6-BA对平菇和香菇菌丝体两种同工酶的影响

通过在平菇、香菇的马铃薯液体培养基中添加不同浓度的 6 BA(6 苄基腺嘌呤 ) ,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳技术 ,探讨了 6 BA对平菇、香菇菌丝体酯酶 (EST)和过氧化物酶 (PER) 2种同工酶的影响。结果显示 ,6 BA浓度在 5 g/L培养液和 15 g/L培养液时分别诱导出平菇、香菇菌丝体中各 1条新的酯酶同工酶带产生 ,不同的 6 BA浓度对平菇、香菇菌丝体其余的酯酶同工酶带强度也有影响 ;6 BA不能诱导平菇和香菇菌丝体中新的过氧化物酶同工酶产生 ,但在浓度为 15 g/L培养液时可使PER同工酶带增强 ;6 BA对平菇和香菇菌丝体中EST ,PER2种同工酶的Rf值没有影响。     

蝉虫草菌丝体胞内和胞外多糖抗肝细胞氧化损伤比较研究

蝉虫草（蝉花）作为我国传统的中药材,是一种药食两用的虫生真菌,因含有丰富的活性物质而具有广泛的医疗保健价值。本研究以自由基清除率为指标分析蝉虫草胞内和胞外多糖的化学抗氧化活性,再以H₂O₂诱导的人肝LO2细胞氧化损伤为模型,进而分析比较二者对肝细胞氧化应激损伤的改善作用。结果表明,在化学抗氧化能力比较上,蝉虫草菌丝体胞外多糖有效清除?OH自由基、ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基的EC₅₀值分别为1.06mg/mL、0.96mg/mL和0.63mg/mL,而胞内多糖的EC₅₀值分别为3.71mg/mL、2.83mg/mL和1.70mg/mL,表明蝉虫草胞外多糖的化学抗氧化能力更强;在改善细胞氧化应激损伤比较上,与模型组对比,二者均能随着浓度递增而显著地提高细胞存活率,但胞外多糖比胞内多糖更强,当多糖浓度为5mg/mL时,胞外多糖细胞存活率达到92.36%,胞内多糖只达到82.07%;在调节细胞抗氧化酶清除ROS的机制上,与模型组对比,胞外多糖分别上调SOD酶活力2.51倍和CAT酶活力2.91倍,极显著地降低了细胞ROS水平（P<0.01）来改善细胞的氧化应激损伤作用。相应地,胞内多糖只上调了1.85倍和2.33倍,显著性地清除了ROS（P<0.05）,表明蝉虫草菌丝体胞外多糖具有更显著的抗肝细胞氧化损伤作用。本研究结果显示蝉虫草菌丝体胞外和胞内多糖均具有良好的抗肝氧化损伤活性,且胞外多糖比胞内多糖活性更好,为蝉虫草菌丝体多糖在保肝产品中的开发和应用提供了科学依据。     

糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的研究

研究了葡萄糖浓度和pH值调控对糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的影响。葡萄糖浓度为5％时胞外多糖产量最高;发酵液pH控制为3．5－4．0时有利于胞外多糖的合成;并守试了重复使用菌丝体在糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的新方法。     

珍稀药用真菌——樟芝深层发酵培养条件的优化

对樟芝深层发酵培养基进行了筛选,并在此基础上对发酵条件进行了优化。以樟芝深层发酵菌丝体三萜产量为主要目标产物,确定发酵培养条件为:40g/L葡萄糖,6g/L豆饼粉,1g/L K_2HPO_4,0．5g/L MgSO4,VB_1 100mg/L,自然pH,接种量为20%,装液量为100mL/250mL三角瓶,转速100r/min,26℃恒温培养6d,胞内三萜产量达15．25mg/100mL发酵液。     

对节白蜡的组织培养及植株再生

1植物名称对节白蜡（Fnainushupehen－sis）,又名湖北白蜡,湖北俗称对节树、望乡树。2材料类别幼嫩茎段,取自本校盆景园20～30年生中型盆景桩（高50～60cm）当年新梢。3培养条件分化培养基：（1）MS＋6－BA2．5mg·L－1（单位下同）;（2）MS＋6－BA5．0;（3）MS＋6BA10．0;（4）WPM＋6-BA2．5;（5）WPM＋6－BA5．0;（6）WPM-6-BA10．0;（7）DKW＋6－BA2．5;（8）DKW＋6－BA5．0;（9）DKW＋6－BA10．0。生根培养基：（1）WPM＋IBA0．5;（11）WPM＋IBA2．0。以上培养基均附加蔗糖30g·L－1,琼脂6g·L-1…     

地被菊的组织培养

1植物名称地被菊[Dendranthemagrandiflorun（Ramatuelle）cvs.]，品种伏地玉龙、盏黄、橙黄片。2材料类别带腋芽的茎段。3培并条件（1）启动培养基：MS＋6－BA0．1mg·L－1（单位下同）＋NAAO．1。（2）诱导分化培养基两种：MS＋6－BA0.3＋NAA0．1；MS＋6－BA0．5＋NAA0．1。（3）生根培养基：1／2MS＋IBA0．3～0．5＋NAA0．1。上述培养基均加蔗糖20g·L－1，0．5％琼脂，PH值6．0。培养温度27C，光照12h·d-1（人工光和散射光）。4生长与分化情况4．l启动培养取带腋芽的茎段，先用浓度0．1％的洗衣粉液洗净，自来水冲15min…     

多变鱼腥藻可逆氢酶的诱导及其特性

在NH4^+或在无氮培养条件下,对多变鱼腥藻的营养细胞照光并通过N3气24小时,均可诱导出可逆氢酶,照光和厌氧是在多变鱼腥藻营养胞中诱导出可逆氢酶的必要条件。－－在NH4^+或无氮两种培养条件下所诱导出的可逆氢酶的性质基本相同。（1）当提供还原甲基紫精做它的电子供体时,它们能够放氢;当提供苄基紫精做它的电子受体时,它们都可以吸氢。（2）它们都是热稳定的,并对O2都是不敏感的。（3）它们的放氢活性的最适pH相同,为pH7－7．5。（4）在NH4^+和无氮培养条件下,所诱导的可逆氢酶的Km值（对于放氢）分别为300umol/l和295umol/l,大致相同,如此高的Km值表示它们在细胞中的代谢功能可能是放氢。（5）CO抑制它们的放氢活性,而C2H2对它们的放氢活性没有影响,在NH4^+培养条件下,从从变鱼腥藻营养细胞所诱导出的可逆氢酶的放氢活性可达1530nmol H2/mg. 干重．小时。它比在无氮培养条件下所诱导的可逆氢酶的放氢活性高3－5倍,以上实验结果表明,多变鱼腥藻在无氮培养条件下,异形胞的出现影响营养细胞中可逆氢酶的合成和活性的调节。     

基于转录组分析香菇不同漆酶活性单核菌丝体基因表达

漆酶是香菇生长发育过程中一种重要的木质素降解酶,其活性高低对于香菇木质素降解能力和香菇品质形成具有重要作用。为探讨香菇不同漆酶活性的单核菌丝体基因表达变化,对漆酶活性存在差异的单核菌丝体进行转录组测序分析,共获得15 522个注释基因。GO（gene ontology）分析表明差异基因在氧化还原酶活性节点大量富集,包括参与木质素降解的酶类及55个细胞色素P450基因;KEGG（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes）分析发现淀粉和蔗糖代谢、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化途径中糖苷水解酶、UDPG脱氢酶等基因上调表达。通过搜索转录因子数据筛选到172个差异表达的转录因子,预测了可能与漆酶结合的bZIP、C₂H₂、C₄转录因子家族。由此推测,在漆酶高产单核菌株中木质素降解和碳水化合物代谢的相关基因的表达发生变化,及糖醛酸和磷酸戊糖途径相关基因上调表达,促进了木质素降解产物高效转化成糖、核酸等生物大分子,有助于香菇菌丝体的生长,转录因子在漆酶活性调控中起了重要作用。本研究为深入理解香菇漆酶高产菌株的生理代谢机制提供了重要的基因数据资源。     

镉对平菇菌丝生长及同工酶表达的影响

采用液体培养研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）处理7d对平菇（Pleurotus ostreotus）菌丝体生长及其同工酶表达的影响.结果表明,50 μmol/L Cd处理对平菇菌丝生长抑制率为55.6%,2000μmol/L Cd为菌丝生长致死浓度.同工酶活性电泳图谱显示,Cd处理不仅改变酯酶（EST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）同工酶带数,而且也影响各酶带的表达强度.50 μmol/L和100μmol/L Cd处理分别诱导出2条和3条新的POD同工酶带,而抑制一条分子量较大的POD酶带的表达,但明显增强总的POD活性.正常生长的平菇菌丝体LDH同工酶谱只出现2条酶带,50 μmol/L以下Cd处理不影响其同工酶的表达,100 μmol/L Cd处理组2条同工酶带均消失.50和100μmol/L Cd处理能够显著增强SOD活性,且诱导2条SOD同工酶表达.100μmol/L及其以下浓度Cd处理均能提高EST的活性,这可能具有加速细胞内酯类化合物水解而增加羧基的数量以螯合更多的游离Cd离子而解Cd毒的作用.Cd浓度在50μmol/L以下时,随着处理浓度的增加,对金属硫蛋白的诱导作用呈逐渐增强的趋势,而100 μmol/L Cd的诱导作用减弱.     

多变鱼腥藻可逆氢酶的诱导及其特性

在NH4^ 或在无氮培养条件下,对多变鱼腥藻的营养细胞照光并通过N3气24小时,均可诱导出可逆氢酶,照光和厌氧是在多变鱼腥藻营养胞中诱导出可逆氢酶的必要条件。－－在NH4^ 或无氮两种培养条件下所诱导出的可逆氢酶的性质基本相同。（1）当提供还原甲基紫精做它的电子供体时,它们能够放氢;当提供苄基紫精做它的电子受体时,它们都可以吸氢。（2）它们都是热稳定的,并对O2都是不敏感的。（3）它们的放氢活性的最适pH相同,为pH7－7．5。（4）在NH4^ 和无氮培养条件下,所诱导的可逆氢酶的Km值（对于放氢）分别为300umol/l和295umol/l,大致相同,如此高的Km值表示它们在细胞中的代谢功能可能是放氢。（5）CO抑制它们的放氢活性,而C2H2对它们的放氢活性没有影响,在NH4^ 培养条件下,从从变鱼腥藻营养细胞所诱导出的可逆氢酶的放氢活性可达1530nmol H2/mg. 干重．小时。它比在无氮培养条件下所诱导的可逆氢酶的放氢活性高3－5倍,以上实验结果表明,多变鱼腥藻在无氮培养条件下,异形胞的出现影响营养细胞中可逆氢酶的合成和活性的调节。     

伞菌DNA简易序列分析引出的思考

目的:伞菌物种以子实体形态特征为分类依据,研究以菌丝体代替子实体进行种质资源鉴定的遗传证据。方法:以常见的食用伞菌香菇、平菇子实体的不同部位组织及其分离菌丝体为供试材料,制备了12个随机引物介导的RAPD-PCR指纹,把DNA指纹图谱转化为简易的序列数据,经生物信息处理软件比较分析。结果:香菇不同菌株子实体DNA相似性系数在0.886～0.986之间,平菇不同菌株子实体DNA相似系数在0.779～0.976之间。对于供试的单个子实体而言,香菇和平菇子实体的菌盖、菌褶、菌柄及其组织分离菌丝体,与以此为菌种栽培得到的子实体相比较,所获得的有限DNA指纹图谱全部相同。结论:揭示了香菇和平菇不同菌株的遗传多样性,初步反映了伞菌不同发育阶段在分子水平上的遗传变异和亲缘关系,争论了以菌丝体代替子实体使用RAPD手段进行种质资源鉴定与系统发育分析引出的真菌遗传问题。     

β-葡聚糖酶担子菌种复合诱变选育及发酵条件研究

用平板透明圈法对高温平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)、金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)、香菇(Lentinus edodes)等担子菌菌种进行筛选.选取高温平菇作为诱变出发菌株进行复合诱变处理并进行初筛.选取透明圈半径与菌落半径比值较大的菌株接种至发酵培养基进行复筛.最终筛选出一株产β-...     

Detection and recovery of hydrolytic enzymes from spent compost of four mushroom species

To evaluate the potential of using the enzymes from spent mushroom compost (SMC) as an industrial enzyme, the production of alpha-amylase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, and xylanase was determined from the SMC of four edible mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum). Among the tested SMC, the SMC of L. edodes showed the highest enzyme activity in alpha-amylase (229 nkat/g), cellulase (759 nkat/g) and beta-glucosidase (767 nkat/g) in 0.5% Triton X-100, and that of P. ostreatus showed the highest activity in laccase (1452 nkat/g) in phosphate-buffered 0.2% Triton X-100. The highest xylanase activity (119 nkat/g) was found in the SMC of F. velutipes.     

Relationships between ligninolytic activities of Lentinula spp. and biotransformation of pentachlorophenol in sterile soil

Ligninolytic activities in strains of Lentinula edodes were related to pentachlorophenol biotransformation in sterile soil and activities in L. lepideus. Strains of L. edodes secreting laccase and manganese peroxidase activities also metabolized pentachlorophenol (PCP) significantly ( P < 0.05). Strains of L. lepideus showed neither enzymic activities nor xenobiotic breakdown. Lentinula edodes strains inhibited by PCP at 5 mg 1^-1 in agar, tolerated 200 mg kg^-1 in soil. Strain LE2 metabolized more PCP in nitrogen-sufficient than nitrogen-limited culture: the reverse was observed with Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM 1767. Relationships between ligninolytic activities and pentachlorophenol breakdown in L. edodes indicated a suitability for soil bioremediation treatments.     

Trichoderma harzianum metabolites pre-adapt mushrooms to Trichoderma aggressivum antagonism

Trichoderma spp. is the cause of green mold, a disorder that affects cultivated mushrooms. The aims of the study were to establish whether improvement of mushroom resistance to Trichoderma aggressivum could be obtained by inducing reaction mechanisms before contact with the pathogen and whether this ability was species or strain dependent. Twenty nine isolates of Agaricus bisporus, 29 isolates of Lentinula edodes and 18 isolates of Pleurotus spp. were studied. The effect of T. harzianum metabolites on mycelial growth of these isolates was evaluated on YMEA (yeast, malt extract and agar), supplemented or not with Lysing Enzymes from T. harzianum (Sigma?, L1412). Mycelial growth generally was affected by Lysing Enzymes, but some L. edodes and Pleurotus spp. adapted to Lysing Enzymes. When mycelium was taken from a first culture with Lysing Enzymes and placed on YMEA with Lysing Enzymes for a second culture, their growth rate was not different from those of the controls. In the case of A. bisporus, only partial adaptation was obtained with a few isolates. The effect of adaptation to Lysing Enzymes on resistance to T. aggressivum was assayed for one strain of each group. Trichoderma aggressivum was exposed to the margin of 5- to 9-day-old mushroom colonies. Agaricus bisporus produced brown droplets, and T. aggressivum overgrew its mycelium. Lentinula edodes and P. ostreatus produced brown lines blocking the progression of T. harzianum, both on YMEA and YMEA plus Lysing Enzymes. The line was visible after 3 d on YMEA and after only 2 d on YMEA plus Lysing Enzymes. Improvement in the resistance to antagonists by introduction of some of their metabolites to the culture medium is a method for mushroom protection.     

香菇柄、平菇柄多糖的提取与测定

以香菇柄、平菇柄作为原料,用蒸馏水、0.5%的草酸铵溶液两种提取剂分别提取香菇柄、平菇柄粗多糖,并用硫酸-苯酚定糖法测定多糖的含量.结果表明,香菇柄、平菇柄多糖含量蒸馏水提取分别是0.103%、0.133%;用草酸铵溶液提取分别是0.164%、0.263%,证明香菇柄、平菇柄有一定的开发前景.     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体化学成分的研究

应用梯度提取、反复重结晶及硅胶色谱法分离和纯化,采用NMR等谱学方法鉴定结构对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉(Paecilomyces hepiali)菌丝体进行了化学成分的分析。从蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为4,6,8(14),22(23)-四烯-3-酮-麦角甾烷(1)、麦角甾醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、麦角甾醇过氧化物(4)、啤酒甾醇(5)、甘露醇(6)和1-油酰基-2-亚油酸-3-棕榈酸甘油(7),并对其石油醚提取物中的油状组分进行GC-MS分析,结果表明其中主要为亚油酸(9,12-十八碳二烯酸,含量41.949%)、反油酸(反9-十八碳烯酸,含量为27.696%);同时采用高效液相色谱法测定其中的麦角甾醇的含量,与海鲜菇、杏鲍菇、香菇、金针菇、滑子蘑、平菇等食用菌子实体比较,结果蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中麦角甾醇含量为15.65 mg/g,平菇为21.43 mg/g,杏鲍菇为10.16 mg/g,香菇为13.34 mg/g,金针菇为9.48 mg/g,滑子蘑为10.43 mg/g,海鲜菇为14.42 mg/g。     

粗皮侧耳栽培种EST-SSR分子标记的开发应用及初级核心种质库的构建

根据已知的粗皮侧耳、灵芝、香菇EST序列开发出9条粗皮侧耳EST-SSR引物、58条灵芝EST-SSR引物和35条香菇EST-SSR引物,从中筛选出4条多态性好、条带清晰的引物,对选取的185株粗皮侧耳栽培种进行扩增分析。共扩增得到59条带,每个引物扩增条带数为12–19条,扩增片段在100–1,100bp之间。根据扩增结果构建了一个含47株粗皮侧耳栽培种的初级核心种质库P-core47。分析得出P-core47占原群体样品数25%,占资源库的13%,有效等位基因数和多态性位点占有率与原群体一致,多样性指数均值比原群体高0.12747,在原群体的低频率等位基因有所增强。P-core47内菌株来源广泛,基本已覆盖各个栽培地区,统计的质量性状和数量性状均可在其中找到代表性菌株。表明了用EST-SSR分子标记构建粗皮侧耳栽培种初级核心种质库的可行性。     

Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the degradation of butylbenzyl phthalate by Pleurotus ostreatus

Degradation of butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and the activities of some degrading enzymes were examined in two different media containing 100 mg/l of the compound. P. ostreatus pregrown for 7 days in complex YMG medium was able to completely degrade BBP within an additional 24 h but degraded only 35 mg/l of BBP in 5 days of incubation in minimal medium. Fungal cell mass in the culture in YMG medium was higher in the presence than in the absence of BBP. The esterase activity of the fungal culture in YMG medium was higher than that in minimal medium and increased with the addition of BBP. On the contrary, laccase activity was higher in minimal medium and it did not increase upon the addition of BBP. General peroxidase activity increased for a few days after the addition of BBP to both media. The degradation of BBP and its metabolites by P. ostreatus thus may be attributed mostly to esterase rather than lignin-degrading laccase. In addition, the activities of the enzymes involved in BBP degradation and their changes varied significantly in the different media and culture conditions.