脊髓灰质炎疫苗研究进展

脊髓灰质炎是由脊髓灰质炎病毒感染所引起的疾病,只能以接种疫苗进行预防。口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗已大幅度降低了全球脊髓灰质炎的发病率,然而,由于疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰和疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒风险的出现,今后必须停止使用口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗,以彻底根除脊髓灰质炎。消灭脊髓灰质炎野病毒之后,将会严格管理来源于野毒株的传统脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗生产,而用Sab in株研制的脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗抗原性及免疫原性与传统脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗不同。脊髓灰质炎病毒样颗粒可能成为一种可开发的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。     

动物血清和单克隆抗体用于ELISA测定灭活脊灰疫苗的抗原量

<正>一、材料与方法 1.病毒和疫苗 病毒:用脊灰Ⅰ型Mahong株、Ⅱ型MEF株和Ⅲ型Saukette株的Hela细胞感染培养收获液,经氯化铯反复梯度离心提纯的D抗原制剂;及D抗原加热60℃2小时制成的C抗原制剂。由滴定法测量D抗原制剂的TcID_(50),Lowry法确定蛋白质含量。 疫苗:用CL疫苗(包括Salk和纯化D抗原型),RIV和IM疫苗;并以RIV的PU_((78)—(02))三价苗作为原价参考疫苗。 2.动物血清 兔抗脊灰I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病毒血清:系新西兰白兔用100μg纯化D抗原,2至多次超免(间隔1个月)疫制备的,其中和抗体效价≥1∶20000; 山羊抗脊灰病毒血清:系山羊感染I-Mahoney,Ⅱ-MEF及Ⅲ型-Lansing株后免疫制备的。     

我国脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型自然重组株抗原性的单克隆抗体分析

我国脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型自然重组株抗原性的单克隆抗体分析方肇寅,章菁,柯昌文,李平,李军延,张振国,孟宪坤,陈美光Ｈ、Ｙｏｓｈｉｋｕｒａ关键词脊髓灰质炎,重组病毒,单克隆抗体,中和试验脊髓灰质炎是危害儿童健康的世界性主要疾病,自从应用疫苗以来,该病在许...     

PCR法检测外环境水中脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型基因的研究

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术检测外环境水中分离的脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型（PVⅠ）毒株基因型,发现所分离的22株病毒．均为疫苗SabinⅠ相关株．脊髓灰质炎病毒的温度敏感（T特征）试验亦提示为弱毒株,与PCR试验相吻合。表明在实施强化免疫和常规免疫后,外环境中的脊髓灰质炎病毒已被疫苗相关株循环所取代。同时证实用PCR作为环境中PVⅠ病毒株的基因型分析的检测方法是特异和敏感的。     

急性弛缓性麻痹病例中Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎疫苗病毒变异株基因特征分析

研究Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗变异株的基因特征,为我国使用口服脊灰减毒活疫苗/脊灰灭活疫苗使用策略,维持无脊灰状态和全球最终消灭脊灰提供科学依据。根据型内鉴定的检测结果,从2000~2001年AFP病例分离到的Ⅱ型脊灰疫苗变异株中选取有聚集性的5株病毒进行全基因组序列测定(贵州省3株、山东省2株),并进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分析。贵州省3株病毒全基因组序列完全一致,但与SabinⅢ型病毒发生重组,重组区域在3A区(nt5343~5353);与疫苗株相比,Ⅱ型区域变异10个碱基,其中VP1区变异4个,与SabinⅡ型株核苷酸同源性为99·56%,氨基酸同源性99·34%;Ⅲ型区域变异9个碱基。山东省2株病毒全基因序列共享16个突变位点,没有发生重组,与SabinⅡ型株相比,VP1区分别变异7个和4个碱基,核苷酸同源性分别为99·22%和99·56%,氨基酸同源性分别为99·0%和99·67%。上述5株病毒在重要的减毒位点nt481、nt2909均发生突变。此研究中5株病毒分属于两个不同的传播链,但是共享nt481、nt2909、nt2992三个突变位点,这3个突变位点不在重组区域内,他们的共同作用可能是影响病毒传播力的重要因素,但目前尚无证据证明脊灰疫苗病毒型间重组会增加病毒的毒力及传播力。     

Ⅰ型脊髓灰质炎病毒壳蛋白肽图谱分析

脊髓灰质炎病毒三个血清型的野毒株与疫苗株的全基因序列业已测出,有学者比较发现,疫苗株病毒在减毒过程中有许多基因位点发生了突变。本文用单向肽图谱分析法,对Ⅰ型脊髓灰质炎病毒野毒株(Mahoney株)和减毒株(Sabin Ⅰ株)的外壳蛋白VP1,VP2,VP3分别作了比较分析。结果发现四个有差     

不同狂犬病毒株抗原反应性的比较研究

应用ELISA法对285份免疫前及健康人血清和742份以不同毒株制备的狂犬病疫苗(aG株、CaG株、CTN株,PM株)全程免疫后人群的血清标本进行抗狂犬病毒抗体的检测。结果显示CTN株病毒抗原对不同毒株狂犬病疫苗免疫后血清的抗体阳性检出率均能达到90％以上,且与SNT效价的相关性较好;而aG株抗原对除aG株以外其它毒株狂犬病疫苗免疫后血清的阳性检出率仅为50％左右。因此不同毒株狂犬病毒抗原的反应性存在明显差异,选用纯度高、活性好的CTN株病毒或两株病毒以不同比例混合作为ELISA检测用抗原,测定疫苗免疫后人群的抗体水平,可获得满意的结果。     

云南省疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒全基因组序列遗传特征分析

为了解云南省疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(Vaccine-derived Poliovirus,VDPV)的基因组特征,对2010年及2012年监测到的4株VDPV进行全基因组序列测定。结果显示,2株Ⅱ型VDPV的基因组全长均为7439nt,与Sabin Ⅱ疫苗株全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸的序列同源性分别为95.4%和97.7%;2株I型VDPV基因组全长均为7441nt,与Sabin I疫苗株全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为93.9%和97.9%。减毒位点分析发现II型和I型VDPV毒株分别有两个(nt 481和nt 2909)和三个减毒位点(nt 480、nt 2795和nt 6203)发生了回复突变。VP1序列分析显示II型和I型VDPV毒株与相应Sabin株的变异分别为1%和2.3%,重组分析显示II型和I型VDPV的基因组结构分别为S2/S3和S1/S2/S1/S3,后者的重组次数高达3次,显示了重组的普遍性和复杂性,也表明了病毒在人体内复制和传播的持久性与重组的多样性成正相关。因此,从分子水平分析VDPV的特性,可掌握病毒的变异动态,为制定科学可行的VDPV控制策略提供理论依据。     

四川省部分疫区流行性出血热病原学及流行病学研究

本文报道四川省流行性出血热(EHF)疫医鼠类带毒调查、病毒分离鉴定及抗原性分析结果,由7份EHF抗原阳性鼠肺标本及9份急性期患者血清中各分离到EHF病毒5株。由鼠类分离的5株病毒包括褐家鼠2株,黄胸鼠1株,四川短尾(鼠勾)鼱1株以及中麝(鼠勾)1株。经IFA、ELISA及单克隆抗体的抗原测定,证明所有毒株均属野鼠型、抗原性与76—118株及A_9株接近,但由短尾(鼠勾)及中麝(鼠勾)分离的毒株的抗原性有明显差异。     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB双抗体夹心ELISA方法的建立

抗原纯净度是口蹄疫 (Foot-and-mouth disease,FMD) 灭活疫苗质量检验的一项重要内容,一般采用疫苗2–3次免疫动物后,检测非结构蛋白 (Non-structural protein,NSP) 抗体是否阳转,判断疫苗抗原的纯净度。文中旨在建立定量检测FMD灭活疫苗抗原中NSP 3AB含量的ELISA方法,为疫苗质量控制提供参考方法。利用口蹄疫病毒 (Foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV) NSP 3A单克隆抗体和辣根过氧化物酶 (Horseradish peroxidase,HRP) 标记的3B单克隆抗体,建立定量检测NSP 3AB含量的双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法。采用原核表达并纯化的3AB蛋白作为标准品,标准品系列稀释,绘制标准曲线,以标准品与未加抗原的阴性对照吸光值 (OD) 的比值大于2.0的标准品最低浓度为最低检测限。标准品浓度介于4.7–600.0 ng/mL之间时,测得的OD值与浓度呈线性相关,回归曲线呈直线,相关系数R2=0.99,确定最低检测限为4.7 ng/mL。检测12份未纯化灭活抗原中3AB蛋白含量介于9.3–200.0 ng/mL之间;而纯化后的病毒抗原中3AB蛋白残留量低于最低检测限;33份来自不同厂家的成品疫苗抗原中9份疫苗抗原3AB蛋白含量在9.0–74.0 ng/mL之间,其余24份疫苗抗原中3AB蛋白残留量低于最低检测限。检测3AB蛋白含量的双抗体夹心ELISA方法能够特异、敏感地检测疫苗抗原中的3AB蛋白含量,为疫苗质量控制与纯净度检验提供了一种可供选择的检测方法。     

Monoclonal antibodies against salt-resistant rat liver lipase. Cross-reactivity with lipases from rat adrenals and ovaries

To obtain monoclonal antibodies against rat salt-resistant liver lipase, mice were immunized with enzyme purified from heparin-containing rat liver perfusates. Hybridomas were screened for antibody production by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunoprecipitation assay. Five hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against rat liver lipase indicated as A, B, C, D and E, have been obtained. All antibodies possess gamma one (gamma 1) heavy chains and kappa (kappa) light chains. The antibodies precipitate salt-resistant lipase from rat post-heparin plasma, are positive in ELISA, inhibit liver lipase activity and bind monospecifically with the enzyme as shown by immunoblotting. The monoclonal antibodies showed no significant reactivity with human liver lipase. The salt-resistant lipases of rat adrenals and ovaries are also precipitated by the monoclonal antibodies directed against the liver enzyme. Therefore, the heparin-releasable lipases of the liver, adrenals and ovaries possess identical epitopes.     

Immunological characterization of rat kininogens with monoclonal antibodies to T-kininogen. Distinction between the different domains of T-kininogen and the multiple rat kininogens.

A panel of 16 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced against rat T-kininogen to characterize this family of proteins. These mAbs bound 125I-T-kininogen by radioimmunoassay as well as reacting strongly with immobilized T-kininogen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The reactivity of these antibodies with proteolytic fragments of T-kininogen demonstrated the recognition of several different epitopes. One antibody was specific for the domain 1 of the heavy chain and/or the light chain, twelve antibodies were specific for domain 2 and three antibodies were specific for domain 3. All monoclonal antibodies recognized the two forms of T-kininogen encoded by the two different T-kininogen genes, TI and TII kininogen, except antibody TK 16-3.1 which uniquely reacted with TII kininogen. Two antibodies recognizing domain 2 cross-reacted with the high-molecular-mass kininogen (H-kininogen), whereas all the other monoclonal antibodies were specific to T-kininogen and did not recognize the heavy chain of H-kininogen. None of the antibodies tested altered the thiol protease inhibitory activity of T-kininogen, its partial proteolysis by rat mast cell chymase or the hydrolysis of H-kininogen by rat urinary kallikrein. The use of these antibodies in the development of sensitive ELISA to measure T-kininogen levels in plasma, urine, liver microsomes and hepatocytes is described. Two different forms of T-kininogen were distinguished by these monoclonal antibodies in Western blotting using rat plasma. The localization of T-kininogen was defined using these monoclonal antibodies by immunohistochemistry in rat liver hepatocytes and rat kidney.     

Common Epitopes In the Circumsporozoite Proteins of Plasmodium Berghei and Plasmodium Gallinaceum Identified By Monoclonal Antibodies to the P. Gallinaceum Circumsporozoite Protein

ABSTRACT. Monoclonal antibodies that react with the circumsporozoite protein of the avian malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites also reacted with circumsporozoite protein of the rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei. Two types of reactivity were identified: 1) two monoclonal antibodies reacted with P. berghei sporozoite protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence antibody, 2) six other monoclonal antibodies reacted with P. berghei sporozoites by ELISA and Western blot only. We studied whether these differences could be explained by reactivity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different P. berghei circumsporozoite peptides. Although all P. gallinaceum monoclonal antibodies reacted with the P. berghei repeats, the first group reacted with a conserved peptide sequence, N1, whereas the second group did not. These results suggest that circumsporozoite proteins from P. gallinaceum and P. berghei share common epitopes. the biological significance of our finding is not yet clear. Indeed, the cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies giving a positive indirect immunofluorescence antibody with the P. berghei sporozoites only caused a borderline effect on the living P. berghei parasites in vitro as measured by inhibition of sporozoite infectivity.     

Distribution of linear antigenic sites on glycoprotein gp55 of human cytomegalovirus.

Human convalescent serum and bacterial fusion proteins constructed from overlapping open reading frames of the nucleotide sequence encoding the human cytomegalovirus gp55 component of the major envelope glycoprotein complex, gp55-116 (gB), were used to localize antigenic regions recognized by human antibodies. All donor serum analyzed contained antibody reactivity for an antigenic site(s) located between amino acids (AA) 589 and 645, a region containing a previously defined linear site recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (U. Utz, B. Britt, L. Vugler, and M. Mach, J. Virol. 63:1995-2001, 1989). Furthermore, in-frame insertion of two different synthetic oligonucleotides encoding four amino acids into the sequence at nucleotide 1847 (AA 616) eliminated antibody recognition of the fusion protein. A second antibody binding site was located within the carboxyl terminus of the protein (AA 703 through 906). A competitive binding inhibition assay in which monoclonal antibodies were used to inhibit human antibody reactivity with recombinant gp55-116 (gB) suggested that the majority of human anti-gp55-116 (gB) antibodies were directed against a single antigenic region located between AA 589 and 645. Furthermore, inoculation of mice with fusion proteins containing this antigenic site led to a boostable antibody response. These results indicated that the antigenic site(s) located between AA 589 and 645 was an immunodominant antibody recognition site on gp55 and likely the whole gp55-116 (gB) molecule. The enhanced immunogenicity of this region in vivo may account for its immunodominance.     

基于N蛋白单克隆抗体的小反刍兽疫病毒抗体检测胶体金试纸条的研制

本研究旨在建立一种简便、快捷、可直观检测小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)抗体的检测方法。将pET-32a-N重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) Rosetta(DE3)感受态细胞中进行诱导表达,以纯化的PPRVN蛋白免疫8周龄BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,间接酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, ELISA)筛选及亚克隆,获得了抗PPRV N蛋白的单克隆抗体。将PPRV N蛋白分别作为金标抗原及检测线(T线)包被抗原、单克隆抗体作为质控线(C线)包被抗体,组装成检测PPRVN蛋白抗体的胶体金免疫层析试纸条。结果显示：成功获得1株能稳定分泌抗N蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为1F1;间接ELISA检测1F1腹水效价为1:128000;亚类鉴定结果为IgG1,轻链为kappa链。Westernblotting结果显示,1F1能与PPRV N蛋白特异性结合;间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescent ass...     

Detection of Escherichia coli cytotoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to detect Escherichia coli cytotoxins. Wells were coated with monoclonal antibodies from hybridomas 13C4 and (or) 11E10, and biotin conjugates of these antibodies were used for detecting verotoxin 1 and Shiga-like toxin II, respectively. Sensitivities were about 100 and 200 cytotoxic doses, respectively. Verotoxin 2 was detected by ELISA with monoclonal antibody 11E10, but at a sensitivity of only about 4000 cytotoxic doses. ELISA results of polymyxin-treated cell extracts from cultures of 67 E. coli strains were in agreement with Vero cell assay as regards the presence and type of toxin.     

金黄色葡萄球菌LDH多克隆抗体制备及其交叉反应性

目的:在原核载体中表达、纯化金黄色葡萄球菌乳酸脱氢酶,免疫小鼠获得多克隆抗体,使用多克隆抗体分析与其它菌种的交叉反应性。方法:复苏p ET28a-ldh/Bl21重组菌,IPTG诱导重组融合蛋白表达、以抗HIS标签的单克隆抗体进行western-blot鉴定重组蛋白。使用纯化的重组蛋白以及相应的佐剂免疫小鼠,利用ELISA测定血清抗体效价,并使用小鼠抗血清进行免疫印迹法鉴定重组蛋白的反应原性及其与金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌、大肠埃希菌的交叉反应性。结果:SDS-PAGE电泳在39 KDa处可见目的条带,免疫印迹法验证了重组LDH的表达,纯化后获得2.8 mg重组蛋白。纯化蛋白免疫小鼠能诱导产生特异性体液免疫应答,ELISA检测特异性Ig G效价为1:50000,western-blot鉴定显示所制备的多克隆抗血清能分别识别金黄色葡萄球菌重组及天然乳酸脱氢酶,但不识别表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌、大肠埃希菌中天然乳酸脱氢酶。结论:纯化的LDH具有良好的免疫活性,免疫小鼠获得高滴度的多克隆抗体。使用多克隆抗体western-blot显示与其它菌种LDH不存在交叉反应性,为后续使用该重组蛋白进行金黄色葡萄球菌感染的诊断研究奠定基础。     

Polyclonal Antibodies to the Bacterially Expressed Coat Protein of Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus

Specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies against bacterially expressed coat protein of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV, genus Nanovirus) were produced using a recombinant DNA approach. The FBNYV capsid protein (CP) gene located on component 5 was cloned in an expression vector pQE‐9 (Qiagen, QIAGEN Inc., Chatswortch, CA91311, USA). Expression of the CP with an N‐terminal hexahistidine tag in Escheri‐ chia coli M15 cells was induced by adding isopropyl‐3‐D ‐1‐thiogalactoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 2 mM . About 8 mg of bacterially expressed CP (BE‐CP) was purified from 1 litre of bacterial liquid culture using a Ni‐NTA resin column (Qiagen). The expressed CP which migrated as a protein of approximately 23 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was identified by its strong reaction with polyclonal antibodies produced against FBNYV particles and 2‐5H9 FBNYV‐monoclonal in Western blots. Expressed and purified CP (SDS‐PAGE 23 kDa band) was injected into a white rabbit, using seven intramuscular injections at weekly intervals. The antiserum produced was evaluated for FBNYV detection in double antibody sandwich (DAS)‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), triple antibody sandwich (TAS)‐ELISA, tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA), dot blot, Western blot and goat antimouse coating (GAMC)‐ELISA using 13 different FBNYV monoclonal antibodies. The antiserum raised against the BE‐CP gave strong FBNYV‐specific TBIA reactions and very weak background reactions with non‐infected tissue, similar to those produced by monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, BE‐CP polyclonal antibody reacted weakly with FBNYV‐infected tissue and strongly with BE‐CP in DAS‐ELISA, but not with FBNYV‐infected tissue in TAS‐ELISA when 13 detecting monoclonal antibodies were used. In addition, BE‐CP polyclonal antibody reacted strongly with BE‐CP in TAS‐ELISA only when 2‐5H9 detecting monoclonal was used. When monoclonals were used as primary antibody and BE‐CP polyclonal as detecting antibody (GAMC‐ELISA), FBNYV‐infected tissue gave moderate reactions with 2‐5H9 and strong reactions with 3‐2E9 monoclonal, whereas BE‐CP gave equally strong reactions with both monoclonals. These results showed that the BE‐CP polyclonal antibody is useful for the detection of FBNYV in infected tissue by TBIA and dot blot tests.     

中山市2011年健康儿童脊髓灰质炎、麻疹和乙型肝炎抗体水平监测

目的了解中山市1~14岁健康儿童脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒、麻疹病毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒抗体水平状况,为维持无脊灰、消除麻疹和控制乙肝提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,随机选择220名1~14岁健康儿童抽取静脉血,采用ELISA法检测麻疹病毒抗体Ig G、乙肝病毒表面抗原和抗体;用中和试验检测脊灰(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)型病毒中和抗体。结果脊灰、麻疹和乙肝病毒抗体阳性率分别为91.36%、93.18%和66.36%,脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型和麻疹病毒抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶215.90、1∶119.05、1∶31.40和1∶1 254.45;乙肝病毒表面抗原阳性率为1.36%。结论中山市1~14岁健康儿童对脊灰病毒具有较高的免疫水平,已形成对脊灰病毒有效的免疫屏障;乙肝得到有效控制;但麻疹未能形成有效的免疫屏障。     

Regulation and standardization of IPV and IPV combination vaccines.

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is not only increasingly used on a global basis but also is a component of many combination vaccines. Standardization and control of IPV continues to be a challenge for manufacturers and regulators. A rat immunogenicity assay is currently recommended by many authorities, including WHO, as the definitive in vivo potency. Alternative in vitro assays to determine D-antigen content have been developed and are routinely used in some countries to assess IPV potency assay. However, the other less reliable in vivo immunogenicity assays are also used (e.g. monkey, chick). We review some of the regulatory challenges facing current and future IPV assessment, with a focus on the relevance of in vivo and in vitro tests, considerations for Sabin derived IPV and discussion of future efforts for standardization.