Epstein-Barr病毒诱导永生化人上皮细胞恶性转化

为了使ＥＢ病毒能直接感染人上皮细胞,将ｐＳＧ－ＣＲ２－Ｈｙｇ载体转入永生化人上皮细胞（２９３细胞）中。通过间接免疫荧光法测定发现,转化的细胞表达ＥＢ病毒受体。用ＥＢ病毒感染ＣＲ２－２９３细胞后,２３％的细胞可表达ＥＢ病毒抗原。用ＴＰＡ作用于这些细胞后,表达病毒抗原的细胞数增加。用ＰＣＲ法从ＥＢ病毒感染细胞ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＥＢ病毒ＤＮＡＷ片段。在ＴＰＡ持续作用下,ＥＢ病毒感染细胞的形态特征发生改变。把ＥＢ病毒感染细胞接种在裸鼠皮下,每周注射ＴＰＡ,可诱导细胞在裸鼠体内形成肿瘤。经组织病理检查确诊,肿瘤为低分化上皮细胞癌。杂交试验证明,肿瘤组织细胞中有ＥＢ病毒ＥＢＥＲｓ存在。上述结果表明,ＥＢ病毒在ＴＰＡ协同作用下,可诱导永生化上皮细胞恶性转化。     

EB病毒对脐带血细胞产生免疫球蛋白的影响

探讨EB病毒是否使培养的脐带血B细胞、CD5+B细胞产生免疫球蛋白及具有天然自身抗体性质的免疫球蛋白。无菌采集新生儿脐带血,RosetteSepTM法分离全B细胞,免疫磁珠分离CD5+B细胞,将分离得到的全B,CD5+B,CD5-B三组细胞分别用EB病毒、紫外线照射灭活的EB病毒(UVEBV)、TPA刺激,于培养的第10～30d,每间隔4d分别留取上清,ELISA法检测培养上清中的IgG,IgM及抗角蛋白自身抗体(AKautoAb)IgG,IgM,阳性对照为健康成人血清,阴性对照为未加刺激的培养细胞上清。EB病毒感染的3组细胞于培养的第7d发生转化,14d以后的培养上清中IgM,AKautoAbIgMOD值较对照组显著升高(p<0.01);UVEBV刺激细胞存活15d,其第14d的CD5+B细胞培养上清中IgMOD值高于对照组(p<0.05);TPA及未刺激的细胞存活7d,培养上清中未检测到免疫球蛋白。可见,EB病毒能使培养的脐带血B细胞、CD5+B细胞产生可能具有天然自身抗体性质的免疫球蛋白。     

Stimulation of virus production and induction of self-syncytium formation in human T-cell leukemia virus type I- and type II-infected T cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Treatment of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)- and HTLV-II-infected T-cell lines with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated virus release. However, this stimulation was mainly detected at 42 to 48 h of treatment, whereas later virus release declined rapidly. During the first 48 h, TPA had no effect on cell growth, but later, the number of viable cells was profoundly lower in the TPA-treated than in the untreated cultures. This shift in virus release and cell number resulted from self-fusion of a large proportion of the virus-producing cells, which seemed to consequently enter into a dying process. This fusion, which resulted in syncytium formation, was strongly inhibited by anti-HTLV-I env monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, no self-fusion was detected in three different uninfected T-cell lines similarly treated with TPA. On the other hand, stimulation of virus production by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment failed to induce self-fusion in the infected cells. Moreover, no syncytium was detected when these 3-MC-treated infected cells were cocultured with any of the TPA-treated uninfected cells. The effects of TPA on virus production and syncytium formation were both abolished by three different protein kinase C inhibitors. Taken together, these data suggest that the self-fusion observed in these experiments required both enhanced virus production and protein kinase C-phosphorylated viral or/and virally induced cellular component(s).     

Latent and lytic cycle promoters of Epstein-Barr virus

Four RNA polymerase II promoters have been mapped in the DNA sequence of the EcoRI-H and -Dhet fragments of B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus. RNAs transcribed from three of these promoters are dramatically induced by treatment of B95-8 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The other promoter is active with or without TPA treatment of the cells and is thus active in the latent virus cycle. Deletion mapping suggests that DNA sequence homologies between some of the promoters lie in the same region as essential upstream promoter elements.     

Synthesis of first trimester placental alkaline phosphatase in cultured human term placental cells

Alkaline phosphatase activity in human placental cells transformed by a tsA mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40) can be greatly induced by growing these cells at 40 degrees C, the temperature at which the tsA transformants regain their nontransformed phenotype. The induction of alkaline phosphatase in these cells requires the synthesis of both RNA and protein. The induced alkaline phosphatase from a SV40 tsA30 mutant-transformed term placental cell line (TPA30-1) was purified, characterized, and compared with alkaline phosphatase from term placenta and first trimester placenta. The form of alkaline phosphatase found in TPA30-1 cells differs from the phosphatase of term placenta in physiochemical and immunological properties. The TPA30-1 phosphatase is, however, indistinguishable from the alkaline phosphatase of human first trimester placenta by several criteria, including electrophoretic mobility, apparent molecular weight (Mr = 165,000), size of monomeric subunit (Mr = 77,000), heat lability, and sensitivity to inhibition by amino acids and EDTA. In addition, alkaline phosphatase from both TPA30-1 cells and first trimester placenta can be inactivated by antiserum to liver alkaline phosphatase but not by antiserum to term placental alkaline phosphatase. The induction of first trimester phosphatase in cells derived from term placenta provides a system for the study of alkaline phosphatase gene regulation in human placenta.     

Augmentation of Interferon Production after Cell-Differentiation of U937 Cells by TPA

Persistent infections with mumps virus were established in several human lymphoid cells of T-cell origin (Molt-4, TALL-1, and CCRF-CEM) and human monocyte cells (U937 and THP-1). 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5AS) activity was demonstrated to be only slightly induced by interferon (IFN) or TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) treatment in these cells. Treatment of the persistently infected cells with IFN or TPA did not stimulate an increase in the amount of synthetase mRNA. Induction of cell differentiation and augmentation of IFN production by TPA were demonstrated in U937 cells persistently infected with mumps virus (U937-MP). Similar results for IFN production were obtained from differentiated U937 cells. It is suggested that cell differentiation of U937 cells might be associated with the development of IFN inducibility.     

Stimulation of human lymphocytes with irradiated cells of the autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell line. I. Virus-specific and nonspecific components of the cytotoxic response

Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cocultivated with irradiated cells of the autologous EB virus-transformed cell line at different responder:stimulator (R:S) ratios and the cytotoxic response was assayed up to 12 days later. In cocultures set up at a R:S ratio of 4:1, the response from both EB virus antibody-positive (seropositive) and negative donors was dominated by a broad-ranging NK-like cytotoxicity which did not segregate within the E-rosette-forming subpopulation of effector cells. In contrast, cocultures set up at a R:S ratio of 40:1 and harvested after 10 to 12 days gave rise, in the case of seropositive donors only, to effector T-cell preparations which appeared to be both EB virus specific and HLA-A and B antigen restricted. Strong lysis of the autologous virus-transformed cell line and demonstrable activity against certain allogeneic HLA-A and/or B antigen-related virus-transformed lines occurred in the absence of any significant killing either of the corresponding lines from HLA-unrelated donors or of a variety of EB virus genome-negative target cells (K562, HSB2, BJAB) particularly sensitive to NK-like cytotoxicity; furthermore, lysis of the autologous cell line by these effector T cells was specifically inhibited by monoclonal antibodies binding to HLA-A, B, and C antigens on the target cell surface. This work demonstrates that an HLA-restricted EB virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell response can indeed be induced in vitro by stimulation of fresh lymphocytes with autologous EB virus-transformed cells providing cocultures are set up at the correct R:S ratio.