右美托咪定对异丙酚麻醉所致新生大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制

高浓度的异丙酚可导致动物和人类发生脑损伤,而右美托咪定对多种脑损伤动物模型具有一定的神经保护作用。为了考察右美托咪定对异丙酚麻醉所致新生大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制,本研究对7日龄清洁级SD大鼠分别腹腔注射异丙酚(60 mg/kg)、右美托咪定(80μg/kg)和异丙酚(60 mg/kg)+右美托咪定(80μg/kg)。Morris水迷宫实验发现高剂量的异丙酚可显著增加大鼠的逃避潜伏期并减少穿越平台次数,然而右美托咪定预处理则可显著降低大鼠的逃避潜伏期并提高穿越平台次数(p<0.05)。异丙酚单独处理导致大鼠的海马神经元细胞凋亡程度显著增加,而右美托咪定预处理则可显著抑制神经元细胞的凋亡(p<0.05)。异丙酚单独处理可显著下调PSD95蛋白的表达,但右美托咪定预处理则可有效抑制PSD95蛋白的下调(p<0.05)。高剂量的异丙酚可明显下调大鼠海马组织P13K、Akt和GSK-3βmRNA的表达,而右美托咪定预处理则可抑制P13K、Akt和GSK-3βmRNA的下调。此外,右美托咪定预处理可显著提高p-Akt/Akt和p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β蛋白比值。本研究表明,右美托咪定可有效抑制异丙酚诱导的神经元细胞凋亡,改善大鼠的学习和记忆能力。右美托咪定的神经保护作用与其对PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路的激活有关。     

右美托咪啶对肺缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠促炎介质IL-1β、TNF-α水平的影响及其机制

目的:评价右美托咪啶对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤时促炎介质肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)的影响及机制。方法:雄性健康SPF级SD大鼠50只,体重250~310 g,8~12周龄,采用随机数字表法分为5组(n=10):假手术组(sham组)、缺血/再灌注损伤组(I/R组)、右美托咪啶组(Dex组)、阿替美唑组(Atip组)、右美托咪啶+阿替美唑组(Dex+Atip组)。采用大鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注2 h制备缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型,Dex组、Atip组、Dex+Atip组分别在肺门阻断前30 min腹腔注射右美托咪啶(20μg/kg)、阿替美唑(250μg/kg)、右美托咪啶(20μg/kg)和阿替美唑(250μg/kg),其余处理同I/R组。实验结束后留取左肺检测肺湿干重比(W/D)和肺水含量(TLW);光、电镜观察肺组织形态结构变化;ELISA检测血浆中IL-1β及TNF-α的水平。结果:与sham组相比,其余各组W/D、TLW、IL-1β和TNF-α的水平明显升高(P0.05,P0.01),光、电镜均显示肺组织结构出现明显损伤性变化;与I/R组、Atip组、Dex+Atip组相比,Dex组W/D、TLW、IL-1β及TNF-α的含量下降(P0.05,P0.01),光、电镜下肺组织损伤减轻;I/R组、Atip组、Dex+Atip组两两比较,以上各指标均无统计学差异。结论:右美托咪啶通过降低促炎介质IL-1β、TNF-α浓度减轻大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤,其机制可能与激动α_2-肾上腺素受体有关。     

右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究

目的:右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)属于α-2肾上腺素能受体激动剂具有抗焦虑、催眠、镇痛和交感神经阻滞作用。最新研究发现右美托咪定对心脏和肺的缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应,但是右美托咪定是否对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,迄今为止还没有相关研究。因此,本研究以小鼠为模型,观察右美托咪定预处理对小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法:建立肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠模型,并分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和右美托咪定与处理组。不同剂量(10,25,50和100μg/kg)右美托咪定预处理小鼠。提取小鼠肠组织,用不同的试剂盒分别测定超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD),丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA),谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH),一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)和髓过氧化物酶(Myeloperoxidase,MPO)的水平变化。结果:右美托咪定预处理可以显著提高肠缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的存活率并呈剂量依赖性。右美托咪定预处理(100μg/kg)抑制由肠缺血再灌注损伤引起的不良效应,包括SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,GSH水平降低,NO水平升高和MPO水平升高。结论:我们的研究表明右美托咪定可以提高小鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的生存率,并且抑制氧化应激反应,炎症细胞的活化和侵润以及NO的水平,对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护效应。本研究不仅进一步证实了右美托咪定的广泛的药理活性,而且为肠缺血再灌注损伤的治疗提供了潜在的治疗药物,其进一步的药理效应和作用机制值得进一步的研究。     

不同剂量右美托咪定治疗对大鼠术后神经功能及Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同剂量右美托咪定治疗对大鼠术后神经功能及Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路的影响。方法：60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（n=12）、脑缺血再灌注组（n=12）、低剂量右美托咪定组（n=12）、中剂量右美托咪定组（n=12）、高剂量右美托咪定组（n=12）,建立脑缺血模型,开展前瞻性研究。假手术组仅接受假手术而不造成脑缺血,术中持续静脉泵注生理盐水;脑缺血再灌注组维持脑缺血片刻,缺血即刻持续静脉泵注生理盐水;低、中、高剂量右美托咪定组脑缺血即刻静脉输注右美托咪定,首次剂量分别为6 μg/kg、60 μg/kg、600 μg/kg,剩余剂量分别以0.05 μg/kg/min、0.5 μg/kg/min、5 μg/kg/min持续静脉泵注。比较各组大鼠神经功能、炎症因子水平、氧化应激指标及Keap1/Nrf2/ARE表达。结果：与假手术组相比,低剂量右美托咪定组、中剂量右美托咪定组、高剂量右美托咪定组、脑缺血再灌注组Longa评分依次升高;与脑缺血再灌注组相比,低剂量右美托咪定组、中剂量右美托咪定组、高剂量右美托咪定组脑梗死体积、脑梗死体积所占百分比依次升高（P<0.05）。与假手术组相比,低剂量右美托咪定组、中剂量右美托咪定组、高剂量右美托咪定组、脑缺血再灌注组白介素6（IL-6）、白介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平依次升高（P<0.05）。与假手术组相比,低剂量右美托咪定组、中剂量右美托咪定组、高剂量右美托咪定组、脑缺血再灌注组神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、丙二醛（MDA）水平依次升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平依次降低（P<0.05）。与假手术组相比,低剂量右美托咪定组、中剂量右美托咪定组、高剂量右美托咪定组、脑缺血再灌注组Keap1/Nrf2/ARE表达依次降低（P<0.05）。结论：低剂量右美托咪定能够保护脑缺血再灌注大鼠术后神经功能,主要通过减轻炎症反应和氧化应激来起作用,其作用机制可能与激活Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路有关。     

右美托咪定对慢性应激抑郁妊娠大鼠子代发育及空间学习记忆能力的影响

妊娠期抑郁症可以通过影响孕妇的生理和心理变化,进而影响新生儿的正常生长发育,右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）可以有效缓解抑郁情绪,降低产后抑郁症的发生。为探讨Dex对慢性应激抑郁妊娠大鼠子代发育及空间学习记忆能力的影响,将60只妊娠大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低剂量右美托咪定组和高剂量右美托咪定组,统计各组大鼠孕育率、平均产仔率和平均仔鼠成活率,并记录子代大鼠出生后体质量变化及学习记忆能力;检测子鼠脑组织乙酰胆碱（acetylcholine,Ach）、5?HT含量、TChE活力及海马组织CREB、p?CREB及BDNF的表达。结果显示,Dex可以以剂量依赖的方式提高慢性应激抑郁妊娠大鼠子代的平均成活率,调节脑组织Ach、5?HT、CREB、p?CREB和BDNF的水平,改善子鼠的学习记忆能力。结果表明,Dex可能通过调控神经递质和促进CREB信号传导,改善慢性应激抑郁妊娠大鼠的子代鼠学习记忆能力。研究探究了Dex对妊娠期抑郁症大鼠子代生长发育和空间学习记忆能力的影响,以期指导临床治疗。     

右美托咪定通过抑制线粒体凋亡水平缓解大鼠脑缺血后记忆障碍的实验研究

摘要 目的：探右美托咪定缓解缺血性脑损伤记忆障碍大鼠记忆功能的作用机制。方法：选择雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为三组,分别为：假手术组（12只）、缺血性脑损伤模型组（12只）、右美托咪定组（12只）,除假手术组外其余动物均采用双侧颈动脉结扎术建立慢性脑缺血模型。假手术组和模型组给予生理盐水静注,右美托咪定组给予右美托咪定0.5 μg /kg,静注,均在15 min内滴完。比较大鼠给药前和给药后4 w的记忆情况以及线粒体凋亡因子Bcl-2、Cleaved Caspase-3、Caspase-9的表达水平。结果：（1）与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠逃逸潜伏期明显增高（P＜0.05）,右美托咪定组逃逸潜伏期与模型组相比有显著降低（P＜0.05）;与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠游泳路程明显延长（P＜0.05）,右美托咪定组游泳路程与模型组相比有显著降低（P＜0.05）;（2）与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠海马区部分凋亡因子Bcl-2,Cleaved Caspase-9,Cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表达均有明显提升（P＜0.05）;与模型组相比,右美托咪定组在给药4 w后上述蛋白的表达有明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论：右美托咪定对脑缺血记忆障碍大鼠的记忆功能有显著改善作用,其作用机制可能与抑制线粒体凋亡水平有关,具体信号通路还有待进一步探索。     

右美托咪定治疗老年精神病患者无抽搐电休克的临床效果分析

目的:探讨右美托咪定治疗老年精神病患者无抽搐电休克的临床效果。方法:选择2015年9月～2019年2月在徐州医科大学(本院)进行无抽搐电休克治疗的老年精神病患者60例,根据随机数字表法将其分为右美托咪定组与对照组,每组各30例。两组都给予丙泊酚静脉注射麻醉,电休克治疗前10 min右美托咪定组缓慢推注右美托咪定0.2μg/kg(20 mL),对照组推注20 mL的生理盐水,记录和比较两组的麻醉效果与患者生命体征的波动情况。结果:右美托咪定组的丙泊酚用量、意识恢复时间与定向力恢复时间都显著低于或短于对照组(P0.05)。两组麻醉前、无抽搐电休克治疗20 min的收缩压、舒张压、心率都处于正常范围内,组内与组间对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗前后血清IgA、IgM值变化比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。右美托咪定组治疗期间的烦躁、惊恐发作、苏醒延迟、头痛、恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率为6.7%,显著低于对照组(36.7%,P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定用于治疗老年精神病患者无抽搐电休克治疗不会对机体的生命体征与免疫功能产生负面影响,且能减少丙泊酚用量,提高麻醉效果,安全性更高。     

右美托咪定对大鼠不同时间脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用

为了研究右美托咪定对大鼠不同时间脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响,探讨对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的最佳时间,本研究将7～8周的SPF级雄性SD大鼠80只(体质量(120±10) g)随机分为8组(每组10只):假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤(Zea-Longa法MCAO模型)对照组(IR组)、缺血再灌注损伤+生理盐水组(IR+NS组),其余5组为不同时间缺血再灌注损伤+右美托咪定(不同时间IR+Dex组),这5组分别于缺血后10 min、30min、1 h、2h、3 h恢复脑部血流,同时输注浓度为1.0μg/kg的右美托咪定,输注时间均为1 h。于缺血再灌注后分别用平衡木法测定各组大鼠的的运动功能。ELISA检测各组大鼠脑组织中的NF-κB、TNF-α以及炎症因子IL-1β。RT-qPCR检测糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)和Toll样受体4 (TLR4) mRNA的水平。Sham组大鼠运动功能没有受影响,IR组与IR+NS组大鼠运动功能明显低于IR+Dex组,有极显著性差异(p0.01),但是IR+Dex各组的大鼠运动功能也各有差异:10 min IR+Dex组和30 min IR+Dex组与Sham组并没有统计学差异。1h、2h和3 h IR+Dex组大鼠的运动功能与严重下降。IR组与IR+NS组RAGE和TLR4mRNA表达均显著高于Sham组和IR+Dex各组(p0.05),而IR+Dex各组中,缺血再灌注损伤时间越长,表达越高(p0.05)。IR组、IR+NS组和IR+Dex各组大鼠血清NF-κB、TNF-α和IL-1β水平均显著高于Sham组,但IR+Dex各组NF-κB、TNF-α和IL-1β的水平显著低于IR组、IR+NS组(p0.05)。本研究表明,右美托咪定对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,但受时间限制,脑缺血再灌注损伤的时间越长,其保护作用越弱。     

右美托咪定对过敏性鼻炎大鼠模型血流动力学和炎症因子的影响

为了考察右美托咪定对过敏性鼻炎大鼠模型血流动力学和炎症因子的影响,本研究将40只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、枸地氯雷他定组和右美托咪定组,每组10只。建立过敏性鼻炎大鼠模型后,分别用枸地氯雷他定和右美托咪定治疗大鼠14 d。检测用药前后大鼠的血流动力学指标变化,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测各组大鼠血清中的Ig E含量。采用q RT-PCR和Western blotting检测大鼠鼻粘膜组织中IL-1β、IL-5和TNF-α的表达,采用苏木素伊红(HE)染色评价大鼠的病理变化。研究显示,经相应药物治疗后,枸地氯雷他定组和右美托咪定组大鼠的行为评分均显著低于建模后,且两组间未见显著差异。在用药5 min后,右美托咪定组大鼠的SBP、DBP、HR和MAP水平均比用药前显著降低。而对照组、模型组和枸地氯雷他定组未见明显变化。HE染色病理评分显示,枸地氯雷他定组和右美托咪定组大鼠的病理评分均显著低于模型组。经相应的药物治疗后,枸地氯雷他定组和右美托咪定组大鼠鼻黏膜组织中的IL-1β、IL-5和TNF-αmRNA和蛋白相对表达量均显著低于模型组。本研究证实,右美托咪定除了具有较好的镇静作用外,在治疗过敏性鼻炎方面同样疗效显著,可有效减少过敏性鼻炎大鼠的症状和疾病进展,其治疗机制与抑制炎症因子Ig E、IL-1β、IL-5和TNF-α的合成和分泌有关。     

右美托咪定对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马兴奋性氨基酸含量及NMDA受体亚单位NR1表达的影响

目的：观察右美托咪定预处理对全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马细胞外谷氨酸（Glu）、天门冬氨酸（Asp）含量及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体1（NR1）表达的影响,探讨右美托咪定脑保护作用及其神经递质机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为3组（n=18）：假手术组、脑缺血/再灌注组和右美托咪定预处理组。用四血管闭塞法建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。收集清醒、缺血15 min及再灌注0~1 h微透析标本。于全脑缺血15 min再灌注1 h后,迅速断头取脑,采用免疫组化法和蛋白免疫印迹法检测海马NMDA受体NR1亚单位的表达情况。结果：与脑缺血/再灌注组相应时点比较,右美托咪定预处理组大鼠海马微透析液中Glu、Asp含量明显降低（P<0.05, 0.01）;免疫组化和Western-blot法检测显示右美托咪定预处理组大鼠海马组织NMDA受体亚单位NR1表达明显受抑制（P<0.05, 0.01）。结论：右美托咪定预处理不仅减少脑缺血/再灌注时兴奋性氨基酸释放,还能抑制NMDA受体亚单位NR1的高表达而产生脑保护作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.