单胺氧化酶的抑制作为杀虫脒对澳氰菊酯的增效作用

杀虫脒对拟除虫菊酯具有增效作用, 其与溴氰菊酯的共毒系数高达890.3, 增效显著.当用溴氰菊酯单独处理美洲蜚蠊时, 血淋巴内酪胺增加125%, 章鱼胺增加108%;当杀虫脒与溴氰菊酯(1:1)混用处理美洲蜚蠊时, 引起酪胺及章鱼胺增加的量更多, 其分别增加925%及500%, 杀虫脒对蜚蠊体内的单胺氧化酶(MAO)有显著的抑制作用.由此推断, 杀虫脒抑制单胺氧化酶后, 引起酪胺及章鱼胺的积累(不能进行氧化脱氨所致), 造成不正常的生理效应, 这应是杀虫脒对溴氰菊酯的增效机制.     

昆虫神经毒素的研究:酪胺为DDT麻痹的(虫非)蠊血淋巴毒素

1952年Sternburg及Kearns报道在DDT中毒麻痹的美洲(虫非)蠊血淋巴中存在着一种毒素,初步鉴定为芳香胺。1972年Tashiro等鉴定它为L-亮氨酸,它可脱羧成为异戊胺,具有更强的神经活性。 本工作使用了Sternburg及Tashiro所用的三套层析系统,用亮氨酸、异戊胺、酪氨酸、酪胺、苯乙胺作为标准样品来比较,发现这一毒素可能是酪胺。酪氨酸及亮氨酸均为正常成分,在对照组及处理组的三个系统中均存在。异戊胺在处理组的第一及第二系统中不存在,说明其不是毒素。只有酪氨及苯乙胺在对照组的第一、第二系统中存在,在第三系统中不存在。但在处理组中三套系统中均存在,说明它们乃是处理所产生的物质。高压液相色谱的检测证明了酪氨本身在正常昆虫中也以微量存在,但在DDT处理后,量有极大的增加。讨论了①毒素是酪胺的可能性,②毒素可能不是单一成分,③酪胺的作用机制,及④酪胺的生成与代谢。     

神经毒性杀虫药剂对家蝇头部环腺苷酸含量的影响

本文报道用七类20种神经毒性杀虫药剂处理家蝇(Musca dcmestica vicina),发现引起环腺苷酸(cAMP)增加的药剂有:DDT、菊酯类和甲脒类,而BHC、狄氏剂、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、沙蚕毒素均没有影响.并做了DDT、溴氰菊酯和杀虫脒中毒0—8小时内cAMP变化的时间曲线,以及DDT中毒0—8小时内腺苷酸环化酶(ACE)活性的时间曲线.结果表明:DDT中毒1小时引起cAMP达一峰值,2小时后回到原位;2—8小时内持续而缓慢的上升;乙酰胆碱酯酶活性曲线与此基本一致,但2—8小时内活性增加不大.溴氰菊酯中毒引起cAMP变化的时间曲线与DDT的基本一致,只是第二次cAMP上升更高二些.杀虫脒引起cAMP的时间变化曲线是0.5小时达一峰值,1小时基本回到原位,2—4小时有一个上升较快、较高的峰.我们认为,DDT引起cAMP值的第一次上升是激活了ACE造成的,第二次上升可能与钙调蛋白和磷酸二酯酶有关.杀虫脒引起cAMP值上升,是因为激活了章鱼胺激性的ACE.     

昆虫神经毒素的研究:DDT对美洲(虫非)蠊L-酪氨酸脱羧酶的诱导作用

本文选择美洲(虫非)蠊Periplaneta americana作为材料,采用放射性同位素标记及放射自显影技术,观察DDT中毒(虫非)蠊体内L-酪氨酸脱羧酶的变化,结果表明,DDT具有诱导酪氨酸脱羧酶活性的作用。用加入放线菌素-D及环己亚胺的方法,证明诱导控制在转录水平。还发现,这一诱导作用伴随着血淋巴中cAMP量的增加。根据DDT的诱导效应只在活体内发生,离体情况下不发生这种情况,以及连续的电刺激也可诱导毒素产生等现象,作者等提出DDT的物理诱导假说。     

溴氰菊酯中毒引起家蝇神经系统环腺苷酸(cAMP)含量的改变

环腺苷酸(cAMP)可在神经传递物刺激腺苷酸环化酶的作用下产生,而坏腺苷酸又可促成神经传递物的产生.用溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)处理家蝇后,发现酪胺大量增加,主要由于酪氨酸脱羧酶受到诱导、活性增高所致.处理后一小时,cAMP也有增加,并与酶活性的增加相平行,但酪氨酸脱羧酶活性增高的曲线与cAMP量增加的曲线,实际上并不平行,因酪氨酸脱羧酶的活性是先增加,然后下降,而cAMP的量则是在开始时有一个小的下降,接着一直上升,而此时酶的诱导已下降,cAMP含量在诱导开始时出现下降的原因尚不明,可能与环鸟苷酸(cGMP)有关.但随后的上升显然是由于酪胺或章鱼胺的增加所造成.目前已证实,酪胺可经β-羟化作用形成章鱼胺,后者再刺激章鱼胺受体,而使腺苷酸环化酶活化,产生大量的cAMP.酪胺本身也可能就是章鱼胺受体的激活剂.     

不同诱导源对柞蚕蛹血淋巴及生殖腺中抗菌物质产生的影响

比较了不同诱导源对诱导柞蚕蛹血淋巴中抗菌活力的动力学变化。各种化学试剂包括生理盐水都能诱导产生抗菌物质。在不引起死亡的刺激量下,刺激量愈大,诱导的抗菌活力愈高。不同金属络合剂所诱导产生的抗菌物质组份可有很大区别。如二氮杂菲使P_(9E)及P_(9A)的组份比例增高,而EDTA则可提高P_(9B)及P_(9D)组份的比例。P_(9E)和P_(9A),P_(9D)和P_(9B)的产生分别有对应关系,讨论了是否由两个不同基因所控制。 大肠杆菌诱导后的柞蚕蛹,除在血淋巴中测得抗菌活力,在雌雄的生殖腺内含物中也能测得。摘除生殖腺后虽然在血淋巴中仍能诱导出抗菌物质,但应答较慢,活力也较小,也可能由于手术创伤较大,同样的刺激量容易引起死亡。     

亚洲玉米螟末龄幼虫促前胸腺激素与蜕皮甾类激素滴度的变化

用放射免疫分析法(Radioimmunoassay,RIA)以12小时间隔测定了亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia tfurnacalis末龄非滞育幼虫血淋巴中蜕皮甾类激素滴度.通过前胸腺体外培养,以12小时间隔测定了前胸腺体外分泌活性的变化.发现二者的变化在相同发育阶段是一致的.在亚洲玉米螟上建立了促前胸腺激素(PTTH)体外测定法,并用此法以24小时间隔测定了末龄幼虫脑和血淋巴中PTTH滴度.发现血淋巴中PTTH滴度在末龄第5和7天各有一高峰,脑中只在第5天有一高峰.     

柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的分离鉴定

在柞蚕蛹血淋巴中可以测得血凝活力,但在大肠杆菌诱导后血淋巴中血凝滴度有很大的升高.本文报道了分离正常柞蚕蛹血淋巴中凝集素的提取步骤.所得的凝集素在SDS垂直板电泳中表现单一条带,免疫扩散呈现单一的沉淀带,分子量为40,000道尔顿.制剂能凝集兔、鸭、豚鼠、羊、马及人的A、B、O和AB型的红细胞.其凝集活力可被半乳糖,乳糖,及N-乙酰半乳糖胺所抑制. 诱导后的柞蚕蛹血淋巴的凝集素成分比较复杂,经亲和层析后的制剂在免疫琼脂双扩散盘中呈现二条沉淀带,在垂直电泳中至少有二条带.     

粘虫幼虫血淋巴中的凝集素

粘虫Mythlmna separata Walker幼虫血淋巴中含有凝集某些脊椎动物红细胞的凝集素,凝集活性可被乳糖、岩藻糖或神经氨酸抑制.用CNBr-sepharose 4B 进行亲和层析从血淋巴中分离的凝集素成分比较复杂,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示三条区带,SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳出现6个亚基,亚基分子量分别为71000、65000、56000、35000、33000及31000道尔顿.     

鞭角华扁叶蜂蜕皮甾类激素滴度的变化

用放射免疫分析法测定了鞭角华扁叶蜂Chinolyda flagellicornis末龄幼虫及滞育预蛹血淋巴中蜕皮甾类激素滴度。结果表明,末龄幼虫血淋巴中蜕皮甾类激素滴度在第2和4天各有一高峰;滞育预蛹血淋巴中保持一定滴度的蜕皮甾类激素,并随发育时期的不同有所波动;预蛹化蛹前一周血淋巴中蜕皮甾类激素滴度存在两个与变态相对应的峰值。表明鞭角华扁叶蜂的滞育与蜕皮甾类激素相关。     

INSECTICIDES FOR PREVENTING BARNACLE SETTLEMENT

During the summer of 1950 experiments were made to test the use of insecticides for preventing the fouling of oyster spat collectors by the barnacle Elminius modestus.
The insecticides used were DDT, BHC (benzene hexachloride-γ-isomer) and dieldrin (hexachloro-epoxy-octahydro-dimethano-naphthalene), made up as 5% solutions and tested on egg-box collectors and quarry tiles. The tiles were used for frequent observations on settlement.
When the solutions were sprayed on to the surfaces, in sufficient quantity to give a covering of 200 mg./ft.² of active insecticide, none of them interfered with either barnacle or oyster settlement.
When the test surfaces were dipped in the solutions, DDT and BHC prevented barnacle settlement almost completely, while dieldrin reduced it by approximately 50%. Settlement of Ostrea edulis was also reduced on the treated surfaces.
Urea-formaldehyde resins made up as varnishes, to which DDT or BHC had been added, were also tested. A varnish incorporating 20% by weight of DDT provided an effective anti-fouling compound which lasted at least 3 months and completely prevented barnacle settlement.
The possibility of insecticides dissolving into the water and inhibiting barnacle growth on adjacent surfaces is discussed.     

粉剂防治粘虫Pseudaletia separata (Walker)研究

粘虫Pseudaletia separata(Walker)是粮食作物的毁灭性害虫,也是全国农业发展纲要(修正草案)所规定要消灭的八大害虫之一。粘虫在大发生时为害面积很广,虫体发育迅速,食量很大,过去多采用人工器械捕打办法,但不能澈底解决问题,尤其在作物密植的情况下,捕打也发生了困难,常因捕打时将作物践踏而引起损失,因此要求在发生时应用化学防治方法,以达到迅速消灭为害之目的。     

粘虫散在小麦上安全使用标准的研究

有机氯农药粘虫散(有效成分0.5％666和2.5％DDT)是防治粘虫危害的一种较好的剂型。我国北方地区小麦地套种玉米,为了防治二代粘虫危害玉米幼苗,在小麦收获前期使用,收到了良好的效果。但是由于多年连续使用,害虫的抗药性增强,防治效果降低,用药量增加;同时有机氯农药666、DDT化学性质稳定,在环境中残留期长,长期使用,会造成对土壤和作物的污染。为此,我们在1976、1979两年先后进行了粘虫散在小麦上消失动态的盆栽试验,及不同施药量、施药次数、施药时期与麦粒中粘虫散残留量关系的田间试验。并对北京市郊区几个产小麦的县进行残留量的抽查,为制订有机氯农药粘虫散在小麦上安全使用标准提供科学依据。     

Sensitivity of the alga Scenedesmus acutus to some pesticides.

Indoor cultures of the green alga $\text{Scenedesmus}$$\text{acutus}$ were tested for sensitivity to varying concentrations of seven insecticides and three fungicides. The growth rates of the organisms were considerably reduced by BHC and DDT analogues even at low concentrations of 500 ppb and 1 ppm. Lindane above 5 ppm and Technical BHC and DDT at 100 ppm were lethal to this alga. Of the three fungicides, TMTD (Tetra Methyl Thiurum Disulfide) was most toxic resulting in death of the culture at 10 and 100 ppm. Blitox (Copper-oxy chloride) and Zineb (Zinc Ethylene-Bis dithiocarbamate) considerably retarded growth at all concentrations. This alga was more sensitive to Lindane, BHC (Technical), DDT and TMTD. The growth rate appeared to be influenced by the concentration of pesticide present in the algal culture. As $\text{Scenedesmus}$$\text{acutus}$ is being considered as a source of Single Cell Protein (SCP) for human consumption, knowledge on the sensitivity of this alga to pesticide contamination will be useful.     

The 2-deoxyglucose uptake method as a first screen for neurotoxic compounds

Our primary goal is to develop a screening procedure to detect and partially characterize neurotoxic compounds. There is a great need for a new approach to screening for neurotoxicants because our industrialized world abounds with untested and potentially neurotoxic compounds. A large number of new compounds are introduced each year. Although a number of testing approaches to the screening for neurotoxicants have been proposed in the recent years, a consensus on the most adequate approach is yet to emerge. The existing methods share a number of shortcomings. Thus, most methods only detect a fraction of the tested neurotoxicants. Other methods lack the necessary resolution to detect the neurotoxic damage reproducibly and reliably. Furthermore, many screening approaches are too time consuming and costly to be used for the large-scale screening of neurotoxicants. It is, therefore, imperative to develop reliable and efficient screening methods applicable in regulatory toxicology. In this report, we describe two versions of the same method that we feel may be very beneficial for the large-scale screening of neurotoxicants. The 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake method provides an indirect measure of neuronal activity in different areas of the brain. The ability of the method to detect most, if not all, neuroactive substances is reviewed in this report. In the context of this report, a neuroactive substance is defined as a substance acting directly on the central or peripheral nervous system neurons and (or) glia. The 2-DG method equals the sensitivity of the most sensitive alternative methods which were selectively designed to detect the effects of specific groups of compounds. The generality and sensitivity of the 2-DG method are of major importance. Thus, if a tested compound does not affect the uptake of 2-DG into the brain, it is not likely to be neuroactive. Since neurotoxic compounds are a subset of neuroactive compounds, a compound that is not neuroactive is also not neurotoxic. Thus, a single test may, in some instances, determine if a tested compound is nontoxic. In addition, it appears that each compound or, at least, each family of compounds produces a characteristic profile ("pattern") of the sites of altered 2-DG uptake. This pattern can be exploited to characterize the tested compound and help us decide whether it is neurotoxic or neuroactive. Preliminary results from our laboratory indicate classical neurotoxic agents such as acrylamide, triethyltin, and 2,5-hexanedione induce a generalized depression of the 2-DG uptake throughout the brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The effect of some organophosphorous and organochlorine compounds on calcium uptake by Sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from insect and crustacean skeletal muscle

Summary Relatively pure mitochondrial-free Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was isolated from crab and cockroach skeletal muscle, and the SR calcium uptake was studied in control and insecticide-treated conditions by incubation in Ca⁴⁵ media followed by millipore filtration and counting by liquid scintillation methods. All insecticides used (parathion, DDT, BHC and tri-cresyl phosphate) at 1 mM concentrations caused a slight fall in the intrinsic Ca²⁺ content of the SR, but this Ca²⁺ loss was insufficient to explain the contracture induction effect of these agents.All insecticides used (at 1 mM) caused a massive inhibition of SR Ca²⁺ uptake, and all were able to release Ca²⁺ previously bound to the SR during incubation in the presence of ATP. It is concluded that the contracture-induction effect of these insecticides is due to their inhibition of SR Ca²⁺ uptake, resulting in a massive rise in myoplasmic free Ca²⁺.     

Pesticides for locust control.

The factors influencing the choice of insecticides for locust control are effectiveness, safety in use, relative cost, and the formulations available. The relative importance of these factors varies with the scale of control. In small scale control by farmers safety and simplicity are paramount and a BHC dust is commonly used, but in large scale control operations by specialized organizations more toxic formulations ultra-low-volume (u.l.v.) concentrates and methods of application requiring considerable skills can be used. The remarkable effectiveness of dieldrin as a stomach poison appears to be due to its conversion to photodieldrin after application. Cases of poisoning following large scale control operations are rare, and fatalities in man unknown. Alternatives to organochlorine insecticides include fenitrothion, already recommended and used on a large scale against adults. Against nymphs the correct dosage of fenitrothion would cost nearly 11 times as much as that of dieldren. Recent experimental work with new insecticides has included safety tests with domestic animals and measurements of persistence. 1 microgram deposits of cyanofenphos, decamethrin and mecarphon, as well as of dieldrin and photodieldrin, on wheat seedlings left in the open under tropical conditions for two days, killed 80% or more first instar nymphs of the Desert Locust which fed on them.     

昆虫在物理及化学压力下产生的神经活性物质

昆虫在物理及化学压力下会产生许多神经活性物质,其中最主要的是由心侧体释放神经活性因子,及由腹神经索释放的神经有毒物质。前者的化学鉴定虽尚未完全肯定,但按照较近的研究,可能为章鱼胺、后者曾一度被一些工作者鉴定为L-亮氨酸,但另一些工作者则鉴定为酪胺。酪胺是由酪氨酸脱羧形成的,而酪氨酸脱羧酶的活性在DDT处理下增加。本文对各种神经活性物质的关系及它们的生理意义进行了讨论,指出了这些活性物质在正常情况下具有调节生理活动的功能,但超量存在时,反而引起不正常的生理改变,甚至引起中毒与死亡。