小鼠的克隆着丝粒（SFA）DNA的鉴定

着丝粒是真核染色体上的重要细胞器,是真核染色体作为基因载体行使其遗传功能的关键结构。着丝粒DNA首先是从酵母中分离克隆并被用以构建酵母人工染色体。鉴于真核有丝分裂机制研究和构建高等动物人工染色体研究的需要,从分离和检定过的小鼠着丝粒DNA库中筛选出6＃着丝粒DNA（SAF DNA）,并用荧光原位杂交法（FISH）对其进行了在染色体上的定位检定。用缺口平移法和PCR法分别标记了SFA DNA和SFA DNA中的小鼠寡份卫星DNA作为探针,分别与小鼠腹水癌细胞和小鼠929细胞进行原位杂交;并用荧光抗体显示杂交信号的位置。结果：SFA DNA在两种细胞的中期染色体上的杂交信号都位于亚末端的初级缢痕处,表现为单一粗大的斑块。寡份卫星DNA在两种细胞的中期染色体上的杂交信号亦都位于亚末端的初级缢痕处,但极大多数的斑点均表现为成对的细小斑点。初级缢痕正是染色体着丝粒所在的物征性部位。故以上结果说明定位于该部位的克隆的6＃SFA DNA,和其中的小鼠寡份卫星DNA都来源于小鼠着丝粒DNA。     

小鼠富集着丝粒DNA在小鼠减数分裂粗线期染色体上的原位杂交

本工作用Hoechst 33258及着丝粒特异抗体间接免疫荧光法显示的小鼠粗线期染色体主缢痕区,与以小鼠富集着丝粒(SFA)DNA为探针在粗线期染色体上的原位杂交主缢痕区作了比较。发现SFA DNA探针不仅杂交于全部常染色体联会复合体上的着丝粒区,并且杂交于着丝粒周围的异染色质区;而且,也杂交于X,Y染色体的着丝粒区。由此结论:此富集SFA DNA中含有全套常染色体及X,Y染色体的SFA DNA。     

小鼠富集着丝粒DNA在小鼠减数分裂粗线期染色体上的原位杂交

本工作用Ｈｏｅｃｈｓｔ ３３２５８及着丝粒特异抗体间接免疫荧光法显示的小鼠粗线期染色体主缢痕区,与以小鼠富集着丝粒ＤＮＡ为探针在粗线期染色体上的原位杂交主缢痕区作了比较。发现ＳＦＡ ＤＮＡ探针不仅杂交于全部常染色体联会复合体上的着线粒区,并且杂交于着丝粒周围的异染色质区;而且,也杂交于Ｘ,Ｙ染色体的着丝粒区。由此结论：此富集ＳＦＡ ＤＮＡ中含有全套常染色体及Ｘ,Ｙ染色体的ＳＦＡ ＤＮＡ。     

小鼠细胞核富集着丝粒部分特性的研究

我们从分离核获得的颗粒状小鼠着丝粒富集部分的特性是用间接免疫荧光法,微管组织中心(MTOC)活性的测试,SDS-PAGE 及荧光标记原位杂交法进行研讨的。这部分中的多数颗粒是DNA 和动点蛋白质的复合物,并且显示具有MTOC 活性。从这部分提出的DNA 杂交于小鼠腹水癌细胞所有的染色体的初级缢痕处。从这部分的蛋白质中检出的动点蛋白质,其主要蛋白质的分子量是55及59 KD。以上事实说明,就如我们过去已报告过的,这一部分是核富含着丝粒的部分。     

恶性血液病中着丝粒和着丝粒周染色体重排的研究进展

用染色体特异的卫星DNA探针染色体荧光原位杂交（FISH）分析恶性血液病,发现着丝粒和着丝粒周染色体的重排并非罕见。分子生物学技术和基因组计划的发展,促进了对异染色质分子本质的研究。本就着丝粒和着丝粒周异染色质的分子结构及其重排机制作一综述。     

玉米近缘种中玉米着丝粒序列的FISH检测

为分析玉米着丝粒卫星DNA(CentC)和着丝粒反转录转座子(CRM)在玉米种的亚种及近缘种中的保守性,采用双色荧光原位杂交检测了这两种重复序列在墨西哥玉米、二倍体多年生类玉米、多年生类玉米、摩擦禾、薏苡、高粱中的存在和分布。CentC、CRM探针在墨西哥玉米、二倍体多年生类玉米和多年生类玉米的所有染色体的着丝粒区产生了强或较强的杂交信号, 而且不同染色体的杂交信号的强度存在差异, 表明两种玉米着丝粒重复序列在不同着丝粒中的数量不同; 此外, 部分着丝粒中的CentC和CRM信号的强度存在差异, 不完全重叠。CentC、CRM探针仅在摩擦禾的多数染色体的着丝粒区产生了弱的杂交信号。在薏苡和高粱中仅测检到主要分布在着丝粒区的较强或强的CRM信号。这些结果表明, CentC在玉米种的亚种间及玉蜀黍属的物种间高度保守, 在与玉蜀黍属亲缘关系最近的摩擦禾属物种中也具有较高的保守性; CRM在与玉蜀黍属亲缘关系较近和较远的禾本科种属中都具有保守性。     

虫草蝙蝠蛾的有丝分裂染色体特性

本文首次报道虫草蝙蝠蛾（鳞翅目，蝙蝠蛾科，蝙蛾属）的有丝分裂染色体核型。应用醋酸分离和热干燥技术，研究了云南的两种虫草蝙蝠蛾Hepialus zhayuensis Chu er Wang Hepialus sp.的有丝分裂染色体，　他们的染色体数目为2n=64。在有丝分裂的早中期染色体上清晰地呈现出散漫着丝粒。然而，分裂中期和较晚的中期阶段，每条染色体裁都具有显著的初级着丝粒（即主缢痕）。他们的雄性中期核型都有一对典型的异型性染色体，X染色体着色稍淡，且都具中或亚中着丝粒；Y染色体比X染色体长，染色很深。 在胸性的分裂间期细胞中，观察到异固缩性染色质体，此异固缩体是Y染色体。     

虫草蝙蝠蛾的有丝分裂染色体特性

本文首次报道虫草蝠蛾(鳞翅目,蝙蝠蛾科,蝠蛾属)的有丝分裂染色体核型。应用醋酸分离和热干燥技术,研究了云南的两种虫草蝠蛾Hepialus zhayuensis Chu et Wang和Hepialus sp.的有丝分裂染色体,它们的染色体数目为2n=64。在有丝分裂的早中期染色体上清晰地呈现出散漫着丝粒。然而,分裂中期和较晚的中期阶段,每条染色体都具显著的初级着丝粒(即主缢痕)。它们的雄性中期核型中都有一对典型的异形性染色体,X染色体着色稍淡,且都具中或亚中着丝粒;Y染色体比X染色体长,染色很深。 在雄性的分裂间期细胞中,观察到异固缩性染色质体,此异固缩体是Y染色体。     

稻属不同染色体组着丝粒BAC克隆的分离和鉴定

着丝粒在真核生物有丝分裂和减数分裂染色体正常的分离和传递中起着重要的作用。通过构建5个稻属二倍体野生种的基因组BAC文库, 采用菌落杂交和FISH技术, 筛选和鉴定了各染色体组着丝粒克隆, 并且分析了这些克隆在不同基因组间的共杂交情况, 结果表明: (1) C染色体组的野生种O. officinalis 和F染色体组的野生种O. brachyantha具有各自着丝粒特异的卫星DNA序列, 并且O. brachyantha着丝粒还具有特异的逆转座子序列; (2) A、B和E染色体组的野生稻O. glaberrima、O. punctata和O. australiensis着丝粒区域都含有与栽培稻着丝粒重复序列CentO和CRR同源的序列; (3) C染色体组野生稻O. officinalis的2条体细胞染色体着丝粒具有CentO的同源序列, 同时也发现其所有着丝粒区域都包含栽培稻CRR的同源序列。这些结果对克隆稻属不同染色体组的着丝粒序列、研究不同染色体组间着丝粒的进化关系和稻属不同着丝粒DNA序列与功能之间的关系均具有重要意义。     

利用栽培稻C0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA比较分析宽叶野生稻基因组

利用AA染色体组栽培稻的中高度重复序列C0t-1 DNA和基因组DNA作为探针,通过荧光原位杂交技术对宽叶野生稻（Oryza latifolia）（CCDD染色体组）进行了比较基因组分析。结果显示,在宽叶野生稻染色体上,C0t-1 DNA的杂交信号没有基因组DNA的杂交信号明显;杂交信号主要分布在着丝粒、近着丝粒及端粒区域;随着洗脱严谨度的不同,杂交信号呈现出较高的种特异性。本研究以不同洗脱严谨度下的荧光原位杂交结果为依据,对宽叶野生稻进行的核型分析,可进一步提高稻属染色体识别的准确性。     

Cloning of DNA sequences localized on proximal fluorescent chromosome bands by microdissection in Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.

Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora, has 2n=24 chromosomes, of which most carry chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) bands at their centromere-proximal regions. It was proposed that these regions contain highly repetitive DNA. The DNA localized in the proximal fluorescent bands was isolated and characterized. In P. densiflora, centromeric and neighboring segments of the somatic chromosomes were dissected with a manual micromanipulator. The centromeric DNA was amplified from the DNA contained in dissected centromeric segments by degenerate oligonucleotide primed-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) and a cloned DNA library was constructed. Thirty-one clones carrying highly repetitive DNA were selected by colony hybridization using Cot-1 DNA from this species as a probe, and their chromosomal localization was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Clone PDCD501 was localized to the proximal CMA band of 20 chromosomes. This clone contained tandem repeats, comprising a 27 bp repeat unit, which was sufficient to provide the proximal FISH signal, with a 52.3% GC content. The repetitive sequence was named PCSR (proximal CMA band-specific repeat). Clone PDCD159 was 1700 bp in length, with a 61.7% AT content, and produced FISH signals at the proximal DAPI band of the remaining four chromosomes. Four clones hybridized strongly to the secondary constriction and gave weak signals at the centromeric region of several chromosomes. Clone PDCD537, one of the four clones, was homologous to the 26S rRNA gene. A PCR experiment using microdissected centromeric regions suggested that the centromeric region contains 18S and 26S rDNA. Another 24 clones hybridized to whole chromosome arms, with varying intensities and might represent dispersed repetitive DNA.     

Localization of BAC clones on mitotic chromosomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa acuminata</Emphasis> using fluorescence <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> hybridization

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of banana (Musa acuminata) was used to select BAC clones that carry low amounts of repetitive DNA sequences and could be suitable as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on mitotic metaphase chromosomes. Out of eighty randomly selected BAC clones, only one clone gave a single-locus signal on chromosomes of M. acuminata cv. Calcutta 4. The clone localized on a chromosome pair that carries a cluster of 5S rRNA genes. The remaining BAC clones gave dispersed FISH signals throughout the genome and/or failed to produce any signal. In order to avoid the excessive hybridization of repetitive DNA sequences, we subcloned nineteen BAC clones and selected their ‘low-copy’ subclones. Out of them, one subclone gave specific signal in secondary constriction on one chromosome pair; three subclones were localized into centromeric and peri-centromeric regions of all chromosomes. Other subclones were either localized throughout the banana genome or their use did not result in visible FISH signals. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that subclones, which localized on different regions of all chromosomes, contained short fragments of various repetitive DNA sequences. The chromosome-specific BAC clone identified in this work increases the number of useful cytogenetic markers for Musa.     

A 5× genome coverage bovine BAC library: production, characterization, and distribution

A bovine large-insert DNA library has been constructed in a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) vector. The source DNA was derived from lymphocytes of a Jersey male. High-molecular-weight DNA fragments were produced by treatment with EcoRI/EcoRI methylase and cloned into the EcoRI site of pBACe3.6. In total, 157,240 individual BACs have been picked into 384-well plates. Approximately 190 randomly chosen clones have been characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and have an average insert size of 105 kb, suggesting library coverage representing 5–6 genome equivalents. The frequency of clones without inserts is 4%. The chromosomal location of 51 BACs was studied by FISH; 3 showed more than one signal, indicating a chimerism frequency of roughly 6%. Approximately 50% of the clones in the library contain Simple Repeat Sequences (microsatellites), and 4% of the clones contain centromeric repeats. Insert stability was assessed by restriction digestion of DNA prepared from 20 clones after serial culture for one and three nights. Only one clone showed any evidence of an altered restriction pattern. Clones from 360 × 384-well plates (138,240 colonies) were gridded onto high-density membranes, and PCR superpools were produced from the same set of clones. Both membranes and superpools are available from the RZPD, Berlin (http://www.rzpd.de). PCR 4-D superpools have been prepared from an additional 23,000 clones. The library has been screened for a total of 24 single-copy sequences; positive clones have been obtained in all cases. Received: 14 October 1998 / Accepted: 9 March 1999     

Characterization of a swine chromosome-specific centromeric higher-order repeat

The centromeric region of swine chromosomes is comprised of tandemly repeated, divergent DNA monomer units. Here we report that these divergent DNA monomer sequences are organized into higher-order repeats, analogous to the hierarchical organization of α-satellite monomers in human centromeres. In this study, a centromeric cosmid clone was shown to be comprised entirely of a 3.3-kb higher-order repeat, with independent copies of this higher-order repeat more than 99% identical to each other. This higher-order repeat is composed of ten divergent monomer units of approximately 340 bp. The ten monomers are on average 79% identical, and all ten monomers are arranged in the same 5′ to 3′ orientation. In FISH analysis, a cloned 3.3-kb higher-order repeat hybridized to the centromere of Chromosome (Chr) 9 in metaphase spreads and detected two discrete foci in interphase nuclei, demonstrating that this swine higher-order repeat is chromosome-specific. The Chr 9 centromeric array spanned approximately 2.2 Mb as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the swine Chr 9 centromere is highly polymorphic, because an EcoRI restriction site polymorphism was detected. Thus, the assembly of divergent satellite sequences into chromosome-specific higher-order repeats appears to be a common organizational feature of both the human and swine centromere and suggests that the evolutionary mechanism(s) that create and maintain higher-order repeats is conserved between their genomes. Received: 6 August 1998 / Accepted: 20 January 1999     

Isolation and identification of a novel satellite DNA family highly conserved in several Cervidae species

In an attempt to amplify cervid satellite II DNA from the genomes of Indian muntjac and Chinese muntjac, a pair of primers derived from the white tailed deer satellite II DNA clone (OvDII) yielded a prominent approximately 1 kb polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product (in addition to the expected 0.7 kb satellite II DNA fragments) in both species. The approximately 1 kb products were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed by Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This revealed that the approximately 1 kb cloned sequences indeed represent a previously unknown cervid satellite DNA family, which is now designated as cervid satellite IV DNA. Approximately 1 kb PCR clones were also obtained from the genomes of the black tailed deer and Canadian woodland caribou with similar primer pairs. Extremely high sequence conservation (over 90% homology) was observed among the clones generated from all four deer species and PCR-Southern hybridization experiments further verified the co-amplification of two kinds of satellite DNA sequences with the same pair of primers. This satellite DNA was found to co-localize with centromeric proteins at the kinetochore by a simultaneous FISH and immunofluorescence study. Due to its high sequence conservation and close association with kinetochores, the newly identified satellite DNA may have a functional centromeric role.     

Construction and characterization of a gridded cattle BAC library

A bovine genomic large-insert bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library has been constructed from leukocytes of a Holstein-Friesian male. Size fractionated DpnII-digested genomic DNA was ligated to the dephosphorylated BamH1 ends of a pBACe3.6 vector. Approximately 8.3 x 10(4) individual BAC clones were picked into 384-well plates. Two-hundred and sixty-seven randomly chosen clones were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The average insert size was 104 kb with a frequency of clones without inserts of 5.5%. Thirty-four BAC clones were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to cattle chromosomes. Three showed signals at more than one location, one of them on the centromeric regions of all autosomes, indicating that the clone contains centromeric repeats. A subset of these BAC clones was used for the development of sequence tagged sites. Both subcloning and direct sequencing of the BACs were used for generating sequence tagged site information. The clones from the library were gridded onto high-density membranes, and PCR superpools were produced from the same set of clones. Membranes and superpools are available through the Resource Centre of the German Human Genome Project in Berlin (http:// www.rzpd.de).     

Species specific variant of human centromeric DNA repeats: localization on chromosome 18 and recent amplification in human ancestral line

Plasmid library of rapidly renaturating fraction of human DNA was constructed. The library was used for isolation of primate-specific DNA repeats. A clone (1hsp-4) which was intensively hybridizable with human DNA exclusively and produced no signals when hybridized with animal DNAs including the ones from orangoutan and chimpanzee was isolated. The cloned sequences 1hsp-4 have been found to be highly specific to centromeric heterochromatin of the 18 chromosome. Primary structure of a short 1hsp-4 fragment has been determined. The obtained data suggest the emergence of a DNA family homologous to the 1hsp-4 probe to be due to the thousandfold leapwise amplification occuring less than 5-8 millions years ago.     

Mapping of AKT3, encoding a member of the Akt/protein kinase B family, to human and rodent chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Previously, a rodent cDNA encoding the third member of the Akt/PKB family of serine/threonine kinases was cloned. We have now cloned the human homolog of this cDNA, and we have used this clone to map the AKT3 gene to human chromosome 1q44 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We have also mapped the rodent homologs of AKT3 to rat chromosome 13q24-->q26 and mouse chromosome 1H4-6 by FISH.     

A BAC library of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta vulgaris</Emphasis> L. for the targeted isolation of centromeric DNA and molecular cytogenetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta</Emphasis> species

We constructed a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of the monosomic addition line PAT2. This chromosomal mutant carries a single additional chromosome fragment (minichromosome) derived from the wild beet Beta patellaris. Restriction analysis of the mutant line by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine HindIII as a suitable enzyme for partial digestion of genomic DNA to generate large-insert fragments which were cloned into the vector pCC1. The library consists of 36,096 clones with an average insert size of 120 kb, and 2.2% of the clones contain mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA. Based on a haploid genome size of 758 Mbp, the library represents 5.7 genome equivalents providing the probability of 99.67% that any sequence of the PAT2 genome can be found in the library. Hybridization to high-density filters was used to isolate 89 BACs containing arrays of the centromere-associated satellite repeats pTS5 and pTS4.1. Using the identified BAC clones in fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments with PAT2 and Beta patellaris chromosome spreads their wild beet origin and centromeric localization was demonstrated. Multi-colour FISH with differently labelled satellite repeats pTS5 and pTS4.1 was used to investigate the large-scale organization of the centromere of the PAT2 minichromosome in detail. FISH studies showed that the centromeric satellite pTS5 is flanked on both sides by pTS4.1 arrays and the arms of the minichromosome are terminated by the Arabidopsis-type telomeric sequences. FISH with a BAC, selected from high-density filters after hybridization with an RFLP marker of the genetic linkage group I, demonstrated that it is feasible to correlate genetic linkage groups with chromosomes. Therefore, the PAT2 BAC library provides a useful tool for the characterization of Beta centromeres and a valuable resource for sugar beet genome analysis.