长春地区鸡源奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及毒力分析

【背景】奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)是一种机会致病菌,广泛存在于周围环境中,常导致动物和人类感染。【目的】探究吉林省长春地区某养鸡场病鸡死亡原因,为疾病防控提供参考。【方法】从病死青年鸡脏器分离到病原菌TSA-1,通过革兰氏染色、生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,并进行药敏试验、毒力基因检测、细胞毒性和黏附性试验、大蜡螟攻毒试验研究。【结果】分离株TSA-1在镜下呈短杆状、球状的革兰氏阴性菌,生化特性与奇异变形杆菌相一致,16S rRNA基因序列比对显示与奇异变形杆菌相似度为100%;药敏试验结果显示分离株TSA-1对氨苄西林、四环素、卡那霉素、头孢唑林等14种药物耐药,对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星等7种药物敏感;分离株还具有较强的生物被膜形成能力,携带ireA、ucaA、pmfA、atfA、ptA、zapA、hpmA和flhC这8种毒力基因,并对巨噬细胞RAW264.7表现出细胞毒性,而且对Caco-2细胞具有很强的黏附作用;同时对大蜡螟幼虫表现出比禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coliO78,APEC-O78)更强的致死作用。【结论】从病死鸡脏器分离得到的奇异变形杆菌TSA-1具有多重耐药性,并携带多种毒力基因,对细胞和大蜡螟幼虫表现出强毒性作用,说明该菌是引起病鸡死亡的主要致病菌之一,应引起重视。     

rmlB基因在单核细胞增生李斯特菌耐药性、生物被膜形成和毒力方面的作用

【目的】探究单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes,Lm)rmlB基因在细菌耐药、生物被膜形成和毒力方面的作用。【方法】通过同源重组的方法敲除Lm染色体上的rmlB基因,比较野生株与rmlB缺失株在耐药性方面的差异;利用微孔板法观测rmlB缺失菌株生物被膜形成能力的变化;利用RT-PCR检测缺失菌株中主要毒力基因转录表达,并观察rmlB缺失对细菌溶血活性的影响。【结果】同野生菌株相比,rmlB缺失菌株对头孢菌素和杆菌肽等作用位点在细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的敏感性显著增加(P≤0.01),生物被膜形成能力显著降低(P≤0.01),细菌主要毒力基因hly的转录表达及溶血活性也发生显著降低(P≤0.01)。【结论】rmlB基因在Lm生物被膜形成和耐受作用位点位于细胞壁和细胞膜的抗生素及细菌毒力方面具有重要作用。     

禽致病性大肠杆菌江苏、安徽分离株的生物学特性分析

[目的]研究禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)江苏、安徽分离株的优势血清型,并分析其生物学特性.[方法]对分离自病禽的细菌进行鉴定,采用玻片凝集法测定禽致病性大肠杆菌的血清型,PCR方法检测14种毒力基因的分布,采用美国临床和实验室标准化研究所的方法进行药物敏感性检测,改良结晶紫半定量法检测分离细菌的生物被膜形成能力. [结果]共分离到禽致病性大肠杆菌56株,血清型检测结果表明,O78血清型占64.29％,为主要血清型.毒力基因检测显示,fimC、pfs、ompA和luxS的阳性率超过90％.药物敏感性检测显示,58.93％的菌株对8种以上的药物耐受.生物被膜检测显示,有16株细菌生物被膜形成能力为中等以上,其中68.75％的菌株耐8种以上的药物.[结论]O78为主要流行的血清型.fimC、pfs、ompA和luxS基因为APEC保守基因.多重耐药性仍很普遍,细菌生物被膜与耐药性具有相关性.     

rmlA 基因缺失影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物被膜形成

【目的】构建禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)rmlA基因缺失株,研究该缺失株的生物学特性。【方法】利用Red重组系统构建rmlA缺失株;比较野生株与缺失株在生长特性、运动性和生物被膜形成能力等方面的差异;运用Real-time PCR技术,比较野生株与rmlA缺失株对APEC部分毒力基因转录的影响。【结果】rmlA缺失株,不影响APEC的生长和运动特性,但生物被膜形成能力显著增强,且使luxS、irp2基因转录水平分别上调2倍、1.8倍,iucD、fyuA则下调25倍。【结论】APEC的rmlA基因可以影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物被膜形成能力及部分毒力基因的转录水平;而对APEC的生长、运动特性没有影响。     

新疆阿克苏地区一株羊源沙门菌及其小菌落变异株的生物学特性

【背景】小菌落变异株(smallcolonyvariant,SCV)是一种具有独特的表型及致病特征且生长缓慢的细菌亚群,而国内鲜有关于食源性沙门菌SCV的研究报道。【目的】为食源性沙门菌的防治及动物性食品安全提供实验数据。【方法】使用氨基糖苷类抗生素对羊源胆汁中分离的沙门菌进行实验室诱导得到SCV,然后分别对野生株和诱导株的菌落形态、生长、生化特性、营养缺陷型检测、运动性、耐药性检测及耐药基因、毒力基因、生物被膜形成能力进行比较和分析。【结果】经卡那霉素诱导获得一株血红素依赖型沙门菌SCV,与野生株相比,诱导株生长缓慢,低于野生株84%,不利用柠檬酸盐,溶血能力增强40%,对磺胺类和氨基糖苷类药物的耐受性增强,生物被膜形成能力减弱45%,运动能力减弱78%。【结论】沙门菌SCV的生长和生理生化特性与野生株相比有显著差异,使得沙门菌SCV的分离鉴定尤为困难;并且SCV的致病性与耐药性等方面的变化可能给沙门菌病的防治带来更大挑战,其机制还有待深入研究。     

酰基高丝氨酸内脂合成酶LasI对禽致病性大肠杆菌生物学特性的影响

【背景】禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, APEC)是禽类主要病原菌之一,群体感应(Quorumsensing,QS)系统可通过信号分子调控其生物学特性。在APEC中信号分子AHL对其生物学特性的影响目前尚不清楚。【目的】研究信号分子AHL对APEC生物学特性的影响。【方法】将含铜绿假单胞菌酰基高丝氨酸内脂合成酶(Acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase,lasI)基因的表达质粒转化至APEC菌株DE17中,构建重组菌株DE17-lasI,利用LasI在DE17中合成AHL。比较野生株和重组菌株产生AHL信号分子、生长特性、生物被膜形成能力、运动性以及耐药性等生物学特性的差异;运用Real-timePCR技术,比较野生株和重组菌株中与生物被膜形成、运动性以及毒力因子相关基因的转录水平。【结果】对重组菌株AHL信号分子检测表明,DE17-lasI能够产生AHL信号分子,与野生株DE17相比,DE17-lasI生物被膜形成能力和运动性显著降低(P0.01),但其生长特性和耐药性无显著变化(P0.05);Real-time PCR检测结果表明,重组菌株的毒力因子fimH转录水平上调了58.8倍,而ompA、iss分别下调了95.4%、77.3%。与生物被膜形成相关基因agn43下调了75%,鞭毛合成基因flhA下调了80.8%。此外,AHL受体sdiA的转录水平上调了19.8倍。【结论】转化lasI至APEC中,能促进其在APEC中合成信号分子AHL,并显著影响APEC的部分生物学特性,为进一步探讨AHL型群体感应系统对APEC的调控作用提供参考。     

空泡形成毒素影响禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物学特性及致病性

摘要:【目的】构建禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)菌株APEC-O1空泡形成毒素(Vacuolating autotransporter toxin,Vat)基因缺失株,研究该基因对APEC-O1生物学特性及致病性的影响。【方法】采用Red同源重组的方法构建vat 缺失株,并利用低拷贝质粒pSTV28构建互补株,然后比较野生株、vat缺失株与互补株在生长特性、运动性、凝集沉淀能力、生物被膜、致病性等生物学特性的差异。【结果】vat基因缺失不影响APEC-O1的生长速度及抗环境压力能力,但缺失vat导致APEC-O1运动能力增强,而使生物被膜形成能力、凝集沉降能力、致病力、体内存活能力均显著性减弱。【结论】Vat缺失影响APEC-O1运动能力、凝集沉淀能力、生物被膜形成能力及致病力,为全面了解Vat 的致病作用提供参考。     

铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 ku基因缺失菌株的构建及其对生物被膜耐药性的影响

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是常见的条件致病菌,易形成生物被膜,具有基因突变率高、耐药性强的特点。非同源末端连接是DNA双链断裂的主要修复途径之一,修复过程会导致DNA突变产生。【目的】研究非同源末端连接对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率和耐药性的影响。【方法】通过基因无痕敲除的方法构建PAO1菌株的ku基因缺失突变株Δku并构建其回补株。对比研究突变株和野生菌株生物被膜形成能力、生物被膜状态下各菌的基因突变率以及对抗生素的耐受性。通过荧光定量PCR检测生物被膜中PAO1菌株ku基因的表达水平。【结果】各突变株生物被膜形成能力无显著差异;与野生菌株相比,突变株Δku在生物被膜中的基因突变率以及对环丙沙星和庆大霉素的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)下降。荧光定量PCR结果表明,ku基因在生物被膜形成早期转录水平有明显上调。【结论】非同源末端连接修复途径对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率以及耐药性的提高有一定的作用。本研究将为后续进一步阐释铜绿假单胞菌耐药产生机制提供一定的理论依据。     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌生物被膜形成相关基因rpoE的鉴定

【目的】通过鸡白痢沙门氏菌基因表达和缺失株生物特性的测定,鉴定其生物被膜形成的相关σ因子。【方法】利用结晶紫染色定量法测定沙门氏菌生物被膜形成能力;通过触酶试验测定rpo S活性,确定rpo S基因依赖性和非依赖性生物被膜形成株;利用建立的荧光定量PCR方法比较rpo S基因非依赖株在指数期和生物被膜形成期6个σ因子的基因表达差异;运用Red同源重组系统构建所鉴定σ因子基因缺失株,并测定野生株和基因缺失株对于环境应激的抵抗力差异。【结果】鸡白痢沙门氏菌S6702能够形成生物被膜,触酶试验阴性,确定S6702为rpo S基因非依赖性生物被膜形成株;荧光定量PCR检测显示,培养4-24 h后S6702中rpo E基因表达量最高;与野生株相比,Δrpo S缺失株保留了生物被膜形成能力,而Δrpo E缺失株不能形成生物被膜。rpo S和rpo E基因缺失株对于环境应激的抵抗力均显著降低。【结论】在rpo S基因非依赖性生物被膜形成株中,rpo E基因为参与生物被膜形成调控的σ因子之一,这一发现可用于进一步研究沙门氏菌生物被膜形成的调控机制。     

溶藻弧菌kdpD基因敲除突变株的构建及其表型特征

【目的】探究kdpD基因对溶藻弧菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用Overlap PCR和同源重组技术,结合正负向筛选,构建kdpD基因无标记基因框内敲除突变株,比较kdpD突变株和野生株HY9901在生长速率、胞外蛋白酶活性以及毒力等方面的差异。【结果】成功构建溶藻弧菌kdpD基因敲除突变株。体外实验表明,kdpD的缺失对溶藻弧菌的生长曲线和胞外蛋白酶活性的影响不明显,但是突变株的泳动能力和生物被膜形成能力出现下降。斑马鱼致病性试验结果显示,突变株毒力下降了8.84倍。【结论】kdpD基因参与调控溶藻弧菌的泳动能力、被膜形成和毒力,但不影响生长速率和胞外蛋白酶活性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.