藏北高寒草地植被的碳密度与碳贮量

采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法估算藏北高寒草地植被碳密度和碳贮量。结果表明:1)藏北高寒草地总面积约39.059×106 hm²,植被地上平均碳密度12.158±4.7g·m^-2,植被地下平均碳密度84.458±20.38g·m^-2,植被地上部碳贮量5.171±0.95Tg,植被地下部碳贮量25.223±2.96Tg,植被总碳贮量为30.394±3.91Tg;2)不同草地组间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著。其中不同草地组间植被碳密度以丛生禾草组碳密度值最低,地上和地下碳密度分别为6.13±1.51g·m^-2和26.04±5.8g·m^-2,具灌木的半灌木组碳密度最高,地上和地下碳密度分别为31±3.4 g·m^-2和244.59±6.9g·m^-2;而不同草地组间,草地植被碳贮量以小莎草组最大,植被地上和地下碳贮量分别为2.24±0.32Tg和9.52±0.89Tg,半灌木组碳贮量最小,其地上和地下碳贮量分别为0.012 4±0.002Tg和0.098 1±0.002Tg。3)藏北高寒草地分布各县(区)碳密度和碳贮量的分布也存在显著差异。从碳密度来看,革吉县、札达县、噶尔县和措勤县碳密度较高,植被平均碳密度分别相当于藏北平均植被碳密度的1.76,1.47,1.11和1.06倍,从碳贮量来看,碳贮量集中分布于双湖特别区、札达、尼玛、日土、革吉和改则6县(区),六县(区)草地植被碳贮量为25.2±2.31Tg,占藏北总植被碳量的82.89%。     

鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征

基于61个土壤剖面的数据,分析了鼎湖山自然保护区4种自然植被类型(沟谷雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林和山地灌木草丛)和4种次生植被类型(马尾松针叶林、针阔混交林、次生季风常绿阔叶林和常绿灌丛)的土壤有机碳贮量及其分配特征.结果如下(1)各植被类型土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而减少,但植被类型不同其减少程度不同.除 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型的土壤有机碳含量明显高于次生植被类型.(2)土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳含量一样随深度增加而减少.两大植被类型间比较,除山地灌木草丛 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度都高于所有的次生植被类型对应的碳密度.对于整个土层而言,各植被类型土壤碳密度在30.9～127.9 t/hm2间,总平均为73.9 t/hm2.(3)各植被类型的土壤厚度平均为36.7～73.3cm,总平均为56.4cm.除了山地常绿阔叶林外,土壤厚度基本上沿海拔高度增加而减少.(4)保护区各植被类型总面积为1028.4 hm2,土壤总碳贮量为72287.0 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40cm和 >40cm四个土层分别占32.0%、20.6%、25.8%和21.6%.自然植被土壤碳贮量在表层(0～20cm)的比重比次生植被的高.所有的植被类型中,混交林碳贮量贡献最大,季风常绿阔叶林次之.自然植被类型土壤在碳贮存方面发挥积极的作用.(5)通过比较,鼎湖山保护区土壤碳密度整体较低,表层土壤碳贮量贡献较大.分析表明人为干扰是制约土壤碳贮存量大小的重要因素.     

中国主要灌丛植被碳储量

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用植被平均碳密度方法,估算了我国6种主要灌丛植被的碳储量,并分析了其区域分布特征。主要结果如下:1) 6种灌丛植被总面积为15 462.64 ×10⁴ hm²,总碳储量为1.68±0.12 Pg C (1 Pg=10¹⁵g),灌丛植被平均碳密度为10.88±0.77 Mg C·hm^-2(1 Mg=10⁶ g),不同植被类型差异较大,在5.92~17 Mg C·hm^-2之间波动。2)从区域分布来看,西南3省(云南、贵州、四川)既是我国灌丛主要的分布地区之一,分布面积占6种灌丛总面积的23.5%,又是我国灌丛碳储量的主要储库,碳储量占整个6种灌丛碳储量的1/3(32.6%),适宜的水热条件决定了该地区的植被平均碳密度要高于全国平均水平。3) 与我国森林和草地的植被碳储量相比,这些灌丛碳储量相当于我国森林和草地碳储量的27%~40%和36%~55%。     

黄土高原草地植被碳密度的空间分布特征

草地是世界上分布最广的植被类型之一,作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,参与了全球碳源/汇及碳循环过程,在全球气候变化中扮演着重要角色,并对其产生重大影响。以黄土高原草地植被为研究对象,结合国家退耕还林草与封山禁牧工程的实施,对封禁前后的天然草地和退化草地,采用样带多点调查与多年定位测定相结合的方法,分析了黄土高原不同类型草地植物活体、凋落物和根系碳密度分布格局与地带性规律,系统研究了黄土高原不同草地类型退化草地和封禁草地生物量与碳密度沿海拔及降水梯度的时空变异特征,阐述了影响草地碳密度分布的主要驱动因子及其作用机理。结果表明:4种草地类型3种处理的草地生物量和碳密度自西北向东南均与降雨量呈指数增长趋势,并随海拔降低而显著降低,且二者呈显著的线性回归关系;各草地类型地上/地下生物量与碳密度分布规律均为荒漠草原<丘陵典型草原<梁塬典型草原<草甸草原;封禁11a草地活体植物、凋落物和根系碳密度总量:荒漠草原为7.066 t/hm2,丘陵典型草原为8.080 t/hm2,梁塬典型草原为15.319 t/hm2,草甸草原为20.982 t/hm2,分别是退化草地的14.8、8.33、6.5倍和15.88倍。充分表明,封禁不仅能使草地植被恢复和生物量提高,而且也是草地生产力和碳密度增加的一条重要途径。由此可见,气候干旱和草地退化是影响草地生物量和碳密度的关键因素,系统研究黄土高原封禁草地生物量增长与碳密度变化过程,将会对未来全球气候变化分析作出重要贡献。     

血水草生物量及碳贮量分布格局

采用样方收获法,利用实测数据,研究了湖南桃江血水草的生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分配特征.结果表明,血水草生物量为1744.70 kg/hm2,其中以地下根系生物量最高,为1278.63 kg/hm2,占血水草生物量的73.9％,且地下根系部分生物量与地上叶、茎部分生物量比值为2.74.血水草各器官平均碳含量为450.54 g/kg,从高到低排序为叶＞茎＞根.土壤层有机碳含量为6.63-38.50 g/kg,各层次碳含量分布不均,表层(015cm)土壤碳含量较高,并随土壤深度的增加而逐渐下降.生态系统碳贮量为101.19 t/hm2,碳库的分布格局为土壤层＞植被层＞枯落物层.植被层的碳贮量为0.79 t/hm2,占整个生态系统总碳贮量的0.78％;在植被层中,地下根系碳贮量为0.57 t/hm2,占植被层总碳贮量的72.2％,是植被层的主要碳库.枯落物层碳贮量较少,为0.22t/hm2,仅占整个生态系统的0.22％,它是维系植物体地上碳库与土壤碳库形成循环的主要通道.血水草生态系统中的碳贮量绝大部分集中在土壤中,土壤层碳贮量可观,为100.18 t/hm2,占系统总碳贮量的99.0％,是血水草生态系统中的主要碳库.研究结果,可为深入研究亚热带地区草本植物的生态功能提供参考.     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳增汇潜力

为了揭示青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统植被变化对碳储量的影响,以原生矮嵩草草甸、退化草甸、人工草地以及农田为研究对象,对比分析了该4种不同土地格局下生态系统的有机碳现状.以原生矮嵩草草甸土壤碳储量为基准对不同类型高寒生态系统的碳增汇潜力进行了估算.结果表明:不同类型生态系统的碳储量和碳增汇潜力有很大差异,在0-40cm土层中,(1)原生草甸碳储量最高,达到17098 g C/m2,退化草甸、人工草地和农田的有机碳汇增加潜力分别为:5637、3823、1567 g C/m2.(2)对于退化草甸和人工草地,土壤有机碳含量和密度明显低于原生草甸和农田.(3)地下生物量碳储量主要集中在0-20cm,且原生草甸地下生物量的碳储量比其他3个植被类型高3.6-5倍.总体上,青藏高原草地生态系统存在巨大的碳增汇潜力.     

中国西北部草地植被降水利用效率的时空格局

植被降水利用效率(PUE)是评价干旱、半干旱地区植被生产力对降水量时空动态响应特征的重要指标。利用光能利用率CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算了2001—2010年中国西北七省草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),结合降水量的空间插值数据,分析了近十年草地植被PUE的空间分布、主要植被类型的PUE,及其时空格局的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2001—2010年西北七省草地植被的平均PUE为0.68 g C m~(-2)mm~(-1)。在温带草地各类型中,PUE的大小顺序为草甸草原灌丛典型草原荒漠草原荒漠,各类型草地PUE之间差异显著;对于高寒草地而言,高寒草原的PUE显著高于高寒草甸;(2)温带草地PUE的空间分布与年降水量的关系呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.65,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在年降水量P=472.9 mm的地区;荒漠地区植被PUE的空间分布与年降水量的关系同样呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.63,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在年降水量P=263.2mm的地区;对于高寒草地而言,年降水量100 mm以下地区植被PUE变异较大,年降水量大于100 mm的地区植被PUE的空间分布随降水量的变化呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.47,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在P=559.2 mm的地区;(3)不同降水量区域,植被PUE的年际波动与气候因子的关系也有较大差别。在年降水量为200—1000 mm的地区,草地PUE的年际波动与年降水量的变化呈正相关;在年降水量高于1050 mm的地区,草地PUE的年际波动与年均温的相关性较强,相关系数最高可达到0.4。     

青海省高寒草地土壤无机碳储量空间分异特征

以青海省主要高寒草地类型即温性草原、高寒草原、草甸草原以及高寒草甸为研究对象,进行其土壤无机碳(SIC)储量分异特征研究。结果表明,在取样剖面内四类草地SIC储量依次为温性草原高寒草原草甸草原高寒草甸,其值分别为16.51、16.48、3.37 kg C/m2和0.12 kg C/m2,温性草原与高寒草原土壤是高寒草地无机碳的主要储蓄库。温性草原与高寒草原50—100cm SIC储量分别占0—100cm总储量的60.2%和51.8%,而草甸草原与高寒草甸30—50cm SIC储量分别占0—50cm总储量的50.1%和55.8%,说明土体下部是高寒草地无机碳储蓄的主要场所。四类草地SIC含量随土层深度的变化过程各异,其碳酸钙富集层与野外剖面调查所得碳酸钙盐酸泡沫检验结果相吻合。SIC储量与土壤容重和土壤p H均呈显著正相关关系,与地下生物量呈显著负相关关系。     

青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸碳增汇潜力估测方法

以广布于青藏高原的高寒矮嵩草草甸为研究对象,研究了草甸碳储存的场所、碳库容量随草甸演替的变化过程及其碳增汇潜力的空间分布格局,同时探讨了高寒草甸碳增汇潜力估测的困惑与解决方法。结果表明,高寒草甸生态系统碳增汇潜力空间分布格局差异极大,主要受到土层厚度和草地演化进程的影响。高寒草甸碳主要贮存于草毡表层,其增汇潜力在于退化草地草毡表层的恢复与重建。保持适宜厚度的草毡表层是协调高寒草甸生产与碳生态服务功能的关键。随着退化高寒草甸的恢复,土壤容重呈现下降趋势,计算其系统碳增汇潜力,需要用根土体积比进行土层深度的校正。高寒草甸具有较大的固碳潜力,但其潜力的发挥受到气候和草地恢复与管理措施的影响,比较漫长。     

秦岭宁陕县森林植被碳储量与碳密度特征

以秦岭南坡中段宁陕县林区2003年二类森林调查资料为基础,采用政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)推荐使用的森林碳储量估算方法,从森林类型、林种、年龄和林分起源的角度,对该林区森林植被碳储量和碳密度进行估算。结果显示:(1)宁陕县森林植被碳储量为12.31Tg(1Tg=1×1012 g),平均碳密度为66.36Mg/hm2(1Mg=1×106 g),其各乡镇森林植被碳储量和碳密度在空间上的分布不平衡。(2)各森林类型中针叶林总碳储量为0.71Tg,平均碳密度为64.11 Mg/hm2,阔叶林总碳储量为11.61Tg,占宁陕县总碳储量的94.3%,碳密度为67.65Mg/hm2。(3)各林种中防护林碳储量最大(8.13Tg),占宁陕县总碳储量的66%,特种用途林碳密度最大(81.43Mg/hm2)。(4)不同林分起源中,天然林碳储量为12.231Tg,占宁陕县总碳储量的99.3%,人工林碳储量较小。(5)不同年龄森林中未成熟森林(包括幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林)碳储量为12.13Tg,占总碳储量的98.5%,近熟林碳密度最大(80.14Mg/hm2),幼龄林碳密度最小(39.85Mg/hm2)。研究表明,宁陕县森林具有较大的固碳能力和固碳潜力,其森林面积和蓄积是决定森林碳储量大小的重要因子,而森林碳密度的大小与森林类型、年龄组成和林分起源方式密切相关。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.