正交回归旋转设计,以Na2S04为硫源、46％CO（NH2）2为氮源模拟氮一硫沉降,分析了不同氮一硫沉降水平下邓恩桉（Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden）和杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb．）Hook．]人工林凋落物中C和N残留率的动态变化,并采用Olson指数模型对c和N分解模型进行拟合。结果表明：在不同氮一硫沉降水平下,在1年内随处理时间延长邓恩桉和杉木凋落物的C和N残留率总体上均呈下降趋势;且N较难释放,总体表现为“释放一富集一释放”的动态过程;但在不同氮一硫沉降水平下及不同处理时间凋落物中C和N残留率均有极显著差异（P〈0．01）。凋落物中C和N分解的Olson指数模型的相关性总体上达到极显著或显著（P〈0．05）水平;邓恩桉和杉木凋落物中C和N的平均分解系数分别为0．877和0．208、0．704和0．600,平均周转期分别为3．148和15．877a,4．090和4．947a,显示凋落物中C释放速率大于N,杉木凋落物的C周转期大于邓恩桉但其N周转期则小于后者。在Na2SO4164kg·hm-1·a-1的水平下,氮沉降对邓恩桉凋落物的C和N释放及杉木凋落物的N释放有促进作用,但对杉木凋落物的C释放有抑制作用;在46％CO（NH：）：150或256kg·hm-2·a-1。的水平下,硫沉降也具有同样的作用。随分解时间的延长,邓恩桉凋落物的C／N值呈波动但总体减小的趋势,而杉木凋落物的C／N值呈波动趋势;但在不同氮一硫沉降水平下凋落物的C／N值均有极显著差异,且邓恩桉凋落物C／N值的变化幅度总体上大于杉木凋落物。     

Linking biodiversity indicators,ecosystem functioning,provision of services and human well-being in estuarine systems: Application of a conceptual framework

Assuming that human well-being strongly relies on the services provided by well-functioning ecosystems, changes in the ecological functioning of any system can have direct and indirect effects on human welfare. Intensive land use and tourism have expanded in recent decades along coastal ecosystems, together with increasing demands for water, food and energy; all of these factors intensify the exploitation of natural resources. Many of the interrelations between ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services (ES) still require quantification in estuarine systems. A conceptual framework to assess such links in a spatially and temporally explicit manner is proposed and applied to the Mondego estuary (Portugal). This framework relies on three consecutive steps and discriminates among biodiversity structural components, ecosystem functioning and stability and the services provided by the ecosystem.Disturbances in abiotic factors were found to have a direct effect on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ES. The observed changes in the species composition of communities had a positive effect on the ecosystem's productivity and stability. Moreover, the observed changes in the estuarine ES provision are likely to arise from changing structural and abiotic factors and in the present case from the loss or decline of locally abundant species. This study also indicates that linear relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services provision are unlikely to occur in estuarine systems. Instead, cumulative and complex relations are observed between factors on both temporal and spatial scales. In this context, the results suggest several additional conclusions: (1) biodiversity and ecosystem functioning interaction with human well-being need to be incorporated into decision-making processes aimed at the conservative management of systems; (2) the institutional use of research results must be part of the design and implementation of sustainable management activities; and (3) more integrative tools/studies are required to account for the interactions of estuarine ecosystems with surrounding socio-economic activities. Therefore, when performing integrated assessments of ecosystem dynamics, it becomes essential to consider not only the effects of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning on services provision but also the effects that human well-being and ES provision may have on estuarine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.The proposed framework implies taking into account both the functional and the commodities points of view upon natural ecosystems and by this representing a line of thought which will deserve further research to explore more in detail the conceptual links between biodiversity–ecosystem functioning–services provided.     

印度北部Pali Gad 流域资源利用模式研究

喜马拉雅西部独特、丰富的自然资源对当地居民生计及生态服务等方面起着重要的作用。由于长期以来当地居民与山地生态系统的相互作用, 特别是农业生产、畜牧业放牧、薪柴采集以及其他多种多样的资源利用方式, 形成了一种特殊的山区文化景观。本文以印度北部的山地小流域Pali Gad (共有25 个村子)为例, 主要研究当地的资源利用状况, 利用卫星遥感数据对该地区可利用自然资源进行评估分析, 通过从户到户的社会经济调查, 对其提供的生态服务功能以及受威胁的程度进行估计, 研究分析了村民对资源需求及获取的时空变化情况。结果显示, 平均每人每天的薪柴采集量为1 . 12 kg , 平均每人每天通过修剪枝叶获得饲料采集量为3 . 69 kg , 平均每人每天从森林中采集草料的量为3 .25 kg。对生态系统服务功能进行估测的结果显示, 森林可提供更多的临时调节功能, 而农业更多的是支撑服务功能, 河流&#1089839;水体给当地人提供了文化服务功能。以山区典型的人- 地生态系统为例, 这类生态系统中的自然资源破碎化程度很高。研究发现, 该区域贫瘠土地上的自然资源需求还在不断增加。因此, 从长远来看, 人对资源的无止境获取将不利于整个流域的可持续发展。     

河流生态学研究中的几个热点问题

近年来河流生态系统成为湖沼学研究的重点,很多新理论、新方法被应用到研究中．文章综述了国内外的相关研究,并着重从河流连续、河流的生态需水量、河流生态系统的服务价值与健康评价、河流的生态系统管理以及流域生态学等几个热点方向作了详细论述．作者认为,今后河流生态学的研究应在流域尺度上展开,结合河流健康及生态系统服务评价进行河流生态系统可持续管理研究将是近期河流生态学的重点问题之一．鉴于我国的实际情况,作者建议应该尽快开展相关领域的研究．     

东台市滩涂生态系统服务价值研究

采用卫星遥感技术以及Costanza等的生态系统服务价值评价方法对江苏省东台市滩涂生态服务系统的面积和服务功能价值变化进行研究.结果表明,在1984～2003年的19年间,东台市滩涂各类生态系统的总面积从108.54 km²自然淤积增加到171.31 km²,增加了57.83%,其中自然生态系统的总面积从60.82 km²减少到21.64 km²,下降64.42%;人为生态系统的总面积从47.72 km²上升到195.23 km²,增加了309.12%.同期,各类滩涂生态系统每年提供的服务总价值上升了76.96%,其中自然生态系统的服务价值从56.26×10⁴美元减少到17.19×10⁴美元,下降69.45%;人为生态系统的服务价值从40.55×10⁴美元上升到154.13×10⁴美元,增加了280.10%.在滩涂生态系统中,自然生态系统面积逐年减少,人为生态系统面积逐年增加,说明东台市滩涂生态系统逐年退化,其自然生态系统服务功能价值的下降与生态系统的退化和面积减少有关.     

Governance Profiles and the Management of the Uses of Large Marine Ecosystems

Interest in the management of the environment and its resources on an ecosystem basis has been increasing in both terrestrial and marine contexts. The emergence of the concept of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) is one important example of this development. LMEs have been examined through five linked modules: (1) productivity of the ecosystem; (2) fish and fisheries; (3) pollution and ecosystem health; (4) socioeconomic conditions; and (5) governance. The first three focus on natural systems, while the last two concentrate on human interactions with those systems. To date the first three have received the greatest attention but as attention has turned to development and implementation of management strategies, greater consideration has being given to the human dimension of LMEs represented by the latter two modules. This article focuses on governance, a matter that is of fundamental importance because it shapes the pattern of human use of the natural environment. Efforts to promote ecosystem-based management occur within different governance frameworks; these frameworks and their associated dynamics must be understood in the same fashion that the structure and interplay of the elements of the natural ecosystem need to be comprehended. Just as natural science employs baseline studies to gauge change over time, this paper asserts the need for similar studies relevant to governance aspects of ecosystem use. After identifying and describing the roles of three major and generic governance institutions, we suggest the development in each LME of a governance profile that outlines and analyzes the existing governance framework. Moreover, we propose to consider governance change over time to assess whether such shifts represent movement in the direction of greater ecosystem focus.     

生态系统管理的概念及其要素

生态系统管理起源于传统的自然资源管理和利用领域,形成于本世纪９０年代。它是指基于对生态系统组成、结构和功能过程的最佳理解,在一定的时空尺度范围内将人类价值和社会经济条件整合到生态 营中,以恢复或维持生态系统整体性和可持续性。生态系统管理要求收集被管理系统核心层次的生态学数据并监测生态系统的变化过程。生态系统管理的要素包括：有明确的管理目标,有确定的系统边界昨单元,基于对生态 深刻理解,有适宜的尺度     

Restoration strategies for wet grasslands in Northern Germany

Wet meadows of the Calthion type are strongly endangered ecosystems in Northern Germany due to agricultural intensification and abandonment. Empirical data of biocoenotic structures, hydrologic parameters, nutrient budgets and soil structure are used for an integrated evaluation of differently degenerated wet grasslands on peat soils (mesotrophic and eutrophic Calthion, Lolio-Potentillion, abandoned wet meadows) with respect to their functions in the landscape. Based on the evaluation of the investigated ecosystems two specific management targets are derived: (1) the maintenance and restoration of Calthion systems from degenerated states to re-establish high biocoenotic diversity and to avoid high nutrient leakages; (2) The restoration of the systems functioning as nutrient sinks. The potentials and prerequisites for the development of the investigated systems and suitable management measures concerning these two targets are described, focussing on groundwater dynamics, phytomass production, nutrient losses and the re-establishment of typical plant species. Our results illustrate that referring to target 1 none of the management measures discussed are suitable to restore strongly degenerated Lolio-Potentillion systems to Calthion systems completely. The limited restoration success is caused by partially irreversible changes of the biotic and abiotic properties of the Lolio-Potentillion sites. A re-development of the mesotrophic Calthion from eutrophic Calthion sites or abandoned wet meadows seems to be impossible. From this point of view restoration efforts should mainly focus on the preservation and maintenance of near-natural Calthion ecosystems. Nevertheless, referring to the high portion of Lolio-Potentillion in the landscape of Northern Germany, it is essential to reduce their ecological function as a nutrient source. This could be achieved by moderate rewetting and harvesting. For strongly degenerated grasslands, which can hardly be restored according to target 1, the establishment of eutrophic swamps is a desired development target (target 2). A suitable measure for this target is the drastic rising of the groundwater level. But we must take into account that the current knowledge about the nutrient retention function, resulting from this management measure, is not sufficient to predict this function in detail for former intensively used fen ecosystems. The presented interrelationships and management alternatives are integrated into a knowledge based modelling system to support decision making.     

The importance of habitat productivity, stability and heterogeneity for spider species richness in coastal grey dunes along the North Sea and its implications for conservation

In this contribution, we report on patterns of spider species richness in large complexes of coastal grey dunes of northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Since grey dunes are considered a priority in Annex I of the EU Habitat Directive, conservation needs attention. Spider diversity is determined by the amount of nutrients available in grey dune patches. The richness of specific xerotherm species, however, is dependent only on the distance of the patches to the sea. Earlier investigation revealed that the richness of these species depends on the patch size. Since coastal dune management aims to focus on the conservation of dune-specific and xerotherm species, patch enlargement and grey dune restoration should receive priority attention and not internal grey dune management. Total spider richness and diversity is hence related to the functioning of the grey dune ecosystem. Eolic dynamics act as typical disturbance factors and are negatively related to species richness, as a result of the low but significant covariation with nutrient availability. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is not applicable for spider diversity in grey dunes, possibly due to the narrow range of investigated environmental variation.     

基于文献计量的21世纪以来我国生态系统服务研究现状及发展趋势

生态系统服务作为生态文明建设的核心内容，近年来一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注。为进一步探究我国生态系统服务领域的研究进展与发展趋势，基于文献计量法，运用Citespace软件对中国知网中以"生态系统服务"为主题的1349篇中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）期刊论文进行可视化分析。结果显示：①我国生态系统服务领域的研究在时间上呈现出明显的"萌芽-起步-快速发展"三阶段特征；②生态系统服务领域的研究学者和科研机构间均存在较为密切的合作关系；③目前国内关于生态系统服务领域的研究主要集中在"生态系统服务价值" "生态补偿" "土地利用""生态安全"等方面；④按照关键词突现时间顺序，生态领域研究前沿可分为理论探索（2000-2008年）、初步实践（2009-2016年）、全面开花（2017-年至今）三个阶段。最后详细总结了我国生态系统服务研究领域取得的成就、面临的挑战和未来的改进空间，并在此基础上提出加快完善生态系统服务价值核算、建立健全生态系统服务价值实现机制等政策建议。     

复发性念珠菌性阴道炎生态治疗的微生态研究

目的探讨复发性或顽固性阴道炎的生态治疗方法,保护阴道的微生态平衡,使治疗收到事半功倍的效果.方法门诊外阴阴道念珠菌病的患者共124例,69例久治不愈或反复发作者为观察组,55例初染者为对照组.观察组药物包括氟康唑或制霉菌素片,消炎粉(自制),酮康唑乳膏,已烯雌酚,乳糖和洁菌宁等;对照组以氟康唑或制霉菌素片等常规治疗.结果观察组的疗效显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论该文所探索的"生态治疗"方案临床效果显著,尤其根据患者的不同情况和菌谱特征调整用药方案和配药比例,使治疗个体化,如此使其得到彻底治愈.